- - ies tE c TER ! '^, !t+1v-.s s - io : Ev L f7'

o-a-+- --wE -

Ti-81-*-s----

sr - -||-iiElD11111 - ! -- - -11 - W.| 1 g x!| if --S .wl-ff y ag 0*Do E 2 S jo:4 . 0f

'07xz.3 | w t: g 0:s-- |

. 0 111 eS jF 1 1111 *-

.{ v w w w | i :v.331-4i i }e w3i iIZ N5 t t -. 1F ' {wel.> > ,F \111 11!1 I ! tf - :Li - 5. .-g a><#£r>^ s ; l00 00i0; 00 0743t0-.gYS'0004f00 0'' :08 700 0::.,XS. -7 n W , ...................................................................................... :.,,,,,, :: ,iX' ,, o r r L , ,j,,-

a-0 m-tVt;X;0000 A=000 j;t; 9 W008TS2 J- : 5 i'''''''''<' - lStaf; i ,;: i-0X'S00 X X,: -fl-rSbu

-tij -r t- W 00 D; fi->N -T:A: ?-g. .7- 0L'i tX

- ;,,t-- :$ : at : ^0>DA i-,,.y,.5 00"0 -5 '.", 'l

-! ::r ,.0< ^ JN\ 0M, wS r f f- -

SU: ti.S-SE S% 't,};s-f-wS5

B0xt'.i ja- ^. .y' a:i, zss

t -:: -sWhi 7Xs,s.S-t-"0-':,ta00: 00a,.nt 0s 0s X 0 jt g 4s.S w - s. 0 l;'L L.Hyi-V+,j.p,.r:7'o-j,,kSt''' 'bt0di!'LAiA,00;ALS

X+. *;K

'Sj>.

.j,,Xw-w ,**4' Y

>: ^E -W ;' -- D; r j'---D ----- w-jw-P-- faS. -T

,:a

iS-0 -k -F,,F,+| :i G- SS-,iS st

|--- l- -tVwtER .D;S+jX -X- -70'

-t #< -I jl

-2b1--8..

The NEW UJvicor'dUV-mn-onitor'

With the new LKB Uvicord Ill UV-monitor you canincrease sensitivity for proteins several hundred times.The LKB Uvicord Ill operates at 206 nm, which is awavelength where you can simply and quickly detect non-aromatic amino acids, non-aromatic peptides and anumber of saccharides. The high sensitivity of the LKBUvicord Ill allows you to apply the convenient UV-monitoring method to practically all your chromatographicruns.

WAS~

The Uvicord Ill also operates at 254, 280, 340 and 365nm. It can measure simultaneously, at two differentwavelengths, both the sample cell and a reference cell.Added to that, it has automatic scale expansion, providesresults in Extinction or % Transmission, and incorporatesa built-in level sensor for switching valves or controllinga gradient mixer. Write now for details of this revolu-tionary UV-monitor.

LKB Instruments Inc.12221 Parklawn Drive, Rockville MD. 2085211744 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles Calif. 900256600 West Irving Park Road, Chicago Ill. 60634260 North Broadway, Hicksville N.Y. 11801

* A

a a

NEN TIDES TABLE| 32p 14C 33H

d-ATP [a-32p] d-ATP [14C] d-ATP [3H]d-CTP [a- 32P] d-CTP[14C] d-CTP [3H]d-GTP [-32p] d-GTP [K4C] d-GTP [8-3H1U-P [a-32P] fTP [14C] UTP [3H]ATP [a-32p] ATP [8-14C] ATP [2,8-3H]ATP [y-32p] ATP [14C (U)I CTP [5-3H]CTP [a-32P] CTP [2-14C] GTP [8-3HIGTP [(t-32p] GTP [8-14C] UTP [5-3H]GTP [y-32p] GTP [14C (U)] UTP [5, 6-3H]UTP [at-32P] UTP [2- 14C ]

CaIl or write for our complete catalog of Nucleotides

ci New England Nuclear575 Albany Street, Boston, Mass. 02118Customer Service 617-482-9595

Canada: NEN Canada Ltd., Dorval Quebec Tel (514) 636-4971Europe NEN Chemicals GmbH. D6072 Dreieichenhain. Siemensstrasse 1 Germany Tel Langen 106103) 8353

--MEASUREMENTLCOMPUTATION changing things for the better

A small tool with a big impacton field serviceTO designers aInd technology buffs, the fasci-natinlg aspect of the newx! HP 970A DigitalMuLltimeter is how% we managed to squeeze clcomplete 31/2-digit atitoranging DMM into apackage that fits the palm of your hand. (Thesecret, briefly. is a unique thin-film IC thatin(corporates the equivalent of 3,000 transistors,and combines digital and analog circuitry, onthte saIne hybrid substrate.)To service technicians and engineers, thoseharried souls who keep electronic wizardry ingood repair, the important newvs is how the 970Aradically improves the measurement of voltsand ohms. The battery-powvered DMM goes

wsrherever the work is to perform fast andaccurate troubleshooting in hard-to-get-atplaces, and it does this so simply and easilythat it's tough to make a measurement error.To maniagers responsible for field service,and the customers they serve, the key benefitis the time that can be saved. Since half the costof field service is labor, and the 970A speedsand simplifies a laborious task, its true valueis often realized on invoices for service calls.Whether a technician is toiling over a dish-washer, a television set, telephone switchgearor the most advanced computer, the 970Aworks the same way: he selects the desiredfunction, attaches a clip lead to circuit commonand touches the test point with the probe tip.A touch of the thumb on the DMM's bar switch,

and the measurement appears on the digitaldisplay. That's all. The rest is automatic. There'sno need to select the proper knob, look for theright scale, figure out where the decimal pointgoes, or decide what the polarity is: the 970Adoes it all automatically.Reading time is faster because the display isalways in the line-of-sight, right next to the testpoint. Even if the 970A must be held upsidedown to reach a test point, the display can beelectronically inverted so there's no chance ofreading 6's for 9's.Price is $275* including three interchangeableprobe tips, built-in battery pack good for 2,000measurements on a single overnight charge,charger, belt case, travel case and sun hood.

New portable spectrum analyzer"fingerprints" low-frequency signalsAs its esoteric name implies, a spectrum analy-zer is an instrument which separates andmeasures the individual frequencies that makeup a complex electrical signal.This ability to take apart and examine a wave-form by spectrum analysis to display, at onetime, the frequencies and amplitudes of itsindividual spectral components has beentraditionally limited to the higher frequencies.Now there's a low-cost vay to do the samething in the low-frequency range - thespectral deep where lurk such phenomena asmechanical vibrations, underwater sounds,communications signals and power line-related electrical interference. The new HP3580A Spectrum Analyzer can look at a low-frequency event such as the signals producedby a jet engine or power plant generator andprovide a signature analysis, or "fingerprint",containing important clues to how well it'sworking. The potential of using the 3580A forpreventive maintenance - to help predict afailure before it occurs - exists in theinstrument's use of digital storage.Because necessarily slow sweeps of the fre-quency of interest are repetitively refreshedfrom the 3580A's digital memory, the CRTdisplay is sharp and flickerless. This also allowsa user to store a spectrum indefinitely, recall

HEWLETT PACKARD

Sales and service from 172 offices in 65 countries.Palo Alto California 94304

it whenever convenient, and even superimposeit on a new spectrum for comparison to see ifthere have been any tell-tale changes in thefingerprint.Total analysis time is reduced by a factor of10 or so through a technique called adaptivesweep. Akin to a "volume control" this setsa variable baseline high enough to exclude allnoise and low-level signals that do not interesthim and still obtain a full-resolution scan.Fundamentally a precision instrument, the3580A has a minimum bandwidth of 1 Hz (ratherthan the usual 10 Hz) over its entire range of5 Hz to 50 kHz. It is thus capable of detectingspurious responses which can't be seen in thetime domain or with older instruments.The 3580A can be operated on line powver oron internal rechargeable batteries. It weighsonly 35 pounds and costs $3800*, plus $255*for the optional battery pack.

For more information on all of the above writeto us. Hewlett-Packard, 1507 Page Mill RoadPalo Alto, Calif. 94304US Domestic Prices Only. 00402.0............00000000000000060000.

* Mai t Hewlett-Packard,1507 Page Mill Road, Pale Alto CA 94304

Please send me information on:

* 0 970A Digital Multimeter D 3580A Spectrum Analyzer

* Name-- Title- -

* Company

. Address-

* City_ State Zip0 0

0"0.....****.....000000000000006000000

AAAS Audiotapes

Inventory SaleThe following audiotapes are offered at a reduced rate of $10 for the first session and $5 for each addi-

tional session.

1-69 Hunger and Malnutrition (I-VII)6-69 The City -as a Social System: Perspectives on Urban Social Organization (I-II)7-69 The Organization of Urban Places (I)8-69 Statistics, Governments, and the Analysis of Social Problems (I-II)9-69 Systems Models of Urban Systems (I-II)11-69 The Identity and Dignity of Man: A Scientific and Theological Dialogue on Issues Emerging from Behav-

ioral, Surgical, and Genetic Interventions (a-VIII)14-69 Recent Developments in the Field of Pulsars (I)18-69 Deep Sea Drilling Project (JOIDES) Science and Resources (I-II)26-69 Approaches to Policy Sciences (I-II)27-69 Science and Public Policy Workshop: Technology Assessment (I)28-69 The Political Attitudes of Scientists (I)29-69 Science and Society: A New Intergovernmental Approach to Domestic Problems (I-11)30-69 Arms Control and Disarmament (I-II)31-69 Academic Research and the Military (I-mI)37-69 Comparative History and Sociology of Science (I)38-69 The Sorry State of Science: A Student Critique (I-II)39-69 Photosynthetic Organisms: Origin and Evolution on Early Earth (1)47-69 Expanding Horizons in Medical Education (I-II)48-69 Ecology and the Undergraduate Curriculum (I)63-70 The U.S. Contribution to the International Biological Program (I-TI)69-70 Industrial Approaches to Urban Problems (I-II)71-70 Science Education in the Seventies (I)72-70 Urbanization in the Arid Lands (I-m)76-70 Mood, Behavior, and Drugs (I-IV)78-70 Crime, Violence, and Social Control (I-II)80-70 The Teaching of Science (I-II)81-70 Scientific Organizations, War-Peace Issues, and the Public Policy Process (I-IT)

----------------------------------------------------------------

Money order or check payable to AAAS-No cash. Allow 3 to 4 weeks for delivery.

Please Check: -Reel -Cassette

Name

Street

City State Zip

Tape No. Session No. - Tape No. Session No.- Tape No. Session No.

Tape No. Session No. Tape No. Session No. Tape No. Session No.

Tape No. Session No. - Tape No. Session No. Tape No.-ession No.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION for the ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEAAAS Deprtment GFAIAlAIS 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005

The IEEE invites youto spend 90minutes

in the presence of giants.-m

A device called a transistor, whichhas several applications in radiowhere a vacuum tube ordinarily isemployed, was demonstrated for thefirst time yesterday at Bell Te/e-phone Laboratories ... where it wasinvented.-The New York Times, July 1, 1948

This introductory line from an eight-sentence announcement in "TheNews of Radio" section of the Times25 years ago heralded an era oftechnological advancement un-precedented in history.

The invention of the first point-con-tact transistor (TRANsfer reSISTOR)makes a fascinating tale-a story ofgenius at hard work, of singlemindedpursuit, interdisciplinary coopera-tion, of failure, frustration, and,finally, success.

Now you can hear this story in thewords of the three Nobel Laureateinventors themselves on an IEEEaudio-tape cassette titled The In-vention of the Transistor.

Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain (I. to r.)at 25th-anniversary award ceremonies inNew York City, March 1973.

We invite you to listen in as JohnBardeen, William Shockley, andWalter Brattain tell about the people,experiments, and decisions that ledto the first successful demonstration-a transistor amplifier-on Decem-ber 23, 1947. With keen memoriesand an equally shared sense ofhumor, Bardeen, Shockley andBrattain recount the earlier dis-coveries that guided them, plustheir own individual contributions.The discovery groupYou'll hear about the unusual "dis-covery group" assembled at BellTelephone Laboratories in 1945-an interdisciplinary team of physi-cists, electrical engineers, metal-lurgists and chemists-and howthey worked together toward theircommon goal.

The Nobel prize winners are gener-ous in their praise of other well-known scientists whose contribu-tions led the way-men like Schroed-inger, Wilson, Franck, Lark-Horo-witz, Mott and Gurney. And in theirpraise of Bell Labs' research heads-James Fisk, Harvey Fletcher andMarvin Kelly-for it was only the freeand open research philosophy at theLabs which permitted the discoveryteam to function so well.An historical documentEdited by Prof. Richard A. Rikoskiof the University of Pennsylvania,The Invention of the Transistor ismuch more than the reminiscencesof three famous scientists. It's anhistorical and scientific documentthat puts into perspective the im-portance of pure research, inter-disciplinary awareness, free and

open publication, fellowships andsabbaticals, and a research depart-ment attitude that attracts talentedpeople and allows them to functionproductively.

John Bardeen, William Shockley, andWalter Brattain (I. to r.) atBell Telephone Laboratories in 1948.

The IEEE recommends The Inven-tion of the Transistor to everyoneinterested in the formulation of con-cepts, whether or not trained in thesciences.We suggest you send fora copy today.

Extra BonusAlong with the cassette, each pur-chaser will receive a 16-page retro-spective summary titled "How theTransistor Emerged". Authored byCharles Weiner of the AIP Centerfor History of Physics, this illustratedreport provides a concise and well-documented history of the people,places and events involved in thetransistor's discovery.

To order The Invention of the Tran-sistor cassette and "How the Tran-sistor Emerged," use the convenientOrder Form below.

The Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers, Inc., has pub-lished over 40 cassettes relating tovirtually all phases of electro-tech-nology, including seminar proceed-ings plus specially developed tu-torial cassettes to foster currentawareness and career development.All IEEE C-60 and C-90 cassettesare recorded on two-track monauralmagnetic tape that can be playedon any cassette player or recorder.To receive a complete listing of IEEEcassettes, or to inquire about IEEEmembership and services, pleaseuse Order Form at the right.

IEEE Education Registrar CT345 East 47th Street, New York, N. Y. 10017Please send me postpaid copy(ies) of the Invention of the Transistorcassette (EH00752) plus a copy of "How the Transistor Emerged." My check in theamount of-_is enclosed.[Price: IEEE members $7.00; Nonmembers $9.95]

NAME MEMBER #

ADDRESS

CITY STATE ZIP_PLEASE MAKE CHECK PAYABLE TO IEEE.

[ SEND CASSETTE CATALOG. 4FlSEND INFORMATION ON IEEE MEMBERSHIP AND SERVICES.

Theworld's leader in labeled steroids isonlyatelephone call away: (617)482-9595.

Progestins, androgens, corticoids, estrogens.Over 100 carbon-14 and tritium-labeledsteroids. High specific activity, radiochemicalpurity guaranteed.

D-Aldosterone [1,2,6,7-3H(N)] NET-41980-105Ci/mmole $95/250,Ci $330/imCiIn sealed ampoule under vacuum5a-Androstan-3a,17f3-diol [1,2-3H (N)] NET-40740-60Ci/mmole $80/250,uCi $245/i mCiCorticosterone [1,2,6,7-3H(N)] NET-39980-105Ci/mmole $43/250,uCi $85/imCi $235/5mCiDexamethasone [1,2,4-3H(N)] NET-41530-5OCi/mmole $45/250,uCi $85/i mCi $320/5mCiDihydrop rogesterone [1,2-3H(N)] NET-43840-6OCi/mmole $88/250,uCi $230/i mCiBenzene solutionDihydrotestosterone [1,2-3H(N)] NET-30240-6OCi/mmole $88/250,uCi $230/i mCiEcdysterone [3H(G)] NET-3601-5Ci/mmole $98/10,uCi $180/25,4Ci

Estetrol [2,4 -3H(N)] NET-43940-60Ci/mmole $43/250,uCi $85/imCi $270/5mCiEstradiol [2,4,6,7-3H(N)] NET-31785-105Ci/mmole $43/250,uCi $85/i mCi $235/5mCiEstrone [2,4,6,7-3H(N)] NET-31985-105Ci/mmole $43/250,uCi $85/i mCi $235/5mCiHydrocortisone [1,2,6,7-3H (N)] NET-39680-100Ci/mmole $43/250,uCi $85/imCi $235/5mCiOuabain [3H(G)] NET-21110-20Ci/mmole $47/250,uCi $115/i mCi $335/5mCiEthanol: benzene solution, 9:1Progesterone [1,2,6,7-3H(N)] NET-38180/10OCi/mmole $43/250,uCi $90/i mCi $270/5mCiBenzene solutionTestosterone [1,2,6,7-3H(N)] NET-37085-105Ci/mmole $43/250,uCi $90/i mCi $270/5mCi

Compounds shipped in benzene:ethanol solution,9:1; in combi-vial unless otherwise noted.

Most of our labeled steroids are routinelyavailable for immediate shipment Get thefull specifications in our complete listing.

* New England Nuclear575 Albany Street, Boston, Mass. 02118Customer Service: (617) 482-9595

Canada: NEN Canada Ltd., Dorval, Quebec, Tel: (514) 636-4971, Telex: 05-821808Europe: NEN Chemicals GmbH, D6072 Dreieichenhain, Siemensstrasse 1, Germany. Tel: Langen (06103) 8353

SCIENCE, VOL. 182966

...where theTitanothereand theAllosaur play.When the first fossils were dis-covered in the Great Westduring the 1 860's, they set offa bone hunter's race as dra-matic as any land rush or cattlestampede. Men like OthnielCharles Marsh and EdwardDrinker Cope braved Indianraids, bandits, rattlesnakes,desert heat and blizzards tostake their claims to some ofthe most important discoveriesof modern times. And thenthey shot it out-figurativelyspeaking-in some of the mostvicious verbal battles in thehistory of science. Uri Lanham,Curator in the Museum of theUniversity of Colorado, tellstheir story with a connoisseur'sappreciation of its color,excitement, and scientificimportance.

THEBONEHUNTERSUriLanham32 pages of photographs$12.95

um seal or lock. This complication doesnot apply when the electron beam isused for radiation chemistry, as in theapplications mentioned initially. For

resurgence of interest in solar energy,as it has a real place in the nationalenergy picture. At the same time, it isvital that we be realistic about theproblems so as to best channel ourresources toward a solution.

FREEMAN A. FoRDFafco Incorporated, 2860 Spring Street,Redwood City, California 94063

Berg treats, among other factors,the optimum use of heat in industry.In many industrial processes, such asthe drying of paint, the curing of ad-hesives, or the vulcanization of rubber,energy is supplied grossly in the formof heat, whereas the basic goal ischange at the molecular level. A moresubtle and efficient approach is to bringabout interaction directly at the molec-ular level using electrons, ions, or pho-tons. For example, electron processorscan be used to dry suitably formulatedpaints instantaneously with no signifi-cant increase in temperature and usingmuch less power than with the moretraditional ovens. There is generally noeffluent problem, as the material beingprocessed is almost 100 percent solid,whereas many thermal drying processesinvolve evaporation of the solvent. Amajor limitation to the application ofthe process is betrayed by the phrase"suitably formulated," although theradiation chemist has already producedmany useful products, and a numberof companies are already using electronbeam processing. Another area whereelectrons can radically reduce powerrequirements is in product sterilization,which is often accomplished by theapplication of heat. The science ofelectron, or radiation, sterilization isfairly well understood, at least prag-matically, and lethal doses can be de-livered to bacteria with a relativelysmall expenditure of energy.

Intense electron beam bombardmentcan also be used for the efficient ap-plication of heat, for example, whenmetal strip has to be heated to anneal-ing temperatures. Here, electron beambombardment generates the heat di-rectly in the product, and the problemof efficient heat transfer in a largeoven is removed. One disadvantage insuch an application of electron beamtechnology is that the product mustbe treated in a vacuum, which requirestransfer of the product through a vacu-

shells and orange peels on the familycompost heap. She will not have aninfant who cries 14 hours a day or atoddler who gets bored with staying

SCIENCE, VOL. 182

such applications, much lower beampower levels than for heating are suf-ficient. These lower levels permit thetransmission of electrons through a thinmetal membrane without overheatingthe metal, and thus the beam can passthrough a "window" in the vacuumvessel in which it is generated to treata product in the atmosphere.

A. STUART DENHOLMEnergy Sciences, Inc.,111 Terrace Hall A venue,Burlington, Massachusetts 01803

Berg's analysis of some of the "ex-ternalities" involved in the purchase ofreturnable glass milk bottles and analo-gous items deserves approbation. It isgratifying to see someone recognizingin a widely distributed scientific journalthat there are reasons other than ig-norance, laziness, or sheer perversitywhich keep households from being runon ideal ecological principles. Writerswho coin phrases like "everything isconnected to everything else" and "thereis no such thing as a free lunch" chooseto completely ignore the effect of thenew environmental asceticism on child-rearing practices and the status ofwomen. It is obvious that technologyfrees many women both to have in-terests outside the home and to treattheir children as human beings ratherthan as obstacles to getting the house-work done; it is at least conceivablethat disposable diapers permit a morerelaxed attitude toward toilet training,and that detergents, clothes dryers, andno-iron synthetic fabrics give childrenmore chances to play without worryingabout getting dirty. Perhaps it is evenbetter for Father to be at home in theevening drinking Coke out of a throw-away bottle than for him to be in thetavern drinking beer out of a glass(1). Except in the context of theircontribution to overpopulation, womenand children are scarcely mentioned ineither textbooks or popular writingson ecology. Apparently ecologists tendto share the assumption that once awoman has brought forth her allottedone or two children, she will naturallybe home alone with them for 8 to12 hours a day, and therefore she willhave plenty of time to hang clothes onthe line or fold diapers or removeplastic wrappings from cookies in thesupermarket or shell peas or put egg-

QUESTI| ot0 apiTHAT-n"lCAH' yor-fBEIGNOWE

AUTHOR'S ADDRESS

Cards conform to International Postal Card size regulations.

Everybody's busier than they used to be. Scientific authors and their

secretaries are no exception. Maybe that's why so many of your

reprint requests go unanswered these days. People are just too busy to

notice that little post card you've sent. Or they've got more

important things to do than address envelopes.

Request-A-Print not only gets attention, it also makes it easier for authors

to send reprints. That's because Request-A-Print features an

adhesive label that's imprinted with your name and address. When an

author gets your request, he peels off the label, sticks it onan envelope, then files the card. Saves time. Prevents errors.

Request-A-PrintP It can't be ignored.

I would like to take advantage of this new method of requesting reprints. Please send methousand personalized Request-A-Print cards at $65 per thousand plus shipping

charges for delivery outside the U.S.A. (Surface Mail: $5. Air Mail: Japan-$12; Australia,S. America, & Africa-$22)

O Payment enclosed L1 Purchase order to follow O Bill organizationThe following information should appear on my Request-A-Prints mailing labels:Name & Title

Street Address

(Note: Limit of 30 characters per line-spaces and punctuation count as characters. Use abbreviations as required.)a 293095 @1973 151

15 Institute for Scientific Information325 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106, Tel.: (215) 923-3300, Cable: SCINFO, TELEX: 84-5305

7 DECEMBER 1973 969

I

m

rI N.A. Moore| Univ. S. Florida, Coll. Med.

Dept. of Anatomy$ Tampa, Florida 33620

t AUTHOR'S NAMEN.A. Moore

| PUBLISHED INThe Anatomical Record

IVOL/ISSUE 174/4 PAGE(S) 451 DATE 12/72

MR. THOMAS G. DI RENZO; AIFAX RESEARCH CENTER

106 MARLTON CIRCLE$ CHERRY HILL, N.J. 08033

I

opc4n4o *-#? P2 'S.

league: Ir1:1110toCie.

Plemo ww do*AM to mailmaterial.ran Arrnlyo. Koop thisur r9mrds.

%Asa20

Since thegeneticcode Islinear,why aren'twe allshaped likespaghetti?We are just beginning to under-stand how nature creates three-dimensional molecules on a linearframework. Biologists have foundthat in at least one case, evolutionhas devised a protein hinge toswing the parts into place. This isjust one of many exciting discover-ies explained in Ernest Boreks newbook, THE SCULPTURE OF LIFE.Borek, acclaimed for his achieve-ments in both molecular biologyand science writing, tells about:the truth behind the old wives' talethat children grow in their sleep;the hardy microbe that lives happilyin nuclear reactors; the virus thatbeat Buckminster Fuller to an ideaby several million years; the pros-pects for genetic engineeringand human cloning....

THE SCULPTURE OF LIFE is es-sential reading for anlyone inter-ested in man's understanding andcontrol of nature.

ERNUES BOREKTHE SCULPTUREOF LIFE i-

,/NF.m.Ar 5t :.e,..qjz s:

s.;:0-s94- : .. tS

Hardcove $1.00 Paebc$2.95::- ;f' ff fSif- Yv

At bookstores or from

t IVERSITY PRESS136 South Broadway, Irvington, N.Y. 10533

Department of Earth and SpaceSciences, State University ofNew York, Stony Brook 11790

I inside, and certainly she will not bespending part of her children's pre-school years trying to keep up with aprofession.

Shortsightedness in this regard is not,to be sure, limited to ecologists. Onthe other side of the coin, child psychol-ogists and feminist writers, despite theirmanifold philosophical differences, con-verge in a fairly uncritical admirationof technology. It seems to be takenfor granted that modern society willalways be able to provide enough gad-gets to give women plenty of time todevote to breastfeeding or writing orteaching a 3 year old to read or politi-cal organizing or whatever. To mPe, itseems rather evident that equality forwomen and decent treatment for chil-dren cannot be made contingent on amaintenance or expansion of the con-temporary American middle-class stan-dard of living.

It would, I think, be profitable foranyone who, like me, is attempting asynthesis of Spock and Commoner andFriedan to read some contemporaryaccounts of what life with childrenand without technology was really like.According to Quentin Bell, the nephewof Virginia Woolf, an early 20th-century household in which the wifepursued serious intellectual interests re-quired at least one servant per familymember (2). In Victorian days, eventhe wife of a poor curate with sixchildren could be expected to employa 12-year-old servant girl to help withthe heaviest drudgery (3). Our pioneerancestresses may have gotten alongwithout help, but even the gentlest andmost considerate of them practiced astrict, often severe, arbitrary and puri-tanical discipline (4); and they had tobe inured to a high level of infantmortality and crippling illness or injurywhich they could do very little to pre-vent.

It seems that the principles of ecol-ogy bear very much the same relation-ship to liberal ideals that Darwinismdid to religious faith. I feel, at present,like echoing the cry of the 19th-century Darwinian John Fiske: "If theworld's long-cherished beliefs are tofall, in God's name let them fall, butsave us from the intellectual hypocrisythat goes about pretending we are nonethe poorer!" (5).

SARA S. BRETSKYvice. Where economic justification forinstalling the device is based solelyLlpon the savings to the consumer of

SCIENCE, VOL. 182

References

I. B. Commoner, The Closing Circle (Knopf,New York, 1971).

2. Q. Bell, Virginia Woolf (Harcourt BraceJovanovich, New York, 1972).

3. G. Eliot, Scenes of Clerical Life (HoughtonMifflin, Boston, 1907).

4. L. 1. Wilder, Little Hou.se in the Big Woods(Harper, New York, 1932).

5. P. A. Carter, The Spiritual Crisis of the GildedAge (Northern Illinois Univ. Press, De Kalb,1971).

Blair raises an important questionwhich I did not explicitly address. Thedata necessary to evaluate all trade-offsbetween the energy required to pro-duce energy-saving devices (storm win-dows, insulation, heat exchangers, andso forth) and the energy savings real-izable through their use are not allavailable. Nevertheless, the limited datanow available indicate that use ofenergy-saving devices is readily justi-fiable. For example, architects and en-gineers who have studied energy usein construction find that for each unitof energy required to erect a largeoffice building (including indirect ener-gy use for extraction of natural ma-terials, manufacturing, transportatioin,and ultimate erection of the building)approximately one unit of energy willbe consumed annually to provide ser-vices in the building throughout its use-ful life. Thus, the energy required forbuilding services during the life of abuilding looms large in importancecompared with the indirect "hidden"energy consumption attributable toconstruction. This is, of course, re-flected by the fact that direct consump-tion of fuel for building services isnearly as great as the consumption offuel by all industrial processes, ofwhich the production of building ma-terials is but one component.

Moreover, the marginal benefits ofinstalling additional energy conserva-tion equipment appear highly favorable.For example, a unit of building insula-tion (fiberglass, mineral wool, and soforth) that requires one unit of energyto produce can, when properly in-stalled in a building, yield energy sav-ings as high as 25 units of energy peryear.A general rule which is useful in

this matter is that the energy requiredto produce any material or device isbut one component of the total costof bringing the device to market, andis accordingly reflected in the pricewhich the consumer pays for the de-

costs of the energy which the deviceconserves, there is a very high proba-bility that use of the device will yieldsigniticant net savings of etnergy in theeconiomy as a whole. While one canconceive of circumstanices in whichnthis rule might not hold, the limiteddata presently available have not re-vealed such an example. It would beboth interesting and useful to gathermore data on the trade-offs betweeneniergy of manufacture and energy con-served by conservation equipment, andto develop a better systematic under-staniding of these trade-offs. However,it is not necessary to wait upon thedevelopment of this information inorder to justify implementing presently.vailable conservation devices. The in-direct (or "hidden") energy expendi-tures associated with production ofthese devices appear to be rather smallcompared with the energy they cansave.

It is unclear to me why Ford inter-prets the costs of solar hot water heatthat I cited as representing simply themanufacturer's cost of fabrication.Nevertheless, the data upoIn which thecost estimates I ofTered are as follows.Tybout and L6f (I) gave a brief sur-vey of solar energy equipment avail-able on the international market ( 1,p. 285). They noted that very simpleplastic solar hot water heaters couldbe obtained commllercially in Japan forthe U.S. equivalent of $1 per squarefoot (or $10.75 per squLare meter) ofcollector suLrface areta. FuLrther, a pro-fessional colleag'ue who recenitly traiv-eled to Japan examinied these devicesat my request.The devices work by baLtch process-

in*g. They are simple, in sonme respectseveni crude, and yet they are apparenitlyqulitc effective. If one were pressed toimplemiienit solar-assisted hot water heat-ing immiediately. one could importthese devices (or copy them ), equipthem with elementary controls to ingestand discharge batches of water, and in-stall them on existing residelnces, Lisingthe cxisting hot water tainks for storage.Bearinig in miniid that conventional do-mestic hot water heating now operatesessenitially by batch processing, one canaIssuLmIe that inconiveniience to the house-holder who would adopt solar equip-

eCnt could be minimized by thought-f ul design. Because of the low retailprice of these uInits, it would not seemLnreasotnable to assume that suitablyolodified unIlitS could be offered to

7 DECEMBER 1973

householders at a price in the neighbor-hood of $1 8 per square meter.

In addition, Tybout and Lof con-sidered the maniufacture of more ad-vanced solar collectors of the typesuLitable for both space heating andwater heating. They noted that the fulieconomies of scale have not been ap-proached in the production of thesedevices, and estimated that a long-runm-arginal cost of $2 per square foot(or $21.50 per square nmeter) of col-lector surface ( installed) for spaceheating milght be expected. If one canassume that equipment suppliers willfollow marginial cost pricing, this im-plies a price to the consuimier of $21.50per square meter for installed collec-tors. This cost to the consumiier is some-what greater than the figure used inmy article, but the collectors to whichit applies prosvide superior performanceand probably would not have to bequite as large as those which I con-si'dered. It should be reemphasized thatexisting residences already have hotwalter storage tanks, and newly con-structed Linits will be equipped withhot water tank-s: thus the extra cost(to the consumiier) of using solar heatfor hot water is the installed priceof the collector and its controls.

I have received several letters fromfirms which offer solar energy equip-menit. In view of the growing interestin solar energy, it might be appropriateto establish a directory of sources ofsuch equipment.

Deniholnm's comments are most in-teresting. The genieral field of tailoringthe type of energy supplied to a processto meet the thermodynamic require-menits of the process is one in whichsLibstanitial gains in efficiency can bemade. It is reassuring to leaLrn of ef-forts along these lines.

I arm grateful to Bretsky for hercomimenits. I oflered the example towhich she refers onily to point out thatcertain conservation measures entailbroad social implications which extendwell beyond the technical aspects ofefficient fuel ulse. Bretsky's examplesillustrate this point most effectively,nd I look forward to a more com-

plete exposition of her investigations.CHiARLis A. BERG

Federal Power C'ommis.sion,S25 North Capitol Street, NL.Washing.4'tona, D.C. 20426

References

R. A stoOLt and ({. (). (i. Lt. N at. Re soir..1. 10. 268 (197(0).

We puta lot more

intoNALGENECARBOYS

Nalgene' carboys are popularin laboratories everywhere.Here's why:* Only virgin, premium-grade plasticsresins are used.* Tubulations, threaded bosses andgrips are integrally-molded with therest of the carboy. Won't leak like thewelded type.* Our quick-action spigot is the mostreliable and easiest to use designedand made by Nalge.* Tough polypropylene screw clo-sures are leak-proof.* Made of the right resins to stand upto chemicals and rough use.* You have the widest choice of rec-tangular or round shapes in plain,tubulated or spigoted models withwidox nr matrmw mn#ifh in A rantm As

Order Nalgene carboys and largebottles from your laboratory supplydealer's catalog, or write for your 1973Nalgene Catalog-it describes themall . . Nalgene Labware Division,Dept. 4212A, P.O. Box 367, Rochester.New York 14602.

NLESYBRON CORPORATION

Nalgene Labware...the safe unbreakables-preferred by professionals

c-v-, Nt.f

| - 4X.

4 ,

.4

1**1 4

*,*~~I>,\I"

-4 -t<

E:.

'-Ivi--I ,,A)~, -.

Sb7

UNIONCARBIDE

O *W *I

r. A..;; .,

.1

.,r!' 'a. 1-v

-1 -...V< 'k

t, t.

r** 01a ;i4

I ".. I,-,., ':'

f,-1.

, .tz .A

For the gifting season, family Talkies.Professional use permitted.

KODAK EKTASOUND Movie Cameras are now available forless than $190, which is an unprofessional price.* Sightsand sounds the camera records stay together on the super8 film in synch during processing. Spoken comment canbe added to the magnetic stripe during projection.

For professional communications without loss of re-gard for fiscal prudence,** it joins in significance certainother developments that have preceded it in the market-place. Others will follow soon. Here's a rundown:

LI The very idea of super 8. In an image this size, photo-graphic technology today delivers definition and colorquality that once asked too much even of 35mm. Scalingeverything down in proportion permits great prolifera-tion of super 8 films. Individual communication needsthen are met by intercutting original footage with what'ssuitable and already available.

Shooting by available light. First of- ~fered in this KODAK XL Movie Cameraand now in the new Ektasound cameras.No need for movie lights if showingwhat the eye would see when coming jupon the scene is acceptable.

Viewing in room light. That's a KODAKEKTALITE Projection Screen up front.There is more to it than you'd think when you unwrap it. It rejects

stray light originating outsidethe projection area. Keeping theaudience in the dark may ormay not be good. Now there isa choice. Note the low profile ofthe KODAK SUPERMATIC 60Sound Projector.

Table for one. To convert theSupermatic projector for use likea book, flip a lever. With theSupermatic 70 projector, shecould add her own comments onthe sound track, like marginal *notes one writes in a book. An

*Though subject to change without notice.**This is a circumlocution. It means that in science and technology Ockham's

razor might just possibly shave as well in administration as in reasoning.

interlock can forestall marginalnotes when used for instructionof the young.

No fumbling with film. Just in-sert a cassette in the projector.Film comes out, does its stuff, re- -treats back in. KODAK SUPERMATICCassettes come in four sizes, pro-viding anywhere from 15 secondsto 29 minutes of uninterruptedstory. Cassettes on any numberof subjects are now obtainable.Whatever the number, you canadd to it. What author quits be-cause the world already hasenough books?

Videoplayer. The cassette doesn'ttie you down to movie projec-tors. Any ordinary TV set willbe fine for both picture andsound. Much of the populationhas been conditioning itself toTV since infancy. Just slip anysize Supermatic cassette into aKODAK SUPERMATIC Film Video-

player connected to the set or a building full of monitors. Firstshipments of the videoplayer in a fewmonths. i

Immediate high-quality processingof super 8 film by anybody around.Mid-'74 will see the advent of theKODAK SUPERMATIC 8 Processor foroperation by non-experts. It will con-tain a little computer and certain otheringenious means to replace personalexpertise.

If you want our advice on how to fit any or all of this to yourcommnunicationis plans, write boerg Agin, Kodak, Rochester, N.Y14650.