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Beyond "listen and repeat"- an overview of Englishpronunciation
teaching
materials
Magdalena Wrembel
Adam Mickiewicz University, [email protected]
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Introduction
Unexplored question - have material designersresponded to
changing perspectives?
Jones (1997): "In spite of a changed phonological focus
[...]
teaching techniques and tasks continue to rely on
thebehaviourist notions of SLA such as habit formation".
My intention: to examine how recent SLA findingsand new trends
in pronunciation pedagogy are
reflected in pronunciation materials Selected materials:
textbooks
computer software
Internet web sites
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Outline of the presentation
Theoretical introduction - changingperspectives in pronunciation
pedagogy
Analysis of materials Model accents
Goals and priorities
Common core features
Pronunciation teaching techniques
Conclusions
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Changing perspectives in pronunciationpedagogy
Historical outline of pronunciation instruction:
Grammar Translation - irrelevantDirect Method - intuition &
imitation
Audiolingual Method - important, drills
Communicative Approach - initially disregarded,growing
awareness
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Changing perspectives in pronunciationpedagogy (2)
Shift in priorities(segmentals < suprasegmentals)
Contextualisation and fluency-buildingWidened scope of
pronunciation instruction
Holistic approach
Autonomy and speech awarenessNew technologies
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Materials analysis - model accents
Textbooks (31) CD-ROMs (13) Internet resources
BE-19 ? - 2 BE- 4 AE-10
Phonetics referencesites
Phonetic labs
Professionalorganisations
Text files
Sound files
AE-10 ? - 2
19
10
2
4
10
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
BE -
books
AE -
books
Other -
books
BE -
CDs
AE -
CDs
Other -
CDs
BE - books
AE - books
Other - books
BE - CDs
AE - CDs
Other - CDs
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Target model variety- years of publication
0
5
10
15
20
25
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
BE
AE
Other
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20%
35%
45% segmentals
suprasegm.
segm.+suprasegm.
Redirection of priorities
segmentals
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Focus on segmentals1
1960s-70s
Detailed treatment of Vs & Cs
Optional features: consonantal clusters,
weak forms,
linking, elements of stress & intonation
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Focus on segmentals2
Textbooks:
Baker,A. 1977. Ship or sheep? An intermediate pronunciation
course. Baker, A. 1982. Tree or Three? An elementary pronunciation
course.
Barnard,G.L. & P.S.McKay. 1963. Practice in spoken
English.
Hooke,R. & J. Rowell. 1982.A handbook of English
pronunciation.
Kenyon,J. S. 1956.American pronunciation.
MacCarthy,P.1965.A practice book of English speech.
Munro Mackenzie,M.D.1973. Modern English pronunciation
practice.
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Segmentals + suprasegmentals1
1980s - 1990s
Vs - quantitative & qualitative, emphasis differs
Cs - focal areas:
aspiration, contrast, fortis / lenis, clusters
Suprasegmentals:
stress & rhythm, connected speech, weak forms,intonation
Additional features: spelling - sound correspondence, guidance
for different
L1, voice quality
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Segmentals + suprasegmentals2
Arabski,J. 1987. Wymowa amerykaska.
Cunningham S, & B. Bowler. 1999. New Headway Pronunciation
Course
Hewings,M. 1993. Pronunciation tasks. A course for
pre-intermediate learners.
O'Connor,J. D. & J. Fletcher.1989. Sounds English.
O'Connor,J. D. 1967 (1989). Better English pronunciation.
Orion,G. 1997. Pronouncing American English: sounds, stress, and
intonation.
Ponsby, M. 1982. How Now, Brown Cow?
Reszkiewicz,A. 1981. Correct your English pronunciation.
Sobkowiak,W. 1996. English phonetics for Poles.
CD PRONUNCIATION POWER
CD SPEAK FLUENT AMERICAN ENGLISH CD MOULTON INTERACTIVE INTRO TO
PHON & PHON
CD FONETYKA ANGIELSKA W PIGUCE
CD HUMMINGBIRD
SOUND MACHINES
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Suprasegmentals 1
Stress - (word stress, nuclear stress, unaccented
syllables,schwa, weak forms)
Rhythm - (thought groups)
Intonation - (communicative function, discourse-based)
Secondary importance
Connected speech
Individual sounds - selected aspects aspiration, voicing,
consonantal contrasts,
clusters
vowel duration
practised in the context of connected speech
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Suprasegmentals 2
Bogle,D. 1996. Practical phonology.
Bradford, B. 1988. Intonation in Context.
Brazil,D. 1994. Pronunciation for advanced learners of
English.
Gilbert,J. 1993. Clear speech.
Miller,S.F. 2000. Targeting pronunciation: the intonation,
sounds, and rhythmof American English.
Morley, J. 1979. Improving Spoken English.
Mortimer,C. 1985. Elements of pronunciation.
Prator,C. 1951 (1985).A manual of American English
pronunciation.
Rogerson,P. & J.B.Gilbert. 1990. Speaking clearly.
Vaughan-Rees, M. 1994. Rhymes and Rhythm. Weinstein, N. 1982.
Whaddaya Say?
Zawadzki, H. 1994 In tempo.
CD BETTER ACCENT TUTOR.FOR AMERICAN ENGLISH
CD PRONUNCIATION IN AMERICAN ENGLISH
CD CONNECTED SPEECH
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Pronunciation syllabi - common corefeatures vs. LFC
85% weak vowel
77% intonation
74% word stress
70% vowel quantity
67% vowel quality 67% tonic stress 46% - consonantal
clusters
67% unstressed syllables 44% - linking
63% rhythm (thought groups) 41% - rhotic r
59% diphthongs 37% - assimilation
56% dental fricatives 37% - aspiration 52% weak forms 32% -
fortis / lenis
52% consonants 18% - spelling / sound
48% elisions 18% - dark l
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Pronunciation teaching techniques
"Listen and repeat"
Minimal pair drills Sample materials: Higgin's Home Page, Baker
1977, Baker
1982, Barnard & McKay 1963, O'Connor 1967, O'Connor
&Fletcher 1989, Orion 1997, Cunningham & Bowler 1999
Ear training -recognition/discrimination Baker 1977, Baker 1982,
O'Connor 1967, O'Connor &
Fletcher 1989, Clear Speech Works (CD), Ponsby 1982, UCL
Phonetic training Reszkiewicz 1981, Arabski 1987, Brazil 1994,
Orion 1997,
The Mouton Interactive Introduction to Phonetics andPhonology
(CD), Fonetyka angielska w piguce (CD), PHON2,
UCLA's Phonetic Lab, Maidment's Pronunciation Tip of the Day
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Pronunciation teaching techniques(2)
Reading aloud / recitation Mortimer 1985, Bradford 1988, Brazil
1994, Ponsby 1982
Tongue twisters and poems
Vaughan-Rees 1994, Reck's Collection of Tongue
TwistersPronunciation games
Maidments' Sound Machines, Windmayer's Sounds of
EnglishPronunciation Power (CD), Bogle 1996, Hancock 2003
Communicative / contextualisedactivities Morley 1979, Bradford
1988, O'Connor & Fletcher 1989,
Gilbert 1993, Hewings & Goldstein 1993, Brazil 1994,
Miller2000
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Pronunciation teaching techniques(3)
Pair work O'Connor & Fletcher 1989, Miller 2000, Hewings
& Goldstein
1993
Multisensory modes of presentation
Kinaesthetic reinforcement Bogle 1996, Miller 2000
Visual support
Sobkowiak 1996, Orion 1997, Pronunciation Power (CD),Clear
Speech Works (CD), CSLU Toolkit Baldi
Guidance for users of differentlanguages: Cunningham &
Bowler 1999, O'Connor &Fletcher 1989, Hancock 2003
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Pronunciation teaching techniques(4)
Transcription exercises Bogle 1996, Orion 1997, Lecumberri &
Maidment 2000
Integrated skills
Speak Fluent American English (CD), Gilbert 1993Voice
quality
Speak Fluent American English (CD)
Sensitisation Bradford 1988, Brazil 1994, Hancock 2003
Self-monitoring and learners'autonomy: Brazil 1994, Miller 2000,
CD-ROMs
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Conclusions
Greater variety in NS-model accents
Redefined goals and priorities
intelligibility & communicationPronunciation syllabi -
little compatibility with
LFC
Wider inventory of teaching techniques beyond "listen &
repeat"
consciousness-raising and self-monitoring
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Internet resources -Phonetics Reference Sites
CyberPhon (acoustic
phonetics)http://www.cyberphon.univ-lyon2.fr
PHON2: Phonetics beyond the
basicshttp://www.linguistics.reading.ac.uk/phon2
Pronunciation Web Resources -
linkshttp://www.sunburstmedia.com/PronWeb.html
An overview of pronunciation software, D.
Healeyhttp://oregonstate.edu/~healeyd/tesol2002/pron.html
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Internet resources (2) - text files
John Higgin's Home Page - minimal
pairshttp://www.marlodge.supanet.com/
Michael Reck's Collection of Tongue Twisters
http://www.uebersetzung.at/twister/en.html Sharon Windmayer's
Sounds of English
http://www.soundsofenglish.org
Maidment's Pronunciation Tip of the Day
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/eptotd/tiphome.html
SIL's IPA
Fontshttp://www.itl.atr.co.jp/comp.speech/Section1/Fonts/sil.ipa.html
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Internet resources (3) - practicalactivities on the Web
John Maidments' Sound
Machineshttp://www.eptotd.btinternet.co.uk/vm/soundmachines.htm
Vowel Machine Transcriber
TONI
PLATO
Web-based transcription toolhttp://www.wtt.org.uk
Sharon Windmayer's Sounds of English
http://www.soundsofenglish.org
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Internet resources (4) - phoneticlabs and organisations
UCLA's Phonetics
Labhttp://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/faciliti/uclaplab.html
Phonetics Dep. at the University College
Londonhttp://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells
The International Phonetic
Associationhttp://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html
IATEFL's Pronun. Special Interest
Grouphttp://members.aol.com/PronunciationSig/index.html
TESOL's Speech/Pronunc. Special Interest
Sectionhttp://www.public.iastate.edu/~jlevis/SPRIS/
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Pronunciation CD-ROMs
THE MOUTON INTERACTIVE INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS
ANDPHONOLOGY
FONETYKA ANGIELSKA W PIGUCE, Sobkowiak,W. 2000. (BE)
PRONUNCIATION POWER
(AE)http://www.englishlearning.com/pronpowr.html
PRONUNCIATION IN AMERICAN ENGLISH 1999 (AE)
BETTER ACCENT TUTOR FOR AMERICAN ENGLISH (AE)
SPEAK FLUENT AMERICAN ENGLISH (AE)
HUMMINGBIRD (AE) http://www.humbird.com
SOUND MACHINES (BE)
CONNECTED SPEECH (AE, BE, Australian)
CLEAR SPEECH WORKS (AE)
AMERICAN SPEECH SOUNDS (AE)
ENGLISH EASY: VOWELS AND CONSONANTS (Canadian English)
PPO-NUNCIATION SOUND LAB & MOUTH EXERCISES (BE, AE)
AMERICAN ACCENT PROGRAMME (AE)
