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Core 5 Programme

Green Radio – Sustainable Wireless NetworksFebruary 2009

Simon FletcherNECIndustrial Steering Group Chairfor Green Radio

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Presentation Overview

The Business Case for Green Radio

Defining the Green Radio Objectives

The Programme Organisation

Highlights of the Research Areas

Key Deliverables

Conclusions

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Why Green Radio?Operator & Manufacturer Perspective

Increasing energy costs with higher base station site density and energy price trends

A typical UK mobile network consumes 40MW Overall this is a small % of total UK energy consumption, but

with huge potential to save energy in other industries

Energy cost and grid availability limit growth in emerging markets (high costs for diesel generators)

Corporate Responsibility targets set to reduce carbon emissions and environmental impacts of networks

Vodafone1 - “Group target to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2020, from 2006/07 levels”

Orange2: “Reduce our greenhouse emissions per customer by 20% between 2006 and 2020”

1. http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.25114.File.tmp/CR%20REPORT_UK-FINAL%20ONLINE_180908_V6.pdf2. http://www.orange.com/en_EN/tools/boxes/documents/att00005072/CSR_report_2007.pdf

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Where is the Energy Used?

For the operator, 57% of electricity use is in radio access

Operating electricity is the dominant energy requirement at base stations

For user devices, most of the energy used is due to manufacturing

RBS57%

Retail2%

Core15%

Data Centre6%

MTX20%

9kg CO2

4.3kg CO2

2.6kg CO2

8.1kg CO2

Mobile

CO2 emissions per subscriber per year3

Operation

Embodied energy

Base station

3. Tomas Edler, Green Base Stations – How to Minimize CO2 Emission in Operator Networks, Ericsson, Bath Base Station Conference 2008

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Energy use cannot follow traffic growth without significant increase in energy consumption

Must reduce energy use per data bit carried

Number of base stations increasing Operating power per cell must reduce

Green radio is a key enabler for growth in cellular whilst guarding against increased environmental impact

Green Radio as an Enabler

Co

sts

Time

VoiceData

Revenue

TrafficDiverging expectations for traffic and revenue growth

Trends:

Exponential growth in data traffic

Number of base stations / area increasing for higher capacity

Revenue growth constrained and dependent on new services

Traffic / revenue curve from “The Mobile Broadband Vision - How to make LTE a success”, Frank Meywerk, Senior Vice President Radio Networks, T-Mobile Germany, LTE World Summit, November 2008, London

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2020 Vision Paper – The Challenge

The Visions Group comprising global thoughts leaders in the industry articulated the need….

“Arguably what is needed are wireless access systems that can support multimedia service data rates attwo or three orders of magnitude lower transmission power than currently used. Performance of today’s radio access technologies is in fact already approaching the Shannon Bound – such an advance will not come simply from more traditional research on single aspects of the physical layer, but will require holistic, system-wide, breakthrough thinking that challenges basic assumptions” Mobile VCE consultation paper, “2020 Vision – Enabling the Digital Future” Dec’07

Mobile VCE Green Radio programme formulated to: Take forward existing research Take an international lead in this field

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The Industrial Leadership Team

ChairmanSimon Fletcher NEC

Deputy Chairman Andy Jeffries Nortel

Industry Steering Group – participants so far…

Deputy ChairmanDavid Lister Vodafone

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Green Radio ScenariosTwo Market Profiles:

1. Developed World Developed Infrastructure Saturated Markets Quality of Service Key Drive to Reduce Costs

2. Emerging Markets Less Established Infrastructure Rapidly Expanding Markets Large Geographical Areas Often no mains power supply

– power consumption a major issue

Green Radio ‘Book of Assumptions’: Defines cellular, enterprise & home scenarios To galvanise targeted innovations

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Academic Leadership Team

Prof. Joe McGeehanDr. Simon ArmourDr. Kevin Morris

Prof. Hamid AghvamiDr. Mohammad Reza NakhaiDr. Vasilis Friderikos

Prof. Steve McLaughlin(Academic Co-ordinator)Dr. John ThompsonDr. Dave Laurenson

Prof. Tim O'FarrellDr. Pavel LoskotDr. Jianhua He

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Green Radio Programme Organisation

Industry Steering Group

Flexible Networks Program

2 Work Packages - 48 Man Years

GR2: Techniques2 RAs, 7 PhDs

To identify the best radio techniques across all layers

of the protocol stack that collectively achieve

100x power reduction

GR1: Architecture2 RAs, 5 PhDs

To identify a green network architecture - a low power wireless network & backhaul

that still provides good quality of service

Energy Focus Group

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Target Innovations: ArchitectureEstablishing Baselines

To develop a clear understanding of energy consumption in current networks and the network elements, base sites, mobiles, etc for the scenarios defined in the Book of Assumptions

Backhaul Options To determine the best backhaul strategy for a given architecture

Deployment ScenariosTo determine what is the optimum deployment scenario for a wide area network given a clearly defined energy efficiency metric

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Target Innovations: Techniques

Overall Base Station Efficiency Techniques to deliver significant improvements in overall efficiency for base stations, measured as RF power out to total input power

Improving the QoS/RF Power Ratio Techniques that will reduce the required RF output power required from the base station whilst still maintaining the required QoS

Optimization of a Limited Energy Budget Given a base station nominal daily energy requirement derived from renewable energy sources (eg 2.4 kWh - 100W x 24hrs) to determine how this would be best used for communication

Scaling of Energy Needs with Traffic Sleep mechanisms that deliver substantial reduction in power consumption for base stations with no loads and techniques that allow power consumption to scale with load

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Architecture: Technical Approach

Energy Metrics & Models Primary and derived energy metrics to accurately quantify consumption Communications energy consumption models for the radio access network

(RAN) architecture

Energy Efficient Architectures For RAN technology, compare large versus small cell deployment Placement of relay nodes Efficient backhaul in support of identified architectures

Multihop Routing Bounding energy requirements by strict end-to-end QoS Exploiting delay tolerant applications and user mobility for energy reduction

Frequency Management Identification of energy efficient co-operative physical layer architecture

using emerging information theory ideas to remove interference Applying Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) to minimize energy

consumption by utilising bands with low interference Solar-powered relaying allocating resources to match combined traffic and

weather patterns

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Architecture: Energy Efficiency Analysis Process

Macro Micro Pico Femto

RRM

BER/FER vs Eb/No

Link Budget

Mobility/Traffic Models

Packet scheduling, handover, power control, load control

Differentiated QoS, fast fading effects, UE speed, MIMO

Energy consumption is proportional to distance

UE movement, traffic types & mixes

Step1: Large vs. small cells applying the energy metrics

Step2: overlay Source & Network Coding and/or Cooperative Networking

Step3: Evaluate from the following perspectives…….

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Applying Network Element Deployment Perspective

In-BuildingRelay

Mobile Moves

LargeBackground Traffic Flow

(1) Traffic held at BS to transmit at a more appropriate time

(2) Traffic transmitted at a better time, when the

mobile is closer

Public (City) WLAN Hotspot Cluster Mesh, in Coverage of the Mobile Network

RadioOverFibre

E.g.,LeasedLine,...

MeshMobileNetwork

MobileRelays

Femtocell Basestation

1

1,3

3,4

E.g.,ADSL/Cable

5,7

5,8

9

5,6

2

2

2

2

5,8

FixedRelay

DedicatedWireless

Link

= ReferencePoint

Wide scope: Macro-cells, relays, backhaul, WLANConsideration of Embodied Energy is required.

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Techniques: Power Efficient Hardware

Base station efficiency Climate control 65% Power supply 85% PA / transceiver 15% Feeder cables 50%

Advanced base station architectures Multi-mode and multi-standard Maximise equipment and base station

re-useIntegration allows energy reductions

Masthead electronics to avoid cable losses

Target > 20% overall efficiencyAdvanced power amplifier techniques

Target: > 60% PA efficiency Develop envelope tracking method

Hardware Integration & Advanced PA Techniques

Baseline overallefficiency 4%

Integrated remote radio antenna

Masthead PA eliminates feeder loss

Integration avoids interconnect losses

Passive thermal cooling

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Techniques: DSP and Radio Resource Management

Interference Minimisation and Cancellation Making transmissions more robust to interference to reduce

required transmit power levels Peer-to-peer communications between terminals can be

exploited to share information about signals and interference to improve decoding and suppress interference

RRM Techniques for Lower Power Consumption Maximising power efficient utilisation of LTE RBS co-operation

and collaboration support. Robust Measurement reporting, Radio Bearer Configuration,

Packet Scheduling, handover and Power and Load Control for energy efficient delivery

Novel Approaches Network coding Application of Sensor network techniques, cross layer

approaches grounded in Standards (LTE, WiMAX)

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Green Radio Deliverables

Year 1 Workshop to discuss architecture metrics and promising

techniques for power reduction Executive Summary on energy and power efficiency

metrics and tradeoffs

Year 2 Poster day to present key results to date Reports on efficiency gains

Year 3 Reports on Programme achievements for both

Architectures and Techniques Work Packages Executive summaries of all key outputs from the

Programme

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Programme Processes to Secure Value to Industrial Members Monthly Co-ordination Steering Group (CSG) meetings

Progress management (deliverables, patents, publications) Internal and outreach event oganisation

Quarterly Technical Steering Group (TSG) meetings Meetings at which all Industrials have the opportunity to engage

with the Researchers in the detail of their research and get an overview of the latest technical output of the Programme

Interdependent approach facilitated by well established MVCE processes with enhancements for Core 5 Encouraging exploration of synergies with Flexible Networks.

Both programmes contain activities in… Network coding, routing, adaptive and self-organising

techniques Webex – Internet-based interactions between Researchers and

Industrials, especially valuable for overseas-based industrials WiKi - promoting high awareness of leading edge of key radio

access standards LTE(-Advanced), and 802.16 (WiMAX), 802.11 (WiFi) and leading edge green technologies through the use of a WiKi knowledge base

Industrial Energy Focus Group leading the embodied energy debate

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Energy Focus Group Concept

Terms of Reference Initially tightly coupled to Architecture Research Group Evolution of targeted questions Analysis abstraction for realistic industrial application What ‘energy’ metrics do we use to ensure realistic configurations & architectures result

Problem AbstractionProblem Abstraction

Relate to Real WorldRelate to Real World

Metrics / Metrics / OptimisationOptimisation

Real WorldReal World

Targeted Targeted QuestionsQuestions

Book of Book of AssumptionsAssumptions

MetricsMetrics

Real World Real World System System

ParametersParameters

Evaluation Evaluation ApproachApproach

Architecture StudyArchitecture Study

Real World Real World CostsCosts

Real World Real World MetricsMetrics

Real World Real World ConstraintsConstraints

Energy Focus Group

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Dates for the Diary

For our Members and Researchers Industry Steering Group TSG#2: 2nd April at Bristol University Education Day: 30th April at Orange Labs, Chiswick

To brief the researchers on the state of the art in industry and bring everyone up to speed on the Programme.

Industry Steering Group TSG#3: 2nd July at Kings College London Metrics Workshop: 9th Sept at Swansea University

Review meeting for a key deliverable from the Architecture Research, all are welcome.

Industry Steering Group TSG#4: 1st October - University of Edinburgh

Outreach Events Event prior to WWRF: 4th May at FT-Orange, Paris Support for Femto Forum Research Day:

Aligned with the Femtocells World Summit, June 23rd - 25 th, London Discussions ongoing with the Femtoforum.

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Conclusions

Green technologies relevance to business and politics will only continue to increase, Green Radio offers timely Industry driven research.

Green Radio is a 48 man year programme run over 3 years that offers…An in-depth and systematic study of architecture issues

to identify trade-offs in energy efficient network designEvaluation of Techniques across the protocol stack to

select most promising approaches to reduce power.

Green Radio will provide insights of value to… Operators considering the impact of Green for future

networks deploymentsEquipment Vendors for identification of key techniques

enabling green solutions.

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Join the Team Strong contributions from Industrials in the areas of

Embodied Energy and baseline assumptions have already been received and are much appreciated

If there are people in your organisations that are working in related areas please make them aware of these MVCE activities and help facilitate good information distribution within your organisations

We always welcome input and active participation from our industrial members to help shape the relevance and reach out to other Research and Industrial organisations

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Thank you !

For further information on this presentation please contact:Simon FletcherE-mail: Simon.Fletcher@EU.NEC.COMTel: +44 1372 381824

Further information on mVCE contact:Dr Walter Tuttlebee,E-mail:

walter.tuttlebee@mobilevce.comTel: +44 1256 338604WWW: www.mobilevce.com