WW Enclosures Easley 2013 web ver - WoodWorks · designing high performance building enclosures. Select the best insulation and air barrier system for a given application

Energy-Efficient Facilities: Building Envelope Design Wall Systems Steve Easley, SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSStttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeevvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaasleyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Wood Products Council is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Copyright Steve Easley, 2013

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© Steve Easley & Associates/Wood Products Council


Course Evaluations


Copyright Steve Easley, 2013 www.masstimber.com

Copyright Steve Easley, 2013 fpinnovations

www.fpinnovations.caClick on Advanced Building systems

ObjectivesUnderstand the technologies systems for designing high performance building enclosures.

Select the best insulation and air barrier system for a given application.

Write better specifications regarding air barriers, insulation and its installation.

Understand the relationships between framing, thermal bridging air barriers, moisture vapor transmission, condensation, material permeability, and insulation selection.


Getting Enclosures Right

Photo Mason Grant Consulting

Courtesy B.S.C.

Courtesy fp innovations

Historically Speaking

Priorities were cost, strength, esthetics. Enclosure thermal performance was primarily an after thought to the structure.Energy was cheap Environmental issues were not a priority.


Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency is a major component of LEED and all Green (GrEEn) Energy Efficiency is the easiest to quantify.The most likely to provide tangible results.Energy Efficiency starts with a good enclosure


EEnergy Use in Schools

K-12 $7.5 billion annually 2nd Largest cost after salaries Heating cooling largest component

Typ $1.25/sq ft Mid size district $ 1 over $1 million/yr.

Focus on enclosure first.

DOE, 2013, Touchstone Energy Copyright Steve Easley, 2013

Green House Gas Emissions 1 kWh = 1-1.5 lbs

1 Therm 100,000 BTU’s = 11.7 lbs.


CCommercial Buildings

Have less insulation on the exterior than you think. R values often less than 5 Framing Components are highly conductive40%Glass with poor U factors

LEED DOES NOT MEAN ENERGY EFFICIENT


R-2


R-2


PPerspective from the Energy InformationService, DOE

4.7 million commercial building in the US only 12,000 are 10 stories or greater

Number of Floors One.................................................... 3,136 Two.................................................... 1,031 Three................................................. 339 Four to Nine....................................... 128 Ten or More....................................... 12

Table 2. Types of Office Building, Number of Buildings, 2003, Released: September 2010


IIs this wall really R-20.5?


Impact of Windows


IImpact of Windows



R-2



Is not just about R value


DDurability is EquallyImportant as energy

Durability of the building enclosure is part of a sustainable building designMoisture is one of the major factors affecting durability in all buildingsEnergy and moisture are closely related


Reduces the heating and cooling system energy use, size and costs Is likely to last for the life of the structure Energy savings do not diminish with age Reduces the loads thus reduces design risk factors for HVAC Can manage moisture and increase building durability Can enhance occupant comfort and building IAQ

Why Focus on the BuildingEnclosure First


Our Expectations for Building Enclosures

They keep building components dry They maintain a temperate environmentThey are long lasting They do not make you sick


Building Enclosures Manage

Water flow Air flow Heat flow & surfaces tempsMoisture as a vapor Sound Control Fire separation


4 - Enclosure Control Layers Water- WRB’s & Rain Screens

Air- Air barriers, building wraps, air sealing

Thermal- insulation or exsulation

Vapor- vapor retarders


TThermal Performance FactorsFraming factor 25%+ (“ opaque whole” wall R-value frame & studs) Thermal bridging @ Frame and Studs Wind washing Gaps in insulation


Enclosure Thermal Performance

Thermal performance is a 2 component processConductive losses…Solution…Insulation Convective losses….Solution…Air sealing

High performance enclosure = less loads = lower costs…purchase, operation,

maintenance….forever

Copyright Steve Easley, 2013 Copyright Steve Easley, 2013




FFraming Factors & Thermal Bridging


Thermal Bridging Exterior



Typical Framing Factors @ Spacing- Steel

Typical Framing Factors @ Spacing -Wood


Typical Framing Factors –Wood + CI


FFraming Factors

Source - Oak Ridge National Labs Source - Oak Ridge National Labs

Oak Ridge Nat. Labs Hot Box Tests 24% Framing Factor

Courtesy fp innovationsCopyright Steve Easley, 2013

Ghosting at steel studs



WWall Insulation approaches



DDoes staggering the studs improveperformance?

DDoes staggering the studs improveperformance?

Factors Affecting Insulation Performance

Keys to a high performance system

Stops air flow Not affected by moisture Stable R value Protects structure


Compression


Effects of Gaps at Insulation


KKneewall Demonstration


R-11 perfect w/ kraft

R-19 poor R 3.5

R-13 perfect no kraft

No Insulation R 1.78

Installed R-Values of Fiberglass

Specification Tips

InsulationNo voids/spaces, complete alignment with air barriers No compression Cavities filled

Air sealing All Penetrations sealedAir testing

RRESNET Specifications

The Goal Conductive losses (solved by proper insulation)RESNET Grade 1


IInsulation Grades

IInsulation Grades


IInsulation Grades



RResources

RResources


Effect of Compression



Safety 1st!!!


Note Heat Loss Between Floors


Heat Loss at Band Joist


- 6.8 - 4.2


Wet-Spray Cellulose (Scrubbed)


Wet-Spray Cellulose (Scrubbed)


Wet-Spray Cellulose: Drying Time


Fiber Insulation Cellulose vs Blown Fiberglass




Air Leakage along the corner joint

Spectrum Infrared Ltd.

Air Leakage

IR Thermogram

Photo




Source NIST

Source NIST Copyright Steve Easley, 2013

Air Infiltration Standards


Courtesy B.S.C.

Photo Mason Grant Consulting

Fiberglass Filtering



WWind-washing


Effect of Air Infiltration


Pour-stop

Metal clip

Curtain wall


Air gap Copyright Steve Easley, 2013 Copyright Steve Easley, 2013


Solutions



AApproaches to Air Aarriersand Continuous Insulation




Foam Shrinkage









QQuality Assurance


Blower Door Testing

WWhy Pressure Test

You don’t know until you measure Find leaks Helps insure quality and peformance Aids in Commissioning, LEED etc. Documents air tightness


WWhy Pressure Test

Uncontrolled Air Flow: Can cause moisture, mold problems Reduces durability & deteriorates materials Increases energy use Reduces comfortImpacts IAQ



This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program
