World Religions - Bethany Church · Ink on silk manuscript of the Tao Te Ching, 2nd century BC ^dZ d} Z v }l v] v} the eternal Tao The name that can be named is not the eternal name

Slide 1

World Religions

Part 5: Taoism & Confucianism

Our Class Web Site:

http://wr.dirkscorner.com/gordon/

Dirk’s Contact Info

Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers

Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner

Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com

http://wr.dirkscorner.com/gordon/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Pastor-Dirk-Rodgers/233920186678715

https://twitter.com/dirk_at_bethany

http://www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner

http://www.dirkscorner.com/

http://www.bethanychurch.com/

Slide 2

This Session

1 Preliminary Considerations2 Taoism (Daoism)3 Confucianism

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 3

1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS


_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 4

Challenges to Understanding

Philosophies or religions?Cultural lines between

“Taoism”, “Confucianism” and other “isms” are often blurred# of adherents not really

known

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 5

2 TAOISM (DAOISM)


_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 6

Origins

Image Source: Edward Theodore Chalmers Werner, Myths and Legends of China on Project Gutenberg, p. 72, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=187363

Laozi (Lao-tzu)6th - 5th Century BC?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 7

Tao Te Ching

Image Source: Mawangdui Silk Manuscript Volume First, Wen Wu Publishing, Beijing, China, 1980-03, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19264100

Ink on silk manuscript of the Tao Te Ching, 2nd century BC

“The Tao that can be spoken is not the eternal Tao

The name that can be named is not the eternal name

The nameless is the origin of Heaven and Earth….”Opening lines of Chapter 1, Tao Te Ching, trans Derek Lin, www.Taoism.net and Tao Te Ching: Annotated & Explained, SkyLight Paths,2006.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 8

What is “Tao”?“Tao (pronounced ‘dao’) means literally ‘the path’ or ‘the way.’ It is a universal principle that underlies everything from the creation of galaxies to the interaction of human beings. The workings of Tao are vast and often beyond human comprehension. In order to understand it, reasoning alone will not suffice. One must also apply intuition.”

Derek Lin, What is Tao?, in http://taoism.net/tao/what-is-tao/, published July 2, 2015, accessed 2/29/2015

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 9

Essential Teachings

Non-contention Non-action (wu-wei) Non-intention Simplicity Wisdom Humility Yin & Yang

From the list provided in Derek Lin, What is Tao?, in http://taoism.net/tao/what-is-tao/, published July 2, 2015, accessed 2/29/2015

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 10

Yin & Yang

Image Source: By Gregory Maxwell, Image:Yin_yang.png, converted to SVG by Gregory Maxwell., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=364239

“Yang represents the force of light, brightness, heat, maleness, strength, above, heaven, sunny, day, south. Yang is the masculine, hard, active, red, the sun, and odd numbers.”

“Yin represents the balancing force of opposites, such as darkness, coldness, femaleness, heaviness, weakness, below, earth, shady, night, north. Yin is the feminine, yielding, receptive, moon, water, clouds, and even numbers.”

Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 5983-5986). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 11

Origins

Image Source: http://www.tjwenjie.com/tjd-zhuangzi.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4899396

Zhuangzi (the man)c. 369 - 286 BC

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 12

Origins

Image Source: Replica Published in 1932, Tokyo, Public Domain, in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuangzi_%28book%29#/media/File:Zhuangzi_Tian_Yun_Ms.JPG

Zhuangzi (the Book)

Tang dynasty Zhuangzi manuscript preserved in Japan (1930s replica)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 13

Zhuangzi or Butterfly?

“Formerly, I, Zhuang Zhou, dreamt that I was a butterfly, a butterfly flying about, feeling that it was enjoying itself. I did not know that it was Zhou. Suddenly I awoke, and was myself again, the veritable Zhou. I did not know whether it had formerly been Zhou dreaming that he was a butterfly, or it was now a butterfly dreaming that it was Zhou.”Text Source: http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/adjustment-of-controversies, accessed 3/1/2016

Image Source: Shibata Zeshin (1888), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuangzi_%28book%29#/media/File:%27Zhuangzi_Dreaming_of_a_Butterfly%27_by_Shibata_Zeshin,_1888,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art,_13879.1.JPG

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 14

Essential Teachings

Tao, the source of heaven and earth, is evident in the flux of heaven and earth

Language is a foolish attempt to categorize human perceptions in arbitrary and meaningless ways.

Finding one’s own “way” Recognizing unity in duality Futility of government

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 15

From Philosophy to Religion

Image Source: By Werner, E. T. C. (1864-1954) - http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15250, Project Gutenberg eText15250, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=235187

Zhang Daoling2nd Century AD

First (or Ancestral) Celestial Master

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 16


Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozi#/media/File:DaodeTianzun.jpg

Lao-Zi2nd Century AD

Now considered a deity

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 17


Image Source: By Anonymous (China) - Walters Art Museum: Home page Info about artwork, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18830119

The Eight Immortals

1. He Xian Gu - Immortal Woman He2. Cao Guo Jiu – Royal Uncle Cao3. Taiguai Li – Iron Crutch Li4. Lan Caihe5. Lu Dongbin (also spelled Lu Tung Pin)6. Han Xiang Zi – Philosopher Han Xiang7. Zhang Guo Lao – Elder Zhang Guo8. Zhongli Quan

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 18


Image Source: By Anonymous (China) - Walters Art Museum: Home page Info about artwork, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18830119

The Three Pure Ones

Yuanshi Tianzun – Lord ofPrimordial Being

Lingbao Tianzun – Lord ofthe Numinous Treasure

Daode Tianzun – Lord ofthe Way and its Virtue

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 19


Other early movements:

Shangqing, c.370 AD Lingbao, c. 400 AD Quanzhen, c. 12th century AD

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 20

And…Of Course…

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 21

3 CONFUCIANISM


_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 22

Origins

Image Source: By Unknown - http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-75120/Confucius-gouache-on-paper-1770?articleTypeId=1, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3318964

Confucius c. 552-449 BC

Image of Confucius, dated from c. 1770 AD

Born Kong Qiu (K'ung Ch'iu)

“The Latinized name Confucius, based on the honorific title Kong Fuzi (K'ungFu-tzu), was created by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries in China. “

Source: http://www.patheos.com/Library/Confucianism, accessed 3/4/2016

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 23

Origins

Image Source: By Chinese Artists - http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15250/15250-h/15250-h.htm#d0e5806, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1315364

Mengzi (Mensius) c. 372 - 289 BC

Illustration from Myths & Legends of China By E.T.C. Werner H.B.M

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 24

Origins

Image Source: http://library.law.harvard.edu/justicequotes/explore-the-room/north-2/

Xunzi (Xun Kuang)c. 310-220 BC

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 25

Origins

Image Source: WBy User:Vmenkov - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23829722

Dong Zhongshuc. 179 - 104 BC

Temple in honor of Dong Zhongshu in Yangzhou, China

“Without Kongzi, there would be no Confucianism; but without Dong, there would be no Confucianism as it has been known for the past 2,000 years.”Source: http://www.patheos.com/Library/Confucianism/Origins/Beginnings?offset=1&max=1,accessed 3/4/2016

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 26

The “Five Classics” (Wujing)Five works that were for generations attributed to Confucius, but are now seen as earlier works that influenced Confucius

and later Confucian teachings

Classic of Changes (Yijing, I Ching) Classic of Poetry (Book of Songs, Shijing, Shih Ching) Classic of History (Book of Documents, Shujing, Shu

Ching) Record of Rituals (Liji, Li Qi) Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu, Ch’un-ch’iu)

Sometimes a sixth Classic, now lost, is added to this list:Classic of Music (Yueh Ching)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 27

The “Four Books” (Shishu)Regarded as the Confucian “canon” by the 12th century AD

Analects (Lunyu) Book of Mencius (Mengzi) Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong, Zhung

Yung) Great Learning (Daxue, Da Xue)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 28

Quotes from the Analects

"The Master said, ‘I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men.’"

Analects, Chapter 1, in http://www.analects.org/analectschapterone.php, accessed 3/5/2016

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 29


"The Master said, ‘He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.’"

Analects, Chapter 2, in http://www.analects.org/analectschapterone.php, accessed 3/5/2016

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 30


"Fan Ch'ih said, ‘What did you mean?’ The Master replied, ‘That parents, when alive, be served according to propriety; that, when dead, they should be buried according to propriety; and that they should be sacrificed to according to propriety.’"Analects, Chapter 2, in http://www.analects.org/analectschapterone.php, accessed 3/5/2016

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 31

Foundational Teachings

Tian – Heaven, nature, divine forces, even gods

Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2102855

Zhou period oracle bone script

for Tian

Source of the way, Tao, for humanity

Depends upon humans for its implementation

Human responsibility to obey it; consequences for disobedience.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 32

Foundational TeachingsJunzi – Scholar/Administrator

Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 6576-6578). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

“…a noble, superior person dedicated to virtue. A junziwas a scholarly gentleman, a perfect human being, capable of ruling by moral example, knowledge, and love for his subjects.”

King Wen of Zhou (1152 – 1056 BC)

Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou#/media/File:King_Wen_of_Zhou.jpg

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 33


The Five Constants

Humaneness (Rén, Jen)

Righteousness (Yì) Propriety (Lǐ) Wisdom (Chi, Zhì) Integrity (Xìn)

Confucius and disciples, statues of the Ashikaga Gakko, a Confucian school and oldest

academy of Japan.Image source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism#/media/File:Famous_Confucian_Statue_of_the_Ashikaga_Gakko.JPG

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 34


The Four Virtues

Loyalty (Zhōng) Filial piety (Xiào) Self-restraint (Jié) Righteousness (Yì)

Son kneels before his parents.

Image source: By AnonymousTraditionally attributed, although possibly incorrectly, to:Painting: Ma Hezhi (fl. 1131-1189)Calligraphy: Emperor Gaozong (1107-1187) - Cultural Invigoration. Dynastic Renaissance: Art and Culture of

the Southern Song (exhibit). Taipei: National Palace Museum., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18013879

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 35

Festivals

The Birthday of Confucius (Sept 28)

Traditional Location of Confucius’s birthplace,

In Shandong Province, China

image source: http://chinavine.org/2011/02/14/celebrations-of-confucius/

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 36

Festivals

Tomb Sweeping Day (Qingmingjie) - Spring

An Indonesian Chinese family pray for their

deceased members at

Qingming Festival of

2013 under the Heaven Gate of Sanggar Agung.

image source: http://chinavine.org/2011/02/14/celebrations-of-confucius/

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 37

Festivals

Ghost Festival (Guiyue) - Fall

image source: https://yusgardenglenellyn.wordpress.com/2014/08/04/hungry-ghost-festival-feeds-the-souls-of-the-departed-as-well-as-the-souls-of-the-living-another-chinese-tradition-brought-to-you-by-yus-new-beijing-in-glen-ellyn-il/

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 38

Ancestor Worship

At Home

image source: http://www.thetravelpop.com/glorious-chinese-afterliving/

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 39

Ancestor WorshipIn Temples

image source: By 江上清风1961 -孝佑宫 - Panoramio, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36811070

Temple of the Filial Blessing, an ancestral temple of a lineage church, in Wenzhou, Zhejiang.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Slide 40

Confucius Worship

image source: By Zhangzhugang - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13719015

Temple of Confucius of Jiangyin, Wuxi, Jiangsu. This is a wénmiào, that is to say a temple where Confucius is worshipped as Wéndì, "God of Culture".

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________