WWI: Immediately, alliances went into effect.

• A review:– A video version…. – A parody…..

• Project: Alliances

• Handout: collaborate with your neighbors (21 minutes…..work together)

• Answers:

• WAR!

The First Modern War

p. 358

Why a “Modern” War?

• WW I saw the greatest use of technology and resources in history up to that time.

• The skills of most in the military, even the leaders, were not adequate for the new techniques and machinery being used.

• The shock on millions of men and women would change their thinking and outlook, affecting future generations.

Mobilization

• The great powers prepared for war…..• Troops mobilized:

– France—8.5 million– Britain—9 million– Russia—12 million– Germany—11 million

The von Schlieffen Plan

• Germany depended on a 30-year old plan to win the war quickly against France and Russia.

• Project– Handout (where you must commit your plan)

The von Schlieffen Plan

• Invasion plan (with rationale): (7)• France would be attacked first, before it could get help

from Britain and Russia.– Russia was assumed to take a long time to mobilize– Britain would not enter the war unless Belgium was invaded

• Belgium would have to be invaded as Germany could invade France faster• By the time Britain joined war it would be too late; France and Belgium would

have fallen.

• Once France was defeated in about month, all German forces would be rapidly turned on Russia– It was assumed that Russian industry could not sustain a war on

the scale needed to survive a German invasion.

The von Schlieffen Plan

• Possible Obstacle(s)/setbacks: (2)– Russia might attack sooner

– The French might get their army up to the front and set up a strong defense faster.

• So, what went wrong? Copy– The German attack against France went well, but the French

military commandeered every taxi cab, truck, and bus in Paris and rushed their army to the Marne River. Stopping the German advance.

– Russia attacked eastern Germany and Austria earlier than anticipated, taking land from Austria-Hungary, and forcing the Germans to divide their successful army in France and send part to meet the Russians.

Stalemate:

• situation in a war where neither side can defeat the other.

• The Western Front (France) was a stalemate because of trench warfare.

• The war in the trenches would last for almost four years.

A trench system.

No Man’s Land

No M

an’s

Land

French troops fire grenade with a small catapult.

Zeppelin:

Rigid-framed, hydrogen gas-filled balloons used by the Germans to bomb France and England

• Airplane– Spotter– Fighter– bomber

u-boat:

• Submarine warships, • would hide underwater and attack passing ships.

– Used by the British and Germans– Used most effectively by the Germans

• (Unterseeboot) against ships carrying cargo to Britain.

• convoy: • To avoid submarine attacks, Allies organized

cargo ships in groups, – protected by fast sub-hunting destroyers.

The most modern weaponry and warfare techniques were used in the Great War:

• Rapid-fire machine gun• Long-range artillery• Poison gas• Gas mask• Tank • Bolt-action rifle• Steel helmet

• Messenger dogs• Barbed wire• Tinned food• Telephone• Trench warfare

EC: Review--WW I Alliances

• Triple Entente changed name to:– Allies

• Members were: (7)– Serbia – Britain (UK)– Russia– France– Italy– Japan (1915)– United States (1917)

• Triple Alliance changed name to::– Central Powers

• Members were: (3)– Austria-Hungary– Germany– Ottoman Empire

Dardanelles:

• Narrow strait separating Russia from the rest of Europe. – controlled by the Ottoman Turks.

• Britain sent home and colonial troops to take it– mostly ANZACs (Australians and New Zealanders)

• to attack at Gallipoli, intending to take Istanbul.

• British troops are trapped for ten months, – lose 200,000 troops, and withdraw.

• Britain fails – to knock Turkey out of the war– To get supplies to a desperate Russia.

T. E. Lawrence:

• British officer sent alone to work with the Arab leaders. – Known as “Lawrence of Arabia”

• Succeeded in uniting the many Arab groups – led them in successful guerrilla raids on Turkish

forces, • destruction of rail and communication lines.

– Became a supporter of Arab independence.

The Middle East

• EC: Eventually the Arabs would gain (3)– Palestine, – Syria, – Iraq

– Though Britain promised them independence, the British and French had already planned to divide the lands between themselves.

• Lawrence was bitterly disappointed at the treachery.• Arabs had another reason to distrust and hate the West.

hwk

Standards Check, p. 358

• Question:

• Russia mobilized quickly in the east.

• Caused Germany to divert troops there.

• Britain and France stopped the weaker German western army at the Marne.

Map Skills, p. 359:

• 2

• They moved less than 150 miles

• No movement at all from 1915-1916

• 3

• Battle lines were pushed back far into Russian territory

• Defeats badly affected the Russian people

Eastern Front

• At first, Russia succeeded in penetrating eastern Germany, – but was disastrously defeated by Germany at EC: _____

• Tannenberg, in 1914.

• Russia could not supply its armies as fast as the Germans and Austria-Hungary. – EC: Soon millions of Russian troops had no replacement (3)…

• Food• Ammunition • Weapons

– As a result, Russian troops were increasingly demoralized,

The Great Atrocity

• The Ottoman Empire was also fighting Russia.• Armenian insurgents backed the Russians.

– Russia promised Armenian independence when Turks were defeated.

• Turkey decided to deport/exterminate all of them to the deserts of Syria in 1915.– This event is called the EC: __________________

and over 1.5 million die– “Armenian genocide”

Standards Check, p. 361

• Question:

• New or improved guns and artillery caused more casualties.

• Poison gas terrified soldiers

• Submarines sank many ships

Thinking Critically, p. 361

• 1• They gave trench soldiers increased mobility, • But also increased their risk of injury and death.• 2• Probably a negative effect: they were living in

dangerous, harsh conditions• Facing uncertainty of when the next attack would

occur

Standards Check, p. 362:

• Question:

• The Eastern Front shifted over more area than the Western Front,

• With less trench warfare and even more casualties.

Map Skills, p. 362

• Question:

• It was bordered on two sides by Allied countries, Russia and British Egypt

• It had to fight on several fronts.

Africa

• _________________ home and colonial troops, cut off from the empire were easily defeated by British and French home and colonial troops.

• German

West Asia

• The Middle East was vital to the Allies for two reasons:– Getting supplies to Russia

– Securing control of petroleum deposits

• ____________________________ (country’s name) was in the way.– Cut off Allied supplies to Russia

– Controlled lands endangering Allied petroleum supplies,

– Cut off communications to West Asia.

– The Ottoman Empire

Standards Check, p. 363:

• The Ottoman Empire • joined the Central

Powers, but eventually lost territory– Arab revolt, supported

by Britain

• Colonies/Dominions• British India, French

West Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sent colonial troops to support the Allies.

All the imperialists used resources and troops from their colonies.

• ___________________ called on troops from• Britain

– India– Burma– Canada– Australia– New Zealand– South Africa

• ___________________ called on troops from • France

– West Africa• Many of these non-White troops fought with the hope that their homelands

would be given self-rule • Others hoped they would be respected as equal citizens in the White

empire, – they would be very disappointed and win nothing.

A Soldat’s Life: p. 364on a separate sheet of paper…..

• Questions from text, 1 & 2• Add these questions on your Cornell Notes and

answer them (discuss with your neighbors)…..– Is All Quiet on the Western Front a pro-war or anti-war

novel? • Use evidence from the text to back up your opinion.

– Why would Erich Maria Remarque write this book? • Use evidence from the text to back up your opinion.

– Why would Adolf Hitler’s government later ban this book in Germany, even though the author is a German?

• Use evidence from the text to back up your opinion

Reading: p. 364 Answers:• 1.• He (Paul, the young German soldier) can no longer stand the

silence in the foxhole.• 2• That enemy soldiers are fellow humans with lives and families,

hopes and dreams.

Reading: p. 364 Answers:• Is All Quiet on the Western Front a pro-war or anti-war novel?

Use evidence from the text to back up your opinion.– Answer: anti-war– Evidence: “disillusioned veteran”

• Why would Erich Maria Remarque write this book? – Answer: to show the senselessness of war– Evidence: “comrade, I did not want to kill you”;

• “it was that abstraction I stabbed”, • “why do they never tell us that you are poor devils like us?”

• Why would Adolf Hitler’s government ban this book in 1930s Germany, even though the author is a German?– Answer: Hitler needed Germans to want to go war again.– Evidence: “Forgive me comrade, how could you be my enemy?”