World Oil and Gas Review 2008 - Natural Gas · 2019-11-13 · Russia United States Canada Iran Algeria Norway United Kingdom Indonesia Netherlands Turkmenistan Rest of the world 1996

Wo r l d O i l a n d G a s R e v i e w 2 0 0 8

Russia

United States

Canada

Iran

Algeria

Norway

United Kingdom

Indonesia

Netherlands

Turkmenistan

Rest of the world

1996World=2,273.15 billion

cubic metres


cubic metres

2.2% 2.3% 2.6%2.9%

3.2%3.3%

3.4%6.3%

21.6%

17.6%

34.7%

3.3%4.0%

1.9%2.9%1.9%

7.1%

23.3%25.5%

25.2%3.6%1.5%

The first ten countries in the world Primi dieci paesi del mondo(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

First 10 countries 1,700.65 1,672.73 1,704.04 1,742.58 1,780.86 1,797.88 1,817.48 1,872.36 1,881.95 1,890.43 1,913.64

Russia 579.06 549.67 569.08 569.18 561.43 559.07 571.93 596.13 607.44 615.22 632.28United States 528.65 529.82 533.18 527.73 537.26 549.26 529.55 534.31 519.95 505.64 515.48Canada 161.28 164.20 169.32 172.29 176.94 181.64 182.88 180.29 179.89 183.80 185.32Iran 42.31 46.77 49.39 56.34 58.98 61.53 69.76 78.94 87.78 97.45 99.01Algeria 65.59 75.61 80.84 90.80 92.59 87.10 89.64 94.69 93.35 100.22 96.63Norway 43.85 48.92 49.32 52.64 54.64 58.31 70.56 79.04 83.99 90.98 93.20United Kingdom 90.51 92.19 96.80 106.38 116.35 113.61 111.40 110.48 103.05 94.01 85.81Indonesia 73.88 76.53 74.57 80.98 75.19 71.08 75.04 78.75 75.74 74.82 75.04Netherlands 81.51 72.26 68.71 64.07 61.90 66.45 64.73 62.27 73.45 67.11 66.07Turkmenistan 34.00 16.74 12.81 22.18 45.57 49.83 51.97 57.47 57.31 61.20 64.81Rest of the World 572.50 601.57 623.26 654.58 705.85 722.69 761.48 806.99 869.57 938.61 1,015.44

World 2,273.15 2,274.30 2,327.30 2,397.16 2,486.71 2,520.58 2,578.96 2,679.35 2,751.51 2,829.04 2,929.08

• In 2006 the world production of natural gas grew by 3.5%, reaching 2,929 billion cubic metres (bcm).• In 2006, Russia was the leading producer country, with approximately 632 bcm (22% of the world production). The USA ranked second with

515 bcm (18% of the world production) and, far behind, Canada ranked third (185 bcm). Iran, in fourth place with 99 bcm, proved to be amongthe big producers not only in the oil market, but also in the gas market.

• Most of the gas production is concentrated in only a few areas and countries. Overall, the top ten countries extract approximately 65.3% ofthe world total (1,914 bcm in 2006). About 39% of the world’s natural gas is produced in just two countries – Russia and the USA.

• Overall, North America (Canada and USA) produced 701 bcm in 2006 (+1.6% compared to 2005) and, according to early estimates,approximately 718 bcm in 2007 (+2.5% compared to 2006). In the last few years, thanks to the start up of production of non-conventionalgas fields, this production area – considered mature and expected to go into strong decline – has been able to keep its level of production stableenough.

• The Middle East produces approximately 324 bcm (11% of the world total). Natural gas extraction is increasing substantially in these countries(it was only 145 bcm in 1996) pulled by domestic consumption and the growth in the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) market. Allowing transportby ship, the LNG supply chain has enabled an area that is rich in resources, yet far from the consumer countries, to access international markets,without requiring the laying of long and expensive gas pipelines.

• Production continued to decrease in the European Union countries. In 2006 it went down to 214 bcm (-5%), thus confirming the ongoingtrend.The drop was particularly sharp in the United Kingdom, where production went from 86 bcm in 2006 to about 78 bcm in 2007. (In 2000,when peak production was recorded, it was 116 bcm).

40

Production / Produz ione

Areas and aggregates Aree e aggregati(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

EUROPE 894.48 859.39 877.13 884.78 884.76 887.07 907.96 935.97 957.26 954.86 963.60Western and Central Europe 296.76 291.33 289.82 297.25 305.19 309.40 317.10 320.39 329.09 318.62 310.02Eastern Europe 597.72 568.06 587.31 587.53 579.58 577.67 590.86 615.58 628.17 636.25 653.58

CENTRAL ASIA 93.94 80.07 79.21 92.03 117.56 122.55 127.74 135.36 141.59 150.30 152.91

MIDDLE EAST 145.37 156.89 166.84 182.65 200.05 208.98 232.39 248.99 276.59 299.48 324.30

AFRICA 93.79 105.58 111.57 125.94 138.29 137.68 144.53 158.50 165.34 191.11 208.70

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 238.21 254.43 258.37 278.13 287.97 288.47 305.24 324.81 339.95 366.25 381.80

AMERICAS 807.36 817.94 834.19 833.62 858.08 875.83 861.09 875.72 870.79 867.03 897.77North America 689.94 694.03 702.50 700.02 714.20 730.90 712.44 714.59 699.84 689.44 700.80Latin America 117.42 123.91 131.69 133.61 143.87 144.93 148.65 161.13 170.95 177.60 196.96

WORLD 2,273.15 2,274.30 2,327.30 2,397.16 2,486.71 2,520.58 2,578.96 2,679.35 2,751.51 2,829.04 2,929.08

High income countries 1,108.53 1,115.16 1,129.94 1,147.91 1,185.43 1,210.64 1,217.10 1,238.21 1,250.18 1,245.68 1,274.58Upper middle income countries 763.56 744.36 768.59 772.55 784.09 784.42 802.84 837.48 862.87 888.82 928.01Lower middle income countries 302.66 310.79 317.13 356.54 387.13 389.94 418.20 448.67 471.16 520.10 543.88Low income countries 98.40 103.99 111.64 120.15 130.05 135.57 140.82 154.99 167.30 174.44 182.61

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSEUROPEAN UNION (27) 250.42 239.90 237.74 241.67 247.55 248.27 243.65 238.31 241.96 224.25 213.58OECD 1,038.88 1,041.18 1,052.32 1,059.59 1,084.10 1,106.36 1,098.21 1,105.56 1,101.60 1,087.53 1,098.93OPEC (12) 317.62 340.30 352.58 379.50 396.32 391.23 416.60 444.37 468.57 498.10 521.56


cubic metres


cubic metres

23.9%

13.0%

7.1%11.1%

5.2%

22.3%

10.6% 6.7%

30.4%

10.5%4.1%6.4%

4.1%

26.3%

13.1% 5.2%

Africa

Latin AmericaEastern Europe

Western and Central Europe North America

Asia and the PacificMiddle East

Central Asia

41


Countries Paesi(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EUROPE 894.48 859.39 877.13 884.78 884.76 887.07 907.96 935.97 957.26 954.86 963.60

Albania 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02Austria 1.51 1.45 1.59 1.76 1.83 1.75 1.91 2.12 1.99 1.67 1.86 1.89Belorussia 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23Bulgaria 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.32 0.46 0.44Croatia 1.74 1.67 1.53 1.51 1.62 1.96 2.07 2.13 2.14 2.22 2.08Czech Republic 0.22 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.16Denmark 6.81 8.40 8.15 8.38 8.84 9.05 9.07 8.59 10.13 11.19 11.12 9.85France 2.87 2.54 2.19 1.99 1.79 1.80 1.73 1.53 1.32 0.99 1.22 1.04Germany 19.47 19.18 18.69 19.93 18.84 19.00 19.07 18.99 17.57 16.96 16.76 15.35Greece 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.04Hungary 4.29 4.01 3.54 3.13 2.95 2.95 2.81 2.73 2.82 2.78 2.84 2.33Ireland 2.59 2.27 1.68 1.32 1.14 0.78 0.81 0.65 0.82 0.55 0.49 0.46Italy (*) 19.57 18.82 18.57 17.07 16.25 14.89 14.29 13.56 12.66 11.79 10.73 9.49Netherlands 81.51 72.26 68.71 64.07 61.90 66.45 64.73 62.27 73.45 67.11 66.07 65.18Norway 43.85 48.92 49.32 52.64 54.64 58.31 70.56 79.04 83.99 90.98 93.20 95.54Poland 3.74 3.82 3.87 3.70 3.95 4.16 4.26 4.31 4.68 4.63 4.57 4.57Romania 16.42 14.20 13.30 13.35 13.08 12.86 12.64 12.44 12.38 11.57 11.30Russia 579.06 549.67 569.08 569.18 561.43 559.07 571.93 596.13 607.44 615.22 632.28 627.22Serbia and Montenegro 0.53 0.57 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.54 0.43 0.35 0.31 0.27 0.27Slovakia 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.12Slovenia 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Spain 0.51 0.19 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.56 0.56 0.24 0.37 0.17 0.06 0.01Turkey 0.20 0.25 0.55 0.72 0.63 0.31 0.37 0.55 0.68 0.88 0.88 0.87Ukraine 18.42 18.14 17.97 18.10 17.89 18.34 18.69 19.20 20.49 20.80 21.08United Kingdom 90.51 92.19 96.80 106.38 116.35 113.61 111.40 110.48 103.05 94.01 85.81 77.80

CENTRAL ASIA 93.94 80.07 79.21 92.03 117.56 122.55 127.74 135.36 141.59 150.30 152.91

Azerbaijan 6.09 5.76 5.59 6.00 5.66 5.35 4.97 4.96 5.00 5.43 6.17Georgia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01Kazakhstan 6.31 7.84 7.68 9.95 11.55 11.62 14.12 16.61 21.87 25.19 25.66Kyrgyzstan 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Tajikistan 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Turkmenistan 34.00 16.74 12.81 22.18 45.57 49.83 51.97 57.47 57.31 61.20 64.81Uzbekistan 47.46 49.65 53.08 53.85 54.64 55.63 56.61 56.25 57.34 58.42 56.20

MIDDLE EAST 145.37 156.89 166.84 182.65 200.05 208.98 232.39 248.99 276.59 299.48 324.30

Bahrain 5.00 5.23 5.65 5.80 5.93 6.23 6.56 6.76 6.98 7.45 7.73Iran 42.31 46.77 49.39 56.34 58.98 61.53 69.76 78.94 87.78 97.45 99.01Iraq 3.16 2.97 2.87 3.10 3.07 2.69 2.24 1.52 2.53 2.58 3.16Israel 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.12 1.54 1.54Jordan 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.21 0.21Kuwait 9.21 9.19 9.37 8.58 9.11 8.92 8.00 9.32 10.03 11.25 14.96Oman 4.77 5.56 6.06 6.62 10.60 15.82 17.14 18.80 19.14 21.38 30.70Qatar 9.11 12.60 15.06 22.84 27.35 28.19 30.96 32.94 40.02 42.44 48.29Saudi Arabia 34.08 35.20 37.02 36.95 40.80 42.35 49.48 51.04 55.45 60.93 64.62Syria 2.84 4.41 5.70 5.84 5.90 5.40 6.57 6.62 6.86 7.06 6.09United Arab Emirates 34.63 34.69 35.41 36.34 38.06 37.60 41.45 42.79 46.43 47.19 48.00

(*) The figures differ from those published in the Italian National Energy Balance because of the different calorific content of a cubic metre. To arrive at the figures from thenational source, in cubic metres, multiply the production by 1.02362.I dati differiscono da quelli pubblicati nel Bilancio Energetico Nazionale Italiano a causa del diverso contenuto calorifico del metro cubo. Per ricondursi ai dati, in metri cubi, di fontenazionale è sufficiente moltiplicare la produzione per il coefficiente 1,02362.

42



1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

AFRICA 93.79 105.58 111.57 125.94 138.29 137.68 144.53 158.50 165.34 191.11 208.70

Algeria 65.59 75.61 80.84 90.80 92.59 87.10 89.64 94.69 93.35 100.22 96.63Angola 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.55 0.57 0.52 0.60 0.63 0.73 0.73 0.78Côte d’Ivoire 0.45 0.73 0.90 1.51 1.51 1.52 1.54 1.36 1.49 1.66 1.66Egypt 12.69 13.01 13.39 16.96 21.22 22.60 27.61 31.12 33.62 48.20 58.69Gabon 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.13Libya 6.25 6.40 6.20 5.07 5.73 6.02 6.05 6.23 7.85 11.40 15.20Morocco 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.46 0.46Mozambique 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.34 2.23 2.67Nigeria 5.32 5.56 5.96 7.02 12.59 15.06 14.35 20.52 22.03 21.43 27.72Senegal 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02South Africa 1.84 1.64 1.38 1.81 1.67 2.17 2.15 1.29 1.98 2.13 1.93Tanzania 0.13 0.14 0.14Tunisia 0.91 1.88 2.15 2.06 2.25 2.55 2.43 2.48 2.63 2.38 2.67

ASIAANDTHE PACIFIC 238.21 254.43 258.37 278.13 287.97 288.47 305.24 324.81 339.95 366.25 381.80

Australia 30.60 30.48 31.68 32.80 34.04 34.73 36.19 37.34 38.17 42.26 44.55 46.06Bangladesh 7.03 6.91 7.47 8.14 8.80 9.85 10.36 11.15 11.99 12.89 13.81Brunei 11.07 11.07 10.38 10.81 11.29 11.40 11.46 12.36 12.24 11.93 12.71China 20.08 22.66 23.23 25.15 27.15 30.27 32.60 34.95 42.10 50.85 58.60 68.11India 19.77 22.48 23.46 25.03 25.04 25.05 27.35 28.12 27.95 28.44 28.73 29.34Indonesia 73.88 76.53 74.57 80.98 75.19 71.08 75.04 78.75 75.74 74.82 75.04Japan 2.42 2.53 2.52 2.53 2.73 2.71 3.00 3.10 3.21 3.41 3.70 4.16Malaysia 36.61 41.69 42.14 43.70 50.76 49.40 50.95 53.32 55.43 62.40 62.64Myanmar 1.58 1.70 2.78 4.65 6.17 6.26 6.49 7.87 10.76 11.73 12.09New Zealand 5.24 5.62 4.95 5.74 6.03 6.35 6.03 4.60 4.12 3.81 3.92 4.24Pakistan 16.35 16.26 16.93 18.75 19.88 20.78 21.28 26.42 28.69 30.04 31.02Philippines 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.14 1.70 2.59 2.39 3.17 2.89South Korea 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.49Taiwan 0.87 0.82 0.84 0.82 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.79 0.75 0.52 0.44Thailand 12.38 15.08 16.43 17.90 18.83 18.31 19.18 20.21 20.90 22.07 22.67Vietnam 0.33 0.59 0.99 1.12 1.33 1.34 2.76 3.23 5.50 7.40 8.51

AMERICAS 807.36 817.94 834.19 833.62 858.08 875.83 861.09 875.72 870.79 867.03 897.77

Argentina 27.79 30.60 32.32 36.16 40.19 39.95 38.37 42.66 43.93 43.21 45.25Bolivia 3.68 3.57 3.48 2.85 3.71 5.25 6.24 5.48 9.97 11.91 13.18Brazil 5.54 6.15 6.45 6.86 7.13 7.36 9.44 10.20 10.78 11.01 11.18Canada 161.28 164.20 169.32 172.29 176.94 181.64 182.88 180.29 179.89 183.80 185.32 180.34Chile 1.77 1.93 1.74 1.98 2.09 2.10 2.15 1.89 1.88 2.11 2.81Colombia 4.66 5.82 6.65 5.84 6.51 6.91 6.90 6.61 6.96 7.30 7.87Cuba 0.02 0.04 0.12 0.45 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.79Ecuador 0.35 0.32 0.33 0.31 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.57 0.50 0.54 0.87Mexico 32.68 33.70 36.39 36.85 37.39 37.68 38.64 40.50 42.33 44.01 49.56 57.00Peru 0.50 0.38 0.45 0.58 0.53 0.55 0.60 0.66 1.03 1.74 1.96Trinidad and Tobago 6.88 7.20 8.45 10.78 13.14 14.05 16.37 24.91 26.26 27.36 35.34United States 528.65 529.82 533.18 527.73 537.26 549.26 529.55 534.31 519.95 505.64 515.48 537.62Venezuela 33.55 34.22 35.30 30.95 32.29 30.17 29.04 27.01 26.63 27.67 28.16

43


Russia

Iran

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

United States

United Arab Emirates

Venezuela

Nigeria

Algeria

Iraq

Rest of the world

1996World=149,395 billion cubic

metres as at 1st January



14.8%

14.0%

4.1%3.4%

3.4%3.1%2.9%2.4%1.7%

23.9%

26.3%32.7%

14.1%

5.7%3.6%

3.1%3.9%

2.7%2.3%2.5%2.2%27.1%

The first ten countries in the world Primi dieci paesi del mondo(billion cubic metres as at 1st January) (miliardi di metri cubi al 1° gennaio)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

First 10 countries 108,895 110,872 110,725 114,522 115,410 120,352 132,837 134,358 136,496 136,570 136,896 138,256 138,415

Russia 48,900 48,900 48,240 48,080 46,900 46,700 46,800 47,000 48,000 47,800 47,820 47,814 47,814Iran 20,990 23,000 23,000 24,200 25,000 26,000 26,100 26,690 27,570 27,500 27,495 27,575 26,845Qatar 8,500 8,500 8,500 10,900 11,157 14,443 25,783 25,783 25,783 25,783 25,636 25,636 25,490Saudi Arabia 5,383 5,410 5,695 5,777 6,146 6,301 6,456 6,646 6,754 6,834 6,900 7,154 7,546United States 4,676 4,714 4,735 4,645 4,740 5,024 5,195 5,294 5,353 5,451 5,787 5,977 6,173United Arab Emirates 5,859 5,784 6,063 5,996 5,995 5,994 6,058 6,054 6,047 6,083 6,115 6,111 6,111Venezuela 4,063 4,049 4,121 4,148 4,155 4,152 4,180 4,181 4,219 4,287 4,315 5,100 5,565Nigeria 3,474 3,475 3,483 3,511 3,512 4,106 4,633 4,997 5,055 5,117 5,154 5,215 5,275Algeria 3,690 3,680 3,700 4,077 4,520 4,523 4,523 4,523 4,545 4,545 4,504 4,504 4,428Iraq 3,360 3,360 3,188 3,188 3,285 3,109 3,109 3,190 3,170 3,170 3,170 3,170 3,170Rest of the World 40,500 41,372 42,528 41,589 41,370 42,053 42,963 42,659 42,220 41,973 42,743 43,558 43,531

World 149,395 152,244 153,253 156,111 156,780 162,405 175,800 177,017 178,716 178,543 179,639 181,814 181,945

• During 2007 gas reserves remained fairly stable compared to 2006, totalling 181.9 thousand billion cubic metres (Tcm). In spite of constantlyincreasing consumption, gas reserves have grown over time. From 2000 to now, they have increased from 156.8 Tcm to 181.9 Tcm (+25.1 Tcm),while approximately 21.7 Tcm of natural gas has been extracted in the same period.This means that, on average, more than double the quantitythat has been extracted has been added to the reserves every year.

• Therefore, just like oil, natural gas reserves are not a static and certain variable, but rather one that is dynamic and little known and does notnecessarily fall over time. Indeed, their value may grow when new discoveries are made. Moreover, only a part of the underground resources thatare technically recoverable – i.e. those that are considered profitable at the current prices of natural gas – are recorded as reserves. It should beemphasized that no statistical source has ever reported the value of natural gas reserves updated at current prices after 2000, so that the actualamount of reserves should be considered underestimated. To summarize, a sharp increase in prices – like the present one – or the developmentof new technologies that allow cheaper extraction could lead to the decision to put into production fields that were previously consideredtechnologically difficult or not economically viable. In this case the expected production of natural gas is shifted from resources to reserves, thusincreasing the total volume of the latter.

• The problem with gas reserves is that they are highly concentrated in a few countries. The top ten countries hold 76% of the total. Russia leadsin first place with 26.3%, followed by Iran and Qatar with 14.8% and 14% respectively. These top three countries alone hold 55% of theworld’s gas reserves.

• In the period from January 1st 2000 to January 1st 2008, the Middle East was the area where the greatest increase in reserves was recorded(+17.9 Tcm on a world total of +25.1 Tcm), followed by Africa with +3.2 Tcm. In terms of individual countries, the greatest increase in reservesoccurred in Qatar (+14.3 Tcm) and Nigeria (+1.8 Tcm).

• Natural gas reserves have also increased in the USA, one of the production areas that has been known and exploited for a longer period oftime. Here production climbed from 4.7 Tcm as of January 1st 2000 to 6.2 Tcm on January 1st 2008 (+1.5 Tcm or +30% over the entire period).As for production, these figures also show vitality in the gas upstream sector in the USA, which counters the widespread pessimism at the startof the new millennium.

44

Reserves / Riserve

Areas and aggregates Aree e aggregati(billion cubic metres as at 1st January) (miliardi di metri cubi al 1° gennaio)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

EUROPE 57,103 57,021 56,997 56,869 56,171 55,811 55,706 55,528 55,808 55,417 55,519 55,255 55,025West. and Central Europe 7,113 7,031 7,667 7,624 8,116 7,961 7,756 7,378 6,663 6,467 6,559 6,301 6,071Eastern Europe 49,990 49,990 49,330 49,245 48,055 47,850 47,950 48,150 49,145 48,950 48,960 48,954 48,954

CENTRAL ASIA 7,636 7,636 7,636 7,488 8,056 8,166 8,166 8,226 8,216 8,216 8,206 8,226 8,226

MIDDLE EAST 46,852 49,002 49,343 52,976 54,742 59,145 70,775 71,641 72,640 72,544 72,488 73,031 72,579

AFRICA 9,935 10,148 10,255 10,778 11,439 12,464 13,134 13,782 13,925 14,118 14,280 14,493 14,528

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 13,268 13,957 14,440 14,313 12,235 12,395 13,316 13,513 13,925 13,816 14,452 15,150 15,052

AMERICAS 14,601 14,479 14,581 13,687 14,137 14,424 14,703 14,327 14,202 14,432 14,694 15,659 16,535North America 6,605 6,555 6,544 6,393 6,459 6,707 6,889 6,968 6,956 7,051 7,427 7,625 7,828Latin America 7,996 7,924 8,037 7,294 7,678 7,717 7,814 7,359 7,246 7,381 7,267 8,034 8,707

WORLD 149,395 152,244 153,253 156,111 156,780 162,405 175,800 177,017 178,716 178,543 179,639 181,814 181,945

High income countries 38,252 38,429 39,740 42,108 42,100 45,832 57,863 57,638 57,028 56,856 56,960 57,357 57,571Up. middle inc. countries 62,512 62,577 62,097 60,959 60,152 59,811 60,007 59,976 60,871 60,430 60,887 61,689 62,414Low. middle inc. countries 40,135 42,654 42,818 44,427 45,774 47,246 47,701 48,671 49,842 50,076 50,369 51,249 50,530Low income countries 8,496 8,583 8,597 8,617 8,754 9,516 10,229 10,732 10,975 11,181 11,423 11,519 11,429

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSEUROPEAN UNION (27) 4,001 3,918 3,905 3,749 4,219 4,042 3,843 3,637 3,403 3,229 3,368 3,197 3,086OECD 18,243 18,268 18,940 17,841 17,204 17,386 17,810 17,016 16,358 16,069 16,222 16,195 16,130OPEC (12) 61,675 63,957 64,611 68,292 69,246 74,376 86,539 87,975 89,245 89,421 89,391 90,665 90,555



2008World=181, 945 billion cubic


3.3%

26.9%

4.5%

39.9%

8.0%

8.3%4.3%4.8%

31.4%

6.7%

8.9%

5.1%

33.5%

4.8% 5.4% 4.4%

Africa




Central Asia

45

Reserves / Riserve

Countries Paesi(billion cubic metres as at 1st January) (miliardi di metri cubi al 1° gennaio)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

EUROPE 57,103 57,021 56,997 56,869 56,171 55,811 55,706 55,528 55,808 55,417 55,519 55,255 55,025

Albania 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Austria 22 22 24 26 26 26 24 23 20 20 21 20 20Belorussia 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20Bulgaria 4 5 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 3 3 3Croatia 37 37 34 34 34 29 31 25 24 28 30 30 29Czech Republic 19 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3Denmark 179 158 137 123 142 144 141 129 136 132 122 120 118France 19 14 14 11 10 8 10 10 9 7 7 7 7Germany 220 211 263 260 270 264 237 224 207 191 178 155 155Greece 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Hungary 93 88 84 35 30 32 34 30 28 23 23 20 20Ireland 22 21 20 15 30 34 34 32 29 25 25 24 24Italy (*) 305 278 229 222 208 199 183 172 135 125 117 94 84Moldova 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20Netherlands 1,815 1,765 1,787 1,771 1,714 1,655 1,616 1,567 1,492 1,449 1,387 1,316 1,316Norway 3,000 3,001 3,654 3,785 3,808 3,841 3,833 3,667 3,188 3,159 3,108 3,022 2,905Poland 153 160 155 141 146 119 115 116 110 109 106 103 103Romania 407 389 374 360 348 335 322 311 305 295 628 628 628Russia 48,900 48,900 48,240 48,080 46,900 46,700 46,800 47,000 48,000 47,800 47,820 47,814 47,814Serbia and Montenegro 47 47 46 45 44 43 43 43 42 42 41 40 40Slovakia 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14Slovenia 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Spain 17 17 17 2 2 1 1 0 3 3 3 3 3Turkey 26 26 26 9 9 4 4 4 4 7 10 10 10Ukraine 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,125 1,115 1,110 1,110 1,110 1,105 1,110 1,100 1,100 1,100United Kingdom 700 760 765 755 1,265 1,197 1,100 998 905 826 728 684 585

CENTRAL ASIA 7,636 7,636 7,636 7,488 8,056 8,166 8,166 8,226 8,216 8,216 8,206 8,226 8,226

Armenia 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176Azerbaijan 900 900 900 900 1,370 1,370 1,370 1,370 1,350 1,350 1,350 1,350 1,350Georgia 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50Kazakhstan 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,900 1,900 1,900 1,900 1,900 1,900Kyrgyzstan 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10Tajikistan 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10Turkmenistan 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,770 2,850 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860Uzbekistan 1,750 1,750 1,750 1,732 1,750 1,850 1,850 1,850 1,860 1,860 1,850 1,870 1,870

MIDDLE EAST 46,852 49,002 49,343 52,976 54,742 59,145 70,775 71,641 72,640 72,544 72,488 73,031 72,579

Bahrain 147 142 142 142 118 110 110 110 92 90 90 90 90Iran 20,990 23,000 23,000 24,200 25,000 26,000 26,100 26,690 27,570 27,500 27,495 27,575 26,845Iraq 3,360 3,360 3,188 3,188 3,285 3,109 3,109 3,190 3,170 3,170 3,170 3,170 3,170Israel 1 1 1 1 2 45 45 45 47 47 45 45 45Jordan 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5Kuwait 1,494 1,489 1,490 1,482 1,482 1,557 1,557 1,557 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,780 1,813Oman 453 597 542 568 830 859 830 830 830 690 690 690 690Qatar 8,500 8,500 8,500 10,900 11,157 14,443 25,783 25,783 25,783 25,783 25,636 25,636 25,490Saudi Arabia 5,383 5,410 5,695 5,777 6,146 6,301 6,456 6,646 6,754 6,834 6,900 7,154 7,546Syria 235 235 238 238 241 241 241 250 290 290 290 290 290United Arab Emirates 5,859 5,784 6,063 5,996 5,995 5,994 6,058 6,054 6,047 6,083 6,115 6,111 6,111Yemen 425 479 479 479 479 479 479 479 479 479 479 485 485

(*) Since 2007 natural gas in storage facilities is not included.A partire dal 2007 l’ammontare delle riserve non comprende il gas dei campi di stoccaggio.

46

Reserves / Riserve

Countries Paesi(billion cubic metres as at 1st January) (miliardi di metri cubi al 1° gennaio)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

AFRICA 9,935 10,148 10,255 10,778 11,439 12,464 13,134 13,782 13,925 14,118 14,280 14,493 14,528

Algeria 3,690 3,680 3,700 4,077 4,520 4,523 4,523 4,523 4,545 4,545 4,504 4,504 4,428Angola 49 48 46 48 60 269 269 269 269 270 270 270 270Benin 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Cameroon 110 110 110 110 102 102 102 102 100 100 230 230 281Congo 90 90 90 122 122 122 122 120 117 115 130 130 130Côte d’Ivoire 30 28 30 30 30 30 30 29 28 26 25 25 25Dem. Rep. Congo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Egypt 645 849 927 1,020 1,223 1,433 1,557 1,657 1,756 1,869 1,895 2,047 2,047Equatorial Guinea 39 39 39 38 37 48 70 70 70 96 96 99 99Ethiopia 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25Gabon 34 34 34 33 33 33 33 33 32 30 30 30 30Ghana 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24Libya 1,313 1,311 1,315 1,315 1,314 1,314 1,314 1,503 1,491 1,491 1,491 1,491 1,491Madagascar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Morocco 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Mozambique 57 57 57 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 61 61 61Namibia 57 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 70 70 70 70 70Nigeria 3,474 3,475 3,483 3,511 3,512 4,106 4,633 4,997 5,055 5,117 5,154 5,215 5,275Rwanda 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57Senegal 6 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11Somalia 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6South Africa 25 23 22 20 19 17 15 13 11 10 10 9 9Sudan 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86Tanzania 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28Tunisia 86 78 76 65 78 78 77 77 77 75 72 70 70

ASIAANDTHE PACIFIC 13,268 13,957 14,440 14,313 12,235 12,395 13,316 13,513 13,925 13,816 14,452 15,150 15,052

Afghanistan 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Australia 3,010 3,260 3,280 3,310 2,105 2,203 2,667 2,528 2,594 2,403 2,429 2,485 2,455Bangladesh 272 289 297 297 323 306 340 340 433 422 407 392 392Brunei 400 400 391 382 374 366 356 350 345 343 340 331 331China 1,070 1,120 1,199 1,250 1,375 1,515 1,679 1,753 1,823 2,020 2,270 3,000 3,000India 686 675 665 650 650 760 763 751 854 923 1,101 1,075 1,075Indonesia 3,500 3,851 4,010 3,650 2,620 2,608 2,557 2,582 2,770 2,769 2,769 2,659 2,553Japan 30 31 41 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39Malaysia 2,271 2,260 2,464 2,410 2,476 2,337 2,480 2,520 2,464 2,272 2,480 2,480 2,745Myanmar 268 282 283 285 287 287 345 445 405 485 485 515 515New Zealand 68 63 75 72 59 57 65 65 63 63 62 58 68Pakistan 604 589 595 612 702 677 745 760 790 798 852 865 865Papua New Guinea 428 428 428 428 428 428 428 428 428 428 428 435 285Philippines 161 161 161 161 105 105 105 105 105 104 95 95 95Taiwan 77 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 73 73 71 70 52Thailand 176 201 205 420 345 360 378 441 418 354 304 331 262Vietnam 147 171 170 170 170 170 193 230 220 220 220 220 220

AMERICAS 14,601 14,479 14,581 13,687 14,137 14,424 14,703 14,327 14,202 14,432 14,694 15,659 16,535

Argentina 619 688 684 687 729 778 764 664 612 542 439 446 416Barbados 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2Bolivia 127 125 118 150 518 675 775 813 782 757 740 740 817Brazil 154 158 161 228 231 221 223 245 245 326 306 348 395Canada 1,929 1,841 1,809 1,748 1,719 1,683 1,694 1,674 1,603 1,600 1,640 1,648 1,655Chile 103 101 98 96 95 94 93 45 45 45 43 42 42Colombia 340 214 221 195 188 129 128 120 114 119 113 123 134Cuba 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 17Ecuador 106 105 103 103 29 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9Guatemala 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0Mexico 1,916 1,810 1,797 851 861 835 797 424 421 419 412 392 373Peru 201 200 199 255 246 245 247 247 247 325 338 335 458Trinidad and Tobago 349 456 517 560 605 557 576 589 532 532 530 480 480United States 4,676 4,714 4,735 4,645 4,740 5,024 5,195 5,294 5,353 5,451 5,787 5,977 6,173Venezuela 4,063 4,049 4,121 4,148 4,155 4,152 4,180 4,181 4,219 4,287 4,315 5,100 5,565

47

Reserves / Riserve

The first ten countries in the world Primi dieci paesi del mondo(years) (anni)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Iran 496 492 466 430 424 423 374 338 314 282 278Russia 84 89 85 84 84 84 82 79 79 78 76Algeria 56 49 46 45 49 52 50 48 49 45 47Turkmenistan 85 173 226 125 63 57 55 50 50 47 44Indonesia 47 50 54 45 35 37 34 33 37 37 37Norway 68 61 74 72 70 66 54 46 38 35 33Netherlands 22 24 26 28 28 25 25 25 20 22 21United States 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11Canada 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9United Kingdom 8 8 8 7 11 11 10 9 9 9 8

1996 2006

0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500

Iran

Russia

Algeria

Turkmenistan

Indonesia

Norway

Netherlands

United States

Canada

United Kingdom

Iran

Russia

Algeria

Turkmenistan

Indonesia

Norway

Netherlands

United States

Canada

United Kingdom

• In 2006 the ratio between natural gas reserves and annual production fell to 61 years from 63 in 2005. Although reserves have increased inrecent years, the reserves/production ratio has constantly diminished starting from 2002 (when it topped 68 years), due to high increase inproduction (the ratio’s denominator), which was in turn pulled by consumption.

• Indeed, logic would suggest that this ratio – also called “residual life of reserves” – decreased over time: the annual extraction of natural gasreduces reserves (the ratio’s numerator), while the rate of production (the ratio’s denominator) increases over time.

• But if we look at the past trend of this ratio, we realize that this has not always been the case. In fact, from 1996 to 2006 the index hasalternatively gone down and up – varying within an interval of 61-68 years – although in this period the production of natural gas has increasedby 29% (from 2,273 billion cubic metres (bcm) to 2,929). This pattern indicates that in some periods not only has it been possible to replacethe reserves used every year, but that new reserves have been added, so as to increase their life indexes or keep them unchanged, in spite ofhigh growth in production.

• Iran stands out among major natural-gas producing countries that have high life indexes of reserves, with 278 years, followed by Russia (76years), Algeria and Turkmenistan (47 and 44 years, respectively). In the USA (the world largest consumer country) the ratio has risen over thelast few years (from 9 years in 2000 to 11 years in 2006), revealing unexpected vitality in one of the production areas that have been knownfor longer and have been more intensively exploited.

48

Reserves/production rat ios / Rappor to r i se rve su produz ione

Areas and aggregates Aree e aggregati(years) (anni)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

EUROPE 64 66 65 64 63 63 61 59 58 58 58Western and Central Europe 24 24 26 26 27 26 24 23 20 20 21Eastern Europe 84 88 84 84 83 83 81 78 78 77 75

CENTRAL ASIA 81 95 96 81 69 67 64 61 58 55 54

MIDDLE EAST 322 312 296 290 274 283 305 288 263 242 224

AFRICA 106 96 92 86 83 91 91 87 84 74 68

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 56 55 56 51 42 43 44 42 41 38 38

AMERICAS 18 18 17 16 16 16 17 16 16 17 16North America 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11Latin America 68 64 61 55 53 53 53 46 42 42 37

WORLD 66 67 66 65 63 64 68 66 65 63 61

High income countries 35 34 35 37 36 38 48 47 46 46 45Upper middle income countries 82 84 81 79 77 76 75 72 71 68 66Lower middle income countries 133 137 135 125 118 121 114 108 106 96 93Low income countries 86 83 77 72 67 70 73 69 66 64 63

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSEUROPEAN UNION (27) 16 16 16 16 17 16 16 15 14 14 16OECD 18 18 18 17 16 16 16 15 15 15 15OPEC (12) 194 188 183 180 175 190 208 198 190 180 171

1996 2006

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

World

Middle East

Eastern Europe

Africa

Central Asia

Asia & Pacific

Latin America

Western andCentral Europe

North America

World

Middle East

Eastern Europe

Africa

Central Asia

Asia & Pacific

Latin America


North America

49


Countries Paesi(years) (anni)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EUROPE 64 66 65 64 63 63 61 59 58 58 58

Austria 15 15 15 15 14 15 13 11 10 12 11 11Croatia 21 22 22 23 21 15 15 12 11 13 14Denmark 26 19 17 15 16 16 16 15 13 12 11 12France 7 6 6 6 6 4 6 7 7 7 6 7Germany 11 11 14 13 14 14 12 12 12 11 11 10Hungary 22 22 24 11 10 11 12 11 10 8 8 8Ireland 9 9 12 11 26 43 42 49 35 45 51 52Italy 16 15 12 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 11 10Netherlands 22 24 26 28 28 25 25 25 20 22 21 20Norway 68 61 74 72 70 66 54 46 38 35 33 32Poland 41 42 40 38 37 29 27 27 23 24 23 23Romania 25 27 28 27 27 26 25 25 25 25 56Russia 84 89 85 84 84 84 82 79 79 78 76 76Turkey 128 105 47 13 14 13 11 7 6 8 11 11Ukraine 57 58 58 62 62 61 59 58 54 53 52United Kingdom 8 8 8 7 11 11 10 9 9 9 8 9

CENTRAL ASIA 81 95 96 81 69 67 64 61 58 55 54

Azerbaijan 148 156 161 150 242 256 276 276 270 249 219Kazakhstan 292 235 240 185 159 158 130 114 87 75 74Turkmenistan 85 173 226 125 63 57 55 50 50 47 44Uzbekistan 37 35 33 32 32 33 33 33 32 32 33

MIDDLE EAST 322 312 296 290 274 283 305 288 263 242 224

Bahrain 29 27 25 24 20 18 17 16 13 12 12Iran 496 492 466 430 424 423 374 338 314 282 278Kuwait 162 162 159 173 163 175 195 167 157 140 105Oman 95 107 89 86 78 54 48 44 43 32 22Qatar 933 675 564 477 408 512 833 783 644 608 531Saudi Arabia 158 154 154 156 151 149 130 130 122 112 107Syria 83 53 42 41 41 45 37 38 42 41 48United Arab Emirates 169 167 171 165 158 159 146 141 130 129 127

AFRICA 106 96 92 86 83 91 91 87 84 74 68

Algeria 56 49 46 45 49 52 50 48 49 45 47Angola 90 87 81 88 106 521 446 425 368 370 347Côte d’Ivoire 67 38 33 20 20 20 19 21 19 16 15Egypt 51 65 69 60 58 63 56 53 52 39 32Libya 210 205 212 260 229 218 217 241 190 131 98Morocco 60 32 30 25 22 22 23 24 19 2 2Mozambique 46 28 23Nigeria 653 625 584 500 279 273 323 244 229 239 186South Africa 14 14 16 11 11 8 7 10 6 5 5Tunisia 94 42 35 32 35 31 32 31 29 32 27

50


Countries Paesi(years) (anni)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007


Australia 98 107 104 101 62 63 74 68 68 57 55 54Bangladesh 39 42 40 36 37 31 33 30 36 33 29Brunei 36 36 38 35 33 32 31 28 28 29 27China 53 49 52 50 51 50 52 50 43 40 39 44India 35 30 28 26 26 30 28 27 31 32 38 37Indonesia 47 50 54 45 35 37 34 33 37 37 37Japan 12 12 16 16 15 15 13 13 12 11 11 9Malaysia 62 54 58 55 49 47 49 47 44 36 40Myanmar 170 166 102 61 46 46 53 57 38 41 40New Zealand 13 11 15 13 10 9 11 14 15 17 16 14Pakistan 37 36 35 33 35 33 35 29 28 27 27Taiwan 89 93 90 93 107 94 89 95 98Thailand 14 13 12 23 18 20 20 22 20 16 13Vietnam 172 151 127 127 70 71 40 30 26

AMERICAS 18 18 17 16 16 16 17 16 16 17 16

Argentina 22 22 21 19 18 19 20 16 14 13 10Bolivia 34 35 34 53 140 129 124 148 78 64 56Brazil 28 26 25 33 32 30 24 24 23 30 27Canada 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9Chile 58 52 56 49 45 45 43 24 24 21 15Colombia 73 37 33 33 29 19 19 18 16 16 14Mexico 59 54 49 23 23 22 21 10 10 10 8 7Trinidad and Tobago 51 63 61 52 46 40 35 24 20 19 15United States 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11Venezuela 121 118 117 134 129 138 144 155 158 155 153

51


United States

Russia

Iran

Canada

United Kingdom

Germany

Japan

Italy

Ukraine

Saudi Arabia

Rest of the world


cubic metres


cubic metres

2.2% 2.5% 2.9%3.2

3.3%3.3%

3.4%3.5%

20.8%

15.1%

39.8%

2.4%3.0%

4.0%4.0%

3.7%1.9%

16.8%

26.8%

31.9%3.9%1.5%


1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

First 10 countries 1,536.31 1,529.32 1,525.53 1,589.15 1,641.23 1,614.45 1,654.11 1,691.53 1,702.68 1,726.36 1,738.74

United States 605.13 608.38 600.32 628.53 657.46 616.30 640.88 620.12 610.96 607.73 599.58Russia 379.65 371.59 370.87 375.17 380.47 387.98 388.40 408.61 413.45 417.04 436.72Iran 42.31 47.16 51.27 58.47 62.29 65.73 73.80 81.28 90.15 97.89 100.50Canada 84.01 84.64 81.24 84.85 88.56 85.73 87.48 95.09 93.06 96.19 99.65United Kingdom 90.60 90.90 94.67 100.42 104.24 103.34 102.40 102.43 104.22 101.25 96.61Germany 89.76 85.81 86.74 85.87 85.70 90.15 90.13 94.38 93.90 96.43 94.81Japan 67.05 69.88 71.45 75.65 78.32 79.28 79.35 85.06 84.18 84.15 92.38Italy 54.89 56.64 60.98 66.28 69.11 69.30 68.83 75.89 78.75 84.27 82.53Ukraine 88.85 79.11 70.95 76.97 74.27 74.29 73.35 77.65 78.56 80.46 71.33Saudi Arabia 34.08 35.20 37.02 36.95 40.80 42.35 49.48 51.04 55.45 60.93 64.62Rest of the World 718.23 745.78 773.61 806.85 852.10 883.51 924.32 980.83 1,028.88 1,090.00 1,150.58

World 2,254.54 2,275.09 2,299.14 2,396.00 2,493.33 2,497.96 2,578.43 2,672.36 2,731.56 2,816.36 2,889.32

• In 2006 natural gas consumption rose to approximately 2,889 billion cubic metres (bcm), with a 2.6% increase compared to the previous year.According to preliminary estimates, the increase in world gas consumption should be close to – if not over – 3% in 2007.

• In 2006 all areas reported a – more or less significant – yearly growth of natural gas consumption. Major increases were recorded in the MiddleEast (+8.6%) and in the Asia and Pacific areas (+7.0%).

• Compared to the year before, in 2006 North America (Canada and the USA) recorded a substantial consumption stability (approximately 699bcm). From 2001 to 2006, the natural gas demand in the area has practically remained the same, approximately 700 bcm, suffering a setbackof growth of supplies (mature domestic production and difficulty in applying to external supplies).Whereas in 2007, preliminary estimates showa high annual increase (+5.3% – close to 736 bcm) which emerged from the recovery of domestic production.

• As for single countries, growth in recent years has been remarkable in China, whose consumption climbed from 24.8 bcm in 2000 to 56.6 bcmin 2006 and to 68.5 bcm in 2007 (preliminary evaluations).

• Japan in the last two years has also recorded a much higher growth in natural gas consumption than in the past (9.8% in 2006 and 8.7% in2007).The strong increase is due to the temporary closing down of some nuclear plants (for extraordinary maintenance or earthquake damages)that have required a more intense utilization of electric power generation plants fed by natural gas.

• According to data for 2006, the USA is the leading consuming country, with about 600 bcm (approximately 21% of the world total). Russia isranked as the second major consumer with nearly 437 bcm (15% of total consumption); 36% of the demand is therefore concentrated just intwo countries. The third biggest consuming country is Iran (101 bcm, a sixth of USA’s demand). Overall, the first 10 countries consume 60% ofthe world total.

• Consumption of natural gas in developed countries (OECD) accounts for approximately 50% of the total. The percentage is constantly declining(in 2000 it was 55%), which is due to faster consumption growth in non-OECD countries. In particular, the increase in the demand for naturalgas has been rather high in the Middle East, whose consumption rose to 280 bcm in 2006 from 179 bcm in 2000.

52

Consumption / Consumo

Areas and aggregates Aree e aggregati(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

EUROPE 943.65 922.08 927.13 953.32 970.60 994.22 996.14 1,050.61 1,071.04 1,093.42 1,098.97Western and Central Europe 457.22 451.21 465.81 481.62 496.34 511.94 514.39 543.43 556.49 572.79 567.08Eastern Europe 486.43 470.87 461.32 471.70 474.26 482.28 481.76 507.18 514.56 520.63 531.89

CENTRAL ASIA 72.78 71.99 77.57 81.27 83.00 86.64 90.61 92.26 92.31 96.97 97.58

MIDDLE EAST 138.52 147.06 157.37 166.80 178.99 183.68 203.49 216.43 238.60 257.76 279.99

AFRICA 47.37 49.82 51.40 56.68 62.79 64.70 71.11 77.68 81.19 87.05 92.37



WORLD 2,254.54 2,275.09 2,299.14 2,396.00 2,493.33 2,497.96 2,578.43 2,672.36 2,731.56 2,816.36 2,889.32

High income countries 1,278.75 1,290.47 1,302.27 1,362.17 1,418.97 1,395.64 1,440.35 1,462.14 1,481.79 1,504.08 1,519.30Upper middle income countries 596.57 593.39 598.10 601.77 631.23 643.14 652.58 690.35 703.18 730.35 771.97Lower middle income countries 283.94 292.46 290.56 317.90 327.00 341.43 360.11 387.68 406.57 436.33 450.12Low income countries 95.27 98.78 108.21 114.16 116.13 117.75 125.39 132.19 140.02 145.61 147.93

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSEUROPEAN UNION (27) 437.32 428.43 442.02 455.83 469.22 481.29 483.64 507.42 518.74 530.46 520.89OECD 1,245.69 1,256.02 1,265.42 1,324.16 1,379.82 1,357.19 1,394.49 1,418.80 1,426.11 1,445.26 1,451.54OPEC (12) 226.24 236.90 245.07 253.10 263.81 264.80 282.12 299.62 317.92 336.63 354.73


cubic metres


cubic metres

24.2%

15.0%3.2%9.7%

3.4%

18.4%

19.6%6.5%

30.6%

10.9%2.1%6.1%3.2%

21.6%

20.3%5.2%

Africa




Central Asia

53



1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EUROPE 943.65 922.08 927.13 953.32 970.60 994.22 996.14 1,050.61 1,071.04 1,093.42 1,098.97

Albania 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02Austria 8.09 7.80 8.01 8.15 7.77 8.24 8.33 9.01 8.90 9.86 9.14 8.22Belgium 14.09 13.43 14.88 15.90 15.94 15.72 15.96 17.18 17.61 16.83 16.75 16.34Belorussia 14.44 16.43 16.12 16.66 17.01 17.24 17.55 18.27 19.81 20.21 20.89Bosnia Herzegovina 0.25 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.37 0.44 0.44Bulgaria 5.58 4.41 3.73 3.20 3.50 3.27 2.87 2.98 2.97 3.34 3.39Croatia 2.59 2.68 2.58 2.61 2.64 2.76 2.83 2.81 2.93 2.83 2.71Czech Republic 8.99 9.15 9.17 9.21 8.95 9.58 9.26 9.35 9.29 9.19 9.03 8.51Denmark 4.45 4.69 5.10 5.36 5.31 5.52 5.52 5.56 5.53 5.25 5.40 4.84Estonia 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.79 0.85 0.71 0.81 0.92 0.95 1.24Finland 3.54 3.47 3.98 3.98 4.08 4.42 4.39 4.87 4.71 4.29 4.60 4.44France 38.98 37.38 39.85 40.63 42.66 44.78 44.71 46.89 47.88 48.89 47.19 47.80Germany 89.76 85.81 86.74 85.87 85.70 90.15 90.13 94.38 93.90 96.43 94.81 91.31Greece 0.06 0.20 0.86 1.45 2.03 2.01 2.15 2.42 2.66 2.81 3.28 4.09Hungary 12.21 11.58 11.66 11.81 11.52 12.77 12.89 14.18 13.97 14.42 13.66 12.85Ireland 3.16 3.31 3.34 3.57 4.10 4.27 4.39 4.36 4.35 4.14 4.78 5.18Italy (*) 54.89 56.64 60.98 66.28 69.11 69.30 68.83 75.89 78.75 84.27 82.53 82.95Latvia 1.03 1.26 1.23 1.18 1.30 1.51 1.54 1.61 1.59 1.62 1.68Lithuania 2.59 2.39 2.09 2.16 2.46 2.56 2.59 2.81 2.80 2.95 2.90Luxembourg 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.83 1.26 1.27 1.43 1.41 1.47 1.40Macedonia 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08Moldova 3.49 3.73 3.37 2.90 2.52 2.78 2.46 2.66 2.73 2.93 2.95Netherlands 44.68 42.14 41.68 40.77 41.40 42.40 42.75 42.93 43.82 42.13 40.86 39.57Norway 3.56 4.68 5.14 5.67 4.33 6.47 4.90 6.35 6.05 6.15 6.43 7.61Poland 11.27 11.23 11.35 11.05 11.88 12.38 12.06 13.43 14.17 14.59 14.70 14.68Portugal 0.00 0.10 0.83 2.32 2.43 2.69 3.26 3.14 3.94 4.47 4.35 4.55Romania 23.16 19.01 17.87 16.38 16.32 15.72 16.25 17.57 16.62 16.63 16.95Russia 379.65 371.59 370.87 375.17 380.47 387.98 388.40 408.61 413.45 417.04 436.72 443.71Serbia and Montenegro 2.32 2.56 2.39 1.73 1.83 2.06 2.08 2.17 2.76 2.31 2.31Slovakia 6.56 6.65 6.76 6.84 6.89 7.36 7.00 6.76 6.56 7.02 6.42 6.01Slovenia 0.87 0.95 0.98 1.02 0.98 1.01 0.98 1.08 1.07 1.11 1.11Spain 10.31 13.49 13.85 15.85 18.15 19.56 22.36 25.47 30.02 35.59 36.99 37.29Sweden 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.93 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.00 1.05 1.09Switzerland 2.83 2.74 2.82 2.92 2.90 3.02 2.96 3.13 3.23 3.32 3.23 3.15Turkey 8.33 9.95 10.67 12.63 15.07 15.95 17.57 21.14 22.31 27.18 30.98 36.36Ukraine 88.85 79.11 70.95 76.97 74.27 74.29 73.35 77.65 78.56 80.46 71.33United Kingdom 90.60 90.90 94.67 100.42 104.24 103.34 102.40 102.43 104.22 101.25 96.61 97.56

CENTRAL ASIA 72.78 71.99 77.57 81.27 83.00 86.64 90.61 92.26 92.31 96.97 97.58

Armenia 1.06 1.40 1.45 1.19 1.34 1.36 1.04 1.16 1.29 1.60 1.66Azerbaijan 6.12 5.76 5.52 6.09 5.97 8.64 8.66 8.89 9.71 9.69 10.48Georgia 1.04 0.89 0.91 0.82 1.14 0.97 0.81 0.92 1.08 1.28 1.27Kazakhstan 9.35 8.40 8.40 8.63 10.55 10.30 11.85 14.29 16.23 20.99 21.68Kyrgyzstan 1.05 0.87 1.02 0.60 0.68 0.70 0.89 0.73 0.80 0.74 0.74Tajikistan 1.12 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.58Turkmenistan 10.81 11.03 10.44 12.78 13.00 13.60 13.79 15.31 13.70 14.62 16.67Uzbekistan 42.23 42.89 49.05 50.39 49.57 50.34 53.05 50.41 48.94 47.47 44.50

MIDDLE EAST 138.52 147.06 157.37 166.80 178.99 183.68 203.49 216.43 238.60 257.76 279.99


(*) The figures differ from those published in the Italian National Energy Balance because of the different calorific content of a cubic metre. To arrive at the figures from thenational source, in cubic metres, multiply the consumption by 1.02362.I dati differiscono da quelli pubblicati nel Bilancio Energetico Nazionale Italiano a causa del diverso contenuto calorifico del metro cubo. Per ricondursi ai dati, in metri cubi, di fontenazionale è sufficiente moltiplicare il consumo per il coefficiente 1,02362.

54



1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

AFRICA 47.37 49.82 51.40 56.68 62.79 64.70 71.11 77.68 81.19 87.05 92.37

Algeria 18.80 20.18 20.77 22.14 22.32 22.62 23.65 25.98 25.25 27.36 27.97Angola 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.55 0.57 0.52 0.60 0.63 0.73 0.73 0.78Côte d’Ivoire 0.45 0.73 0.90 1.51 1.51 1.52 1.54 1.36 1.49 1.66 1.66Egypt 12.69 13.01 13.39 16.96 21.22 22.60 27.61 30.34 30.03 33.12 35.71Gabon 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.13Libya 5.09 5.31 5.31 4.13 4.95 5.25 5.44 5.50 6.68 6.14 6.83Morocco 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.46 0.46Mozambique 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03Nigeria 5.32 5.56 5.96 6.28 7.13 6.28 6.43 8.60 9.31 9.26 10.07Senegal 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02South Africa 1.84 1.64 1.38 1.81 1.67 2.17 2.15 1.29 3.32 4.33 4.58Tanzania 0.13 0.14 0.14Tunisia 2.45 2.64 2.94 3.14 3.26 3.61 3.54 3.80 4.06 3.69 3.99

ASIAANDTHE PACIFIC 245.10 266.44 271.00 291.91 308.94 321.81 338.05 362.20 377.85 405.06 433.46

Australia 20.05 20.19 21.01 21.90 22.99 24.23 25.59 26.43 27.13 27.49 28.91 28.23Bangladesh 7.03 6.91 7.47 8.14 8.80 9.85 10.36 11.15 11.99 12.89 13.81Brunei 2.39 2.40 2.12 2.20 2.21 2.02 1.92 2.31 2.32 2.19 2.28China 18.44 20.10 20.83 22.50 24.75 27.86 30.30 33.08 39.66 47.88 56.55 68.54Hong Kong 2.00 3.13 2.93 3.23 2.92 2.95 2.80 1.80 2.60 2.61 2.63India 19.77 22.48 23.46 25.03 25.04 25.05 27.35 28.12 30.52 34.41 35.88Indonesia 36.82 39.00 37.04 40.35 37.32 36.63 35.81 38.82 36.16 36.53 38.58Japan 67.05 69.88 71.45 75.65 78.32 79.28 79.35 85.06 84.18 84.15 92.38 100.46Malaysia 16.66 20.54 20.83 22.00 28.78 28.15 28.41 29.03 24.44 30.55 31.17Myanmar 1.58 1.70 1.64 1.55 1.43 1.16 1.20 1.59 2.06 2.53 2.72New Zealand 5.24 5.62 4.95 5.74 6.03 6.35 6.03 4.60 4.12 3.81 3.92 4.24Pakistan 16.36 16.27 16.93 18.75 19.88 20.78 21.29 26.43 28.70 30.04 31.03Philippines 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.14 1.70 2.59 2.39 3.17 2.89Singapore 1.57 1.55 1.69 1.38 1.41 2.13 3.46 5.35 6.31 7.08 7.08South Korea 13.02 15.90 14.90 18.14 20.29 22.35 25.30 26.25 30.16 32.65 34.28 37.15Taiwan 4.42 5.11 6.31 6.28 6.53 7.17 8.29 8.61 10.52 10.29 11.04Thailand 12.38 15.08 16.45 17.93 20.89 24.37 26.13 27.74 29.08 30.92 31.56Vietnam 0.33 0.59 0.99 1.12 1.33 1.34 2.76 3.23 5.50 5.86 6.74

AMERICAS 807.12 817.71 814.67 846.03 889.01 846.91 879.03 873.18 870.57 876.10 886.94

Argentina 29.99 31.63 32.21 33.20 35.57 33.78 32.63 36.00 37.44 38.30 39.45Bolivia 1.63 1.97 1.89 1.81 1.59 1.34 1.39 1.22 1.68 1.63 1.98Brazil 5.54 6.15 6.45 7.26 9.28 11.94 14.77 15.22 18.81 19.95 20.91Canada 84.01 84.64 81.24 84.85 88.56 85.73 87.48 95.09 93.06 96.19 99.65 98.00Chile 1.73 2.59 3.73 5.78 6.47 7.34 7.40 8.01 8.06 8.41 8.26Colombia 4.66 5.82 6.65 5.84 6.51 6.91 6.90 6.61 6.96 7.30 7.87Cuba 0.02 0.04 0.12 0.45 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.79Dominican Republic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02Ecuador 0.35 0.32 0.33 0.31 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.57 0.50 0.54 0.87Mexico 33.14 34.39 37.52 36.93 39.98 41.15 45.72 50.07 52.14 52.72 58.56 64.83Peru 0.50 0.38 0.45 0.58 0.53 0.55 0.60 0.66 1.03 1.74 1.96Trinidad and Tobago 6.88 7.20 8.45 9.52 9.83 10.76 11.27 11.91 12.51 13.06 18.76United States 605.13 608.38 600.32 628.53 657.46 616.30 640.88 620.12 610.96 607.73 599.58 638.49Uruguay 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.10 0.13Venezuela 33.55 34.22 35.30 30.95 32.29 30.17 29.04 27.01 26.63 27.67 28.16

55


56

Per capita Consumption / Consumo pro cap i te

1996 2006

0 700 1,400 2,100 2,800 3,500 0 700 1,400 2,100 2,800 3,500

Russia

Canada

Saudi Arabia

United States

United Kingdom

Ukraine

Iran

Italy

Germany

Japan

Russia

Canada

Saudi Arabia

United States

United Kingdom

Ukraine

Iran

Italy

Germany

Japan

The first ten countries in the world Primi dieci paesi del mondo(cubic metres) (metri cubi)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Russia 2,570 2,523 2,525 2,564 2,601 2,658 2,673 2,826 2,874 2,910 3,058Canada 2,831 2,822 2,686 2,782 2,878 2,758 2,789 3,006 2,910 2,980 3,058Saudi Arabia 1,776 1,784 1,824 1,769 1,899 1,917 2,179 2,188 2,315 2,477 2,557United States 2,246 2,231 2,176 2,252 2,330 2,160 2,222 2,132 2,081 2,050 2,004United Kingdom 1,553 1,555 1,616 1,710 1,745 1,737 1,727 1,719 1,741 1,688 1,604Ukraine 1,740 1,564 1,415 1,550 1,510 1,526 1,521 1,624 1,656 1,706 1,522Iran 694 775 829 932 978 1,019 1,126 1,224 1,345 1,443 1,464Italy 957 985 1,059 1,150 1,198 1,201 1,193 1,316 1,368 1,463 1,432Germany 1,096 1,046 1,057 1,046 1,042 1,095 1,092 1,143 1,138 1,168 1,148Japan 533 554 565 597 617 624 623 667 659 658 721

• Each inhabitant on the earth consumes 454 cubic metres of natural gas on average every year. But, like all averages, this also disguises strongdisparities in the distribution of consumption among countries.

• Indeed, while in high income countries average per capita consumption of natural gas tops 1,481 cubic metres, in low income countries it isonly 66 cubic metres, i.e. an amount that is 22 times lower.

• Among individual countries or specific areas, disparities are even more pronounced. North America is the area with the largest per capita gasconsumption (2,107 cubic metres). On average, every US and Canadian citizen consumes almost twice as much gas as a EU citizen, about 49times as much gas as a Chinese and more than 28 times as much gas as a Nigerian.

• Russia and Canada are the countries with the highest per capita consumption, with 3,058 cubic metres, followed by Saudi Arabia and the USA,with 2,557 and 2,004 cubic metres respectively.

• A country’s consumption of natural gas strictly depends on its electric power generation mix. Thus, Russia’s leading position is essentially dueto its large use of natural gas in co-generation of electricity and heat.Whereas the USA only ranks fourth because its electric power generationcapacity is based on coal and nuclear power, leaving – for the moment – only a minor share to natural gas.

• The same argument explains the strong disparities in per capita consumption that exist among EU countries: from 120 cubic metres in Swedento 2,398 in the Netherlands, in 2007, a level above that of the USA (2,113 cubic metres).

• In recent years per capita consumption of natural gas has constantly – albeit slightly – increased, going from 421 cubic metres in 2000 toapproximately 454 cubic metres in 2007. This indicator has generally increased in all areas and for all categories of countries (high income andlow income). In most cases this trend is due to an increasing use of natural gas in electric power generation.

57


1996 2006

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

World

Eastern Europe

North America

Middle East

Central Asia


Latin America

Asia & Pacific

Africa

World

Eastern Europe

North America

Middle East

Central Asia


Latin America

Asia & Pacific

Africa

Areas and aggregates Aree e aggregati(cubic metres) (metri cubi)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

EUROPE 1,194 1,164 1,169 1,201 1,222 1,252 1,253 1,318 1,342 1,366 1,370Western and Central Europe 792 779 801 825 850 874 876 920 939 962 947Eastern Europe 2,281 2,218 2,182 2,243 2,261 2,309 2,320 2,456 2,506 2,546 2,611

CENTRAL ASIA 1,046 1,030 1,106 1,152 1,168 1,211 1,257 1,270 1,259 1,310 1,307

MIDDLE EAST 897 936 978 1,012 1,064 1,070 1,161 1,211 1,311 1,389 1,482

AFRICA 75 77 78 84 91 91 98 105 108 113 118


AMERICAS 1,032 1,031 1,013 1,037 1,075 1,011 1,036 1,016 1,001 994 994North America 2,304 2,290 2,227 2,305 2,384 2,219 2,278 2,218 2,162 2,141 2,107Latin America 244 254 267 262 278 278 285 294 306 312 335

WORLD 401 400 398 410 421 417 425 435 440 448 454

High income countries 1,338 1,344 1,343 1,395 1,442 1,409 1,444 1,456 1,465 1,476 1,481Upper middle income countries 802 790 789 786 819 828 833 874 884 911 955Lower middle income countries 138 141 138 150 153 158 165 176 183 194 199Low income countries 51 52 56 58 57 57 60 62 64 66 66

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSEUROPEAN UNION (27) 913 892 920 946 971 996 999 1,044 1,065 1,085 1,062OECD 1,136 1,139 1,137 1,181 1,221 1,194 1,218 1,231 1,228 1,236 1,233OPEC (12) 473 487 495 501 514 507 531 554 578 602 623

58


Countries Paesi(cubic metres) (metri cubi)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EUROPE 1,194 1,164 1,169 1,201 1,222 1,252 1,253 1,318 1,342 1,366 1,370

Albania 7 6 5 5 4 3 5 5 5 5 5Austria 1,016 978 1,003 1,018 970 1,024 1,031 1,109 1,089 1,199 1,106 989Belgium 1,387 1,320 1,458 1,555 1,555 1,528 1,544 1,655 1,689 1,608 1,594 1,548Belorussia 1,422 1,624 1,601 1,660 1,700 1,729 1,768 1,850 2,017 2,059 2,131Bosnia Herzegovina 72 42 46 46 72 74 78 81 95 112 112Bulgaria 667 531 452 390 434 413 364 381 383 434 443Croatia 576 586 572 574 602 622 637 633 660 638 610Czech Republic 872 888 890 896 871 937 908 917 909 900 885 833Denmark 847 887 961 1,007 994 1,031 1,027 1,032 1,022 968 994 887Estonia 541 532 509 500 577 621 523 599 684 709 926Finland 690 675 772 771 788 852 845 934 901 819 875 843France 672 642 682 693 724 757 750 781 793 804 771 776Germany 1,096 1,046 1,057 1,046 1,042 1,095 1,092 1,143 1,138 1,168 1,148 1,105Greece 5 19 80 134 186 183 195 219 240 253 295 367Hungary 1,184 1,125 1,136 1,154 1,128 1,254 1,269 1,400 1,382 1,431 1,359 1,281Ireland 870 901 900 950 1,075 1,106 1,117 1,090 1,069 1,000 1,136 1,209Italy 957 985 1,059 1,150 1,198 1,201 1,193 1,316 1,368 1,463 1,432 1,439Latvia 414 513 511 494 549 642 659 691 687 705 736Lithuania 717 667 588 612 703 735 746 813 815 862 850Luxembourg 1,754 1,772 1,770 1,812 1,825 1,884 2,833 2,821 3,156 3,069 3,170 2,994Macedonia 0 0 10 20 32 43 44 39 34 38 37Moldova 807 865 784 677 590 652 580 629 648 692 696Netherlands 2,879 2,700 2,655 2,580 2,600 2,642 2,647 2,646 2,692 2,575 2,486 2,398Norway 812 1,062 1,159 1,272 965 1,434 1,080 1,387 1,319 1,333 1,385 1,632Poland 292 291 293 286 307 324 315 352 371 382 385 384Portugal 0 10 82 228 237 261 314 301 375 423 408 425Romania 1,024 843 794 729 727 710 746 808 767 768 784Russia 2,570 2,523 2,525 2,564 2,601 2,658 2,673 2,826 2,874 2,910 3,058 3,120Serbia and Montenegro 219 242 225 162 225 254 256 266 338 285 285Slovakia 1,220 1,236 1,254 1,269 1,279 1,368 1,301 1,257 1,218 1,302 1,189 1,112Slovenia 436 478 493 513 495 509 491 542 536 555 554Spain 262 339 347 394 448 480 542 606 703 821 839 832Sweden 109 108 107 107 104 117 119 118 117 111 116 120Switzerland 401 386 396 409 404 418 407 427 438 446 431 418Turkey 133 155 164 191 224 233 252 299 311 373 419 485Ukraine 1,740 1,564 1,415 1,550 1,510 1,526 1,521 1,624 1,656 1,706 1,522United Kingdom 1,553 1,555 1,616 1,710 1,745 1,737 1,727 1,719 1,741 1,688 1,604 1,614

CENTRAL ASIA 1,046 1,030 1,106 1,152 1,168 1,211 1,257 1,270 1,259 1,310 1,307

Armenia 334 444 466 383 434 444 342 382 426 530 554Azerbaijan 788 735 698 763 741 1,065 1,060 1,079 1,169 1,157 1,241Georgia 210 183 189 172 241 208 176 202 238 285 284Kazakhstan 600 547 558 578 709 693 798 959 1,083 1,396 1,437Kyrgyzstan 226 183 212 123 139 141 178 145 157 143 142Tajikistan 191 127 128 127 122 118 81 86 88 89 89Turkmenistan 2,531 2,545 2,379 2,875 2,888 2,979 2,979 3,259 2,874 3,025 3,398Uzbekistan 1,811 1,810 2,041 2,067 2,005 2,007 2,084 1,952 1,867 1,785 1,649

MIDDLE EAST 897 936 978 1,012 1,064 1,070 1,161 1,211 1,311 1,389 1,482

Bahrain 8,290 8,409 8,829 8,824 8,823 9,092 9,422 9,581 9,755 10,256 10,487Iran 694 775 829 932 978 1,019 1,126 1,224 1,345 1,443 1,464Iraq 142 129 121 127 125 108 89 60 99 100 123Israel 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 164 222 218Jordan 58 60 59 54 52 49 43 48 262 296 456Kuwait 4,863 4,642 4,623 4,070 4,161 3,919 3,425 3,888 4,077 4,455 5,772Oman 1,915 2,209 2,391 2,573 3,136 3,418 3,595 3,867 3,575 4,351 7,645Qatar 16,988 17,980 18,625 20,133 20,880 19,964 18,979 19,041 20,238 19,237 20,286Saudi Arabia 1,776 1,784 1,824 1,769 1,899 1,917 2,179 2,188 2,315 2,477 2,557Syria 188 283 357 356 351 313 372 365 369 370 312United Arab Emirates 11,352 10,446 10,281 9,877 9,641 8,841 9,222 8,898 9,093 8,702 8,280

59


Countries Paesi(cubic metres) (metri cubi)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

AFRICA 75 77 78 84 91 91 98 105 108 113 118

Algeria 654 691 701 737 733 732 754 815 780 833 838Angola 43 43 43 40 41 36 41 42 47 46 47Côte d’Ivoire 29 47 56 92 90 89 89 77 83 92 90Egypt 203 205 207 257 315 329 395 426 413 447 473Gabon 109 109 100 97 96 75 83 84 93 91 90Libya 1,037 1,062 1,041 794 933 970 985 978 1,164 1,049 1,144Morocco 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 15 15Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2Nigeria 50 51 53 55 61 52 52 68 72 70 75Senegal 5 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1South Africa 46 40 33 42 38 48 47 28 73 95 100Tanzania 3 4 3Tunisia 270 287 315 332 341 373 362 387 408 368 395


Australia 1,095 1,301 1,123 1,157 1,200 1,248 1,303 1,330 1,349 1,351 1,404 1,355Bangladesh 59 57 60 64 68 75 77 82 86 91 95Brunei 7,900 7,748 6,657 6,748 6,619 5,912 5,483 6,460 6,352 5,860 5,949China 15 16 17 18 20 22 24 26 31 37 43 52Hong Kong 311 482 448 490 439 439 413 265 378 376 377India 21 23 24 25 25 24 26 26 28 31 32Indonesia 188 197 184 198 181 175 169 181 166 166 173Japan 533 554 565 597 617 624 623 667 659 658 721 783Malaysia 798 958 948 978 1,252 1,198 1,185 1,188 982 1,204 1,205Myanmar 35 37 35 33 30 24 25 32 41 50 53New Zealand 1,405 1,486 1,297 1,496 1,564 1,635 1,531 1,148 1,014 924 936 998Pakistan 130 127 129 139 144 147 147 178 189 193 194Philippines 0 0 0 0 0 2 22 32 29 38 34Singapore 428 409 431 350 351 516 829 1,278 1,487 1,655 1,641South Korea 286 346 322 389 432 472 531 549 627 676 706 761Taiwan 206 236 289 285 294 320 366 377 456 442 470Thailand 210 253 273 295 340 393 417 439 456 481 487Vietnam 4 8 13 15 17 17 34 40 67 71 80

AMERICAS 1,032 1,031 1,013 1,037 1,075 1,011 1,036 1,016 1,001 994 994

Argentina 850 886 892 909 964 906 867 947 976 989 1,008Bolivia 213 252 237 223 191 158 161 139 186 178 211Brazil 34 37 38 42 53 68 83 84 102 107 111Canada 2,831 2,822 2,686 2,782 2,878 2,758 2,789 3,006 2,910 2,980 3,058 2,977Chile 119 174 248 380 420 470 469 502 500 516 501Colombia 119 146 164 141 155 161 159 149 155 160 170Cuba 2 3 11 40 50 52 51 57 61 65 70Dominican Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2Ecuador 30 27 27 25 27 27 27 44 38 41 64Mexico 358 366 394 382 408 414 454 489 502 501 548 598Peru 20 15 18 23 20 21 22 24 37 62 69Trinidad and Tobago 5,433 5,661 6,625 7,435 7,649 8,348 8,714 9,181 9,611 10,007 14,327United States 2,246 2,231 2,176 2,252 2,330 2,160 2,222 2,132 2,081 2,050 2,004 2,113Uruguay 0 0 1 7 11 10 7 19 32 30 36Venezuela 1,491 1,491 1,508 1,297 1,328 1,218 1,151 1,052 1,019 1,040 1,040

60

Production/consumption rat ios / Rappor to produz ione su consumo

The first ten countries in the world Primi dieci paesi del mondo

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Norway 12.32 10.46 9.60 9.28 12.61 9.01 14.40 12.45 13.87 14.78 14.49Turkmenistan 3.15 1.52 1.23 1.74 3.51 3.66 3.77 3.75 4.18 4.18 3.89Algeria 3.49 3.75 3.89 4.10 4.15 3.85 3.79 3.64 3.70 3.66 3.45Indonesia 2.01 1.96 2.01 2.01 2.01 1.94 2.10 2.03 2.09 2.05 1.95Canada 1.92 1.94 2.08 2.03 2.00 2.12 2.09 1.90 1.93 1.91 1.86Netherlands 1.82 1.71 1.65 1.57 1.50 1.57 1.51 1.45 1.68 1.59 1.62Russia 1.53 1.48 1.53 1.52 1.48 1.44 1.47 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.45Iran 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.97 1.00 0.99United Kingdom 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.06 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.08 0.99 0.93 0.89United States 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.84 0.82 0.89 0.83 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.86

1996 2006

0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15

Norway

Turkmenistan

Algeria

Indonesia

Canada

Netherlands

Russia

Iran

United Kingdom

United States

Norway

Turkmenistan

Algeria

Indonesia

Canada

Netherlands

Russia

Iran

United Kingdom

United States

• The gas exporting countries typically have a gas production to gas consumption ratio that is higher than one. For major producing and exportingcountries, production is a multiple of a country’s consumption.

• Among the leading gas producing countries, Norway, a country that is scarcely populated but has large resources, has the highestproduction/consumption ratio, which is equal to 14.5 (2006). The countries that follow in the rankings have much lower ratios, equal to or lessthan 3.9.

• Russia, which is the second major consumer of natural gas in the world, has a ratio equal to approximately 1.5 (2006). Therefore not only isthe country self sufficient, but it is also able to use a significant share of its production (a third) for export.

• Overall, the group of the OECD countries showed a gas production/consumption ratio equal to 0.76 in 2006. The figure is higher compared tothat of oil (equal to 0.40) and indicates, therefore, less dependence from imports in the case of natural gas. Anyhow, this index has constantlydeclined throughout the years (it was equal to 0.83 in 1996).

• Over the last few years, the area that includes Canada and the USA (the major gas consuming country in the world) has had a production toconsumption ratio close to one, indicating that, at least up to now, for gas – unlike oil – dependence from imports is practically null.

• In the EU the ratio dropped to 0.41 in 2006, due to a long lasting negative trend (the index value was 0.57 in 1996). The decrease is thecombined effect of a constant rise in consumption and a decline of the traditional production areas, and it is expected to persist in the forthcomingyears.

61


Areas and aggregates Aree e aggregati

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

EUROPE 0.95 0.93 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.88Western and Central Europe 0.65 0.65 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.62 0.59 0.59 0.56 0.55Eastern Europe 1.23 1.21 1.27 1.25 1.22 1.20 1.23 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.23

CENTRAL ASIA 1.29 1.11 1.02 1.13 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.47 1.53 1.55 1.57

MIDDLE EAST 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16

AFRICA 1.98 2.12 2.17 2.22 2.20 2.13 2.03 2.04 2.04 2.20 2.26



WORLD 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.01

High income countries 0.87 0.86 0.87 0.84 0.84 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.84Upper middle income countries 1.28 1.25 1.29 1.28 1.24 1.22 1.23 1.21 1.23 1.22 1.20Lower middle income countries 1.07 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.18 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.19 1.21Low income countries 1.03 1.05 1.03 1.05 1.12 1.15 1.12 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.23

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSEUROPEAN UNION (27) 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.47 0.42 0.41OECD 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.82 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.76OPEC (12) 1.40 1.44 1.44 1.50 1.50 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.48 1.47

1996 2006

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

World

Africa

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Middle East

Latin America

North America

Asia & Pacific


World

Africa

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Middle East

Latin America

North America

Asia & Pacific


62

Countries Paesi

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EUROPE 0.95 0.93 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.88

Albania 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Austria 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.20 0.23Belorussia 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Bulgaria 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.14 0.13Croatia 0.67 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.61 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.73 0.78 0.77Czech Republic 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Denmark 1.53 1.79 1.60 1.56 1.67 1.64 1.64 1.55 1.83 2.13 2.06 2.04France 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02Germany 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17Greece 0.94 0.26 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Hungary 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.26 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.18Ireland 0.82 0.69 0.50 0.37 0.28 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.19 0.13 0.10 0.09Italy 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11Netherlands 1.82 1.71 1.65 1.57 1.50 1.57 1.51 1.45 1.68 1.59 1.62 1.65Norway 12.32 10.46 9.60 9.28 12.61 9.01 14.40 12.45 13.87 14.78 14.49 12.55Poland 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.31Romania 0.71 0.75 0.74 0.82 0.80 0.82 0.78 0.71 0.74 0.70 0.67Russia 1.53 1.48 1.53 1.52 1.48 1.44 1.47 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.45 1.41Serbia and Montenegro 0.23 0.22 0.27 0.40 0.41 0.26 0.21 0.16 0.11 0.12 0.12Slovakia 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02Slovenia 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Spain 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00Turkey 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02Ukraine 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.30United Kingdom 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.06 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.08 0.99 0.93 0.89 0.80

CENTRAL ASIA 1.29 1.11 1.02 1.13 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.47 1.53 1.55 1.57

Azerbaijan 1.00 1.00 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.62 0.57 0.56 0.51 0.56 0.59Georgia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01Kazakhstan 0.67 0.93 0.91 1.15 1.09 1.13 1.19 1.16 1.35 1.20 1.18Kyrgyzstan 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03Tajikistan 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05Turkmenistan 3.15 1.52 1.23 1.74 3.51 3.66 3.77 3.75 4.18 4.18 3.89Uzbekistan 1.12 1.16 1.08 1.07 1.10 1.11 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.26

MIDDLE EAST 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16



63

Countries Paesi

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

AFRICA 1.98 2.12 2.17 2.22 2.20 2.13 2.03 2.04 2.04 2.20 2.26

Algeria 3.49 3.75 3.89 4.10 4.15 3.85 3.79 3.64 3.70 3.66 3.45Angola 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Côte d'Ivoire 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Egypt 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.03 1.12 1.46 1.64Gabon 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Libya 1.23 1.21 1.17 1.23 1.16 1.15 1.11 1.13 1.17 1.86 2.22Morocco 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Mozambique 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Nigeria 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.12 1.77 2.40 2.23 2.39 2.37 2.31 2.75Senegal 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00South Africa 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 0.49 0.42Tanzania 1.00 1.00 1.00Tunisia 0.37 0.71 0.73 0.66 0.69 0.71 0.69 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.67


Australia 1.53 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.43 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.54 1.54 1.63Bangladesh 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Brunei 4.63 4.60 4.90 4.92 5.12 5.65 5.98 5.35 5.27 5.44 5.58China 1.09 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.04 0.99India 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.83 0.80Indonesia 2.01 1.96 2.01 2.01 2.01 1.94 2.10 2.03 2.09 2.05 1.95Japan 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04Malaysia 2.20 2.03 2.02 1.99 1.76 1.75 1.79 1.84 2.27 2.04 2.01Myanmar 1.00 1.00 1.69 3.00 4.32 5.40 5.41 4.94 5.22 4.64 4.44New Zealand 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Pakistan 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Philippines 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00South Korea 0.02 0.01Taiwan 0.20 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.04Thailand 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.72Vietnam 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.26 1.26

AMERICAS 1.00 1.00 1.02 0.99 0.97 1.03 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.01

Argentina 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.17 1.13 1.15Bolivia 2.26 1.81 1.84 1.57 2.33 3.92 4.47 4.48 5.94 7.30 6.66Brazil 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.77 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.57 0.55 0.53Canada 1.92 1.94 2.08 2.03 2.00 2.12 2.09 1.90 1.93 1.91 1.86 1.84Chile 1.02 0.75 0.47 0.34 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.34Colombia 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Cuba 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Ecuador 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Mexico 0.99 0.98 0.97 1.00 0.94 0.92 0.84 0.81 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.88Peru 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Trinidad and Tobago 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.13 1.34 1.31 1.45 2.09 2.10 2.09 1.88United States 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.84 0.82 0.89 0.83 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.86 0.84Venezuela 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00


64

Exports / Espor taz ion i

1996 2006

0 40 80 120 160 200 0 40 80 120 160 200

Russia

Canada

Norway

Algeria

Turkmenistan

Netherlands

Indonesia

Malaysia

Qatar

Egypt

Russia

Canada

Norway

Algeria

Turkmenistan

Netherlands

Indonesia

Malaysia

Qatar

Egypt


1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

First 10 countries 476.52 476.57 486.93 520.75 547.73 545.84 578.35 590.47 630.02 664.48 671.37

Russia 189.27 193.51 195.97 197.84 186.76 174.25 178.74 182.46 193.05 199.68 196.83Canada 78.26 79.94 87.25 92.99 98.61 105.64 105.20 99.38 103.12 104.24 100.02Norway 40.29 44.24 44.19 46.97 50.31 51.84 65.66 72.69 77.93 84.82 86.77Algeria 46.80 55.43 60.06 68.66 70.27 64.48 65.99 68.71 68.10 72.86 68.66Turkmenistan 23.20 5.71 2.76 9.40 32.57 36.23 38.17 42.16 43.61 46.57 48.14Netherlands 41.71 36.28 33.22 32.55 35.38 42.33 44.87 41.10 45.75 44.58 46.73Indonesia 37.06 37.53 37.53 40.63 37.87 34.45 39.23 39.93 39.58 38.28 36.46Malaysia 19.95 21.15 21.32 20.54 21.27 21.25 22.54 24.29 30.99 31.84 31.47Qatar 0.00 2.76 4.63 11.17 14.69 15.37 17.93 18.97 24.29 26.52 30.42Egypt 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 3.59 15.08 25.87Rest of the World 56.28 61.99 58.34 74.58 98.83 113.72 125.82 154.12 179.57 189.22 207.22

World 532.80 538.56 545.27 595.32 646.56 659.57 704.18 744.59 809.59 853.70 878.58

• In 2006, exports of natural gas were approximately 879 billion cubic metres (bmc), or about 30% of world consumption. For natural gas theshare of exports over production is rather small and is lower than that for oil, the reason being the difficulty of transporting gas over longdistances, an activity that is much more complex and costly than is the case for oil. Indeed, until a few years ago, natural gas was mainlyconsumed in the countries where it was extracted, with only limited amounts left for export.

• The evolution and spreading of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) supply chain, allowing transport by sea (and not by pipeline), has enhancedtransport flexibility and export opportunities also for those countries that were previously excluded from international trade, being far from majorconsumer markets (e.g. the Middle East andAustralia). The share of LNG exports over total world production is constantly increasing. It has risenfrom 5.5% in 2000 to 7.2% in 2006 (see p. 77) and, according to preliminary estimate, to an even higher share in 2007.

• The world leading natural gas exporting country is Russia, with approximately 197 bcm, or about 7% of world consumption and about 22%of total exports.

• The second largest natural gas exporting country is Canada (about 100 bcm, all directed to the USA). The third major exporter is Norway, whichis one of the main sources of supply in Europe, with about 87 bcm in 2006.

• The effects of the spreading of the LNG supply chain can be appreciated by observing the results achieved by Qatar. In 1996 its exports werenull, whereas in 2006 they had risen to approximately 30.4 bcm (entirely from GNL).

• The top ten countries account for about 76% of total exports. Their contribution has however diminished over time (in 1996 they representedapproximately 90% of the total), as new exporting countries emerged on the international natural gas market.

65

Exports / Espor taz ion i


1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

EUROPE

Austria 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.42 0.54 1.04 1.51 1.00 1.00Croatia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.35 0.33 0.34 0.44Czech Republic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.12Denmark 2.03 3.33 3.00 3.06 3.44 3.64 3.56 3.09 4.40 5.98 5.59France 0.83 1.39 0.84 0.78 0.81 0.95 0.90 1.07 1.50 1.08 0.81Germany 3.33 3.58 3.92 5.12 5.03 6.26 6.90 7.25 8.32 9.30 10.99Hungary 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13Italy (*) 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.36Netherlands 41.71 36.28 33.22 32.55 35.38 42.33 44.87 41.10 45.75 44.58 46.73Norway 40.29 44.24 44.19 46.97 50.31 51.84 65.66 72.69 77.93 84.82 86.77Poland 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04Russia 189.27 193.51 195.97 197.84 186.76 174.25 178.74 182.46 193.05 199.68 196.83Slovakia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.49Ukraine 0.80 1.40 0.59 1.09 2.87 1.02 1.59 2.00 4.08 2.66 4.21United Kingdom 1.40 2.00 2.92 7.79 13.51 12.76 13.91 16.34 10.53 8.88 11.13

CENTRAL ASIA

Armenia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03Kazakhstan 2.26 2.35 2.23 4.25 5.22 5.54 10.44 11.01 17.29 15.44Turkmenistan 23.20 5.71 2.76 9.40 32.57 36.23 38.17 42.16 43.61 46.57 48.14Uzbekistan 8.79 9.59 5.07 5.52 6.64 6.81 4.47 7.24 9.63 12.01

MIDDLE EAST

Iran 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 1.29 3.44 3.54 4.78Oman 0.48 0.48 0.44 0.44 2.94 7.38 8.18 9.10 10.08 10.26Qatar 0.00 2.76 4.63 11.17 14.69 15.37 17.93 18.97 24.29 26.52 30.42United Arab Emirates 6.84 7.46 6.75 6.81 6.75 6.76 6.83 6.83 7.14 6.82EASTAFRICA

Algeria 46.80 55.43 60.06 68.66 70.27 64.48 65.99 68.71 68.10 72.86 68.66Egypt 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 3.59 15.08 25.87Libya 1.17 1.09 0.89 0.94 0.78 0.77 0.61 0.73 1.17 5.26Mozambique 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.34 2.21Nigeria 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 5.47 8.78 7.92 11.92 12.73 12.17Tunisia 0.71 0.77 0.87 1.10 0.96 0.73 0.61 0.61 0.69 0.59

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Australia 10.55 10.29 10.67 10.91 11.05 10.50 10.60 10.91 11.04 14.77 16.98Brunei 8.68 8.63 8.30 8.63 9.10 9.37 9.53 10.01 9.92 9.73China 1.64 2.56 2.40 2.65 2.39 2.42 2.29 1.87 2.43 2.96Indonesia 37.06 37.53 37.53 40.63 37.87 34.45 39.23 39.93 39.58 38.28 36.46Malaysia 19.95 21.15 21.32 20.54 21.27 21.25 22.54 24.29 30.99 31.84 31.47Myanmar 0.00 0.00 1.14 3.10 4.75 5.10 5.29 6.28 8.70 9.20Vietnam 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.53

AMERICAS

Argentina 0.00 0.67 1.91 3.38 4.62 6.17 5.84 6.76 7.29 6.51Bolivia 2.05 1.60 1.59 1.04 2.12 3.91 4.85 4.25 8.29 10.28Canada 78.26 79.94 87.25 92.99 98.61 105.64 105.20 99.38 103.12 104.24 100.02Chile 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Mexico 0.37 0.38 0.33 1.41 0.24 0.24 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.35Trinidad and Tobago 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.26 3.32 3.29 5.10 13.00 13.75 14.30United States 4.19 4.29 4.35 4.47 6.65 10.20 14.08 18.55 23.32 19.91 19.81

(*) The figures differ from those published in the Italian National Energy Balance because of the different calorific content of a cubic metre.To arrive at the figures from the nationalsource, in cubic metres, multiply the exports by 1.02362.I dati differiscono da quelli pubblicati nel Bilancio Energetico Nazionale Italiano a causa del diverso contenuto calorifico del metro cubo. Per ricondursi ai dati, in metri cubi, di fontenazionale è sufficiente moltiplicare le esportazioni per il coefficiente 1,02362.

66

Imports / Impor taz ion i

1996 2006

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

United States

Germany

Japan

Italy

Ukraine

France

Spain

South Korea

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

Germany

Japan

Italy

Ukraine

France

Spain

South Korea

Turkey

United Kingdom


1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

First 10 countries 397.94 401.41 399.43 443.96 467.72 475.01 495.53 521.50 556.55 580.11 593.86

United States 81.21 82.87 87.24 99.09 104.69 110.10 110.99 109.31 118.19 120.31 116.08Germany 74.86 72.94 70.77 73.46 72.85 75.67 78.55 81.72 86.91 87.70 90.23Japan 64.97 67.60 69.18 72.89 75.74 76.13 76.96 81.89 81.17 80.86 88.58Italy 36.23 38.18 41.66 48.34 56.12 53.51 57.92 61.34 66.34 71.76 75.60Ukraine 71.23 62.38 53.57 59.96 59.24 56.96 56.25 60.45 62.16 60.22 50.24France 36.15 36.39 36.77 42.29 43.48 42.64 44.72 45.84 47.62 49.64 47.85Spain 9.92 13.76 14.38 16.58 18.45 18.88 22.58 25.25 29.36 36.08 37.48South Korea 13.39 16.23 14.79 18.16 20.36 22.56 24.88 27.12 30.91 31.14 35.24Turkey 8.16 9.75 10.09 12.00 14.37 15.76 17.10 20.61 21.61 26.40 30.03United Kingdom 1.83 1.30 0.98 1.19 2.40 2.81 5.58 7.96 12.28 16.00 22.53Rest of the World 135.06 133.58 137.87 144.67 171.10 184.86 210.12 228.32 244.66 256.35 267.93

World 533.00 534.99 537.30 588.63 638.82 659.88 705.65 749.82 801.20 836.46 861.79

• World imports of natural gas were 862 billion cubic metres (bcm) in 2006 (approximately 29% of world production), and confirmed the stronggrowth trend that has emerged in recent years.

• The USA has long been the world leading natural gas importer, with 116 bcm (about 4.0% of the annual world production). Most of its importscome from Canada and only minor quantities are supplied by other countries, through the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) supply chain.

• The top ten natural gas importers include several European countries (Germany, Italy, France, Spain and Turkey), the big Asian importers (Japanand South Korea, with 89 and 35 bcm, respectively) and two former-Soviet republics (Belarus and Ucraina).

• Except for the USA (for which natural gas trade occurs predominantly with Canada, i.e. within the North America area), the big consumptionareas that depend on gas imports are Europe, South-East Asia (Japan and South Korea) and an area formed by a few ex-Soviet republics.

• In the future, the USA will also be turning more and more to natural gas imports from countries other than Canada. The demand for this fuelis indeed set to be increased, whilst traditional local production basins (including those in Canada) are already mature. For this reason, theinfrastructures necessary to import increasing amounts of GNL (re-gasification terminals) are currently under construction.

• In the Asian consumption basin new natural gas importers are emerging: China and India. Their current import levels are low (see p. 75: 3.9 bcmand 10.0 bcm, respectively), yet a strong expansion in GNL imports is expected, mainly due to the forecasts of a high demand growth thatdomestic supply alone will not be able to satisfy.

67


1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

EUROPE

Austria 6.67 6.12 6.32 6.19 6.28 6.36 6.62 8.13 8.50 9.69 9.06Belgium 14.17 13.45 14.83 16.07 15.84 15.66 16.28 16.99 17.36 16.93 16.78Belorussia 14.20 16.08 15.85 16.40 16.95 17.10 17.41 17.94 19.45 19.92 20.79Bosnia Herzegovina 0.25 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.37 0.44Bulgaria 5.64 4.59 3.72 3.29 3.27 3.26 2.98 2.81 2.85 2.93Croatia 0.86 1.02 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.06 1.11 1.03 1.10Czech Republic 9.00 9.08 9.08 8.88 8.92 9.23 9.44 9.23 8.55 9.07 9.51Estonia 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.79 0.85 0.71 0.81 0.92 0.95Finland 3.54 3.47 3.98 3.98 4.08 4.42 4.39 4.87 4.71 4.29 4.60France 36.15 36.39 36.77 42.29 43.48 42.64 44.72 45.84 47.62 49.64 47.85Germany 74.86 72.94 70.77 73.46 72.85 75.67 78.55 81.72 86.91 87.70 90.23Greece 0.01 0.15 0.82 1.45 2.01 1.99 2.09 2.39 2.59 2.78 3.25Hungary 8.66 7.81 8.45 8.73 8.76 9.29 10.38 11.85 11.07 11.70 11.38Ireland 0.58 1.03 1.66 2.26 2.96 3.49 3.58 3.74 3.53 3.59 4.29Italy (*) 36.23 38.18 41.66 48.34 56.12 53.51 57.92 61.34 66.34 71.76 75.60Latvia 1.03 1.25 1.31 1.22 1.33 1.30 1.36 1.68 2.07 1.71Lithuania 2.59 2.39 2.09 2.18 2.46 2.56 2.59 2.81 2.79 2.97Luxembourg 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.83 1.26 1.27 1.43 1.41 1.46Macedonia 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08Moldova 3.50 3.74 3.38 2.90 2.52 2.78 2.46 2.66 2.73 2.92Netherlands 4.87 6.17 6.16 9.24 14.88 18.27 22.87 21.77 16.10 19.61 21.53Poland 7.55 7.89 7.74 7.46 7.92 8.60 8.01 8.99 9.73 10.22 10.70Portugal 0.00 0.12 0.83 2.33 2.43 2.69 3.25 3.15 3.94 4.64 4.37Romania 6.74 4.81 4.57 3.03 3.23 2.75 3.73 5.05 4.90 5.00Russia 3.33 4.32 2.89 3.97 12.55 3.99 6.96 8.43 6.64 7.40 7.85Serbia and Montenegro 1.79 2.00 1.73 1.04 1.08 1.52 1.64 1.82 2.45 2.04Slovakia 6.04 6.16 6.39 6.25 6.81 6.76 7.00 6.57 6.77 7.21 6.78Slovenia 0.86 0.94 0.97 1.01 0.98 1.01 0.97 1.08 1.07 1.10Spain 9.92 13.76 14.38 16.58 18.45 18.88 22.58 25.25 29.36 36.08 37.48Sweden 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.93 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.00 1.05Switzerland 2.83 2.74 2.82 2.92 2.90 3.02 2.96 3.13 3.23 3.32 3.24Turkey 8.16 9.75 10.09 12.00 14.37 15.76 17.10 20.61 21.61 26.40 30.03Ukraine 71.23 62.38 53.57 59.96 59.24 56.96 56.25 60.45 62.16 60.22 50.24United Kingdom 1.83 1.30 0.98 1.19 2.40 2.81 5.58 7.96 12.28 16.00 22.53

CENTRAL ASIA

Armenia 1.06 1.40 1.45 1.19 1.34 1.36 1.04 1.16 1.30 1.63Azerbaijan 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 3.23 3.80 3.94 4.80 4.68Georgia 1.03 0.89 0.91 0.82 1.07 0.94 0.79 0.90 1.07 1.27Kazakhstan 5.31 2.90 2.95 2.93 4.22 4.23 8.18 8.70 11.66 11.23Kyrgyzstan 1.03 0.83 1.00 0.58 0.65 0.67 0.86 0.70 0.77 0.71Tajikistan 1.07 0.71 0.74 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.48 0.52 0.53 0.55Turkmenistan 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Uzbekistan 4.07 2.67 1.03 2.06 1.57 1.52 0.91 1.40 1.23 1.07

MIDDLE EAST

Iran 0.00 0.40 1.88 2.13 3.32 4.56 5.33 5.78 5.91 5.22Jordan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.17 1.44United Arab Emirates 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

(*) The figures differ from those published in the Italian National Energy Balance because of the different calorific content of a cubic metre.To arrive at the figures from the nationalsource, in cubic metres, multiply the imports by 1.02362.I dati differiscono da quelli pubblicati nel Bilancio Energetico Nazionale Italiano a causa del diverso contenuto calorifico del metro cubo. Per ricondursi ai dati, in metri cubi, di fontenazionale è sufficiente moltiplicare le importazioni per il coefficiente 1,02362.


68


1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

AFRICA

South Africa 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.34 2.21Tunisia 2.25 1.54 1.66 2.18 1.97 1.79 1.71 1.94 2.12 1.90


Australia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.34Hong Kong 2.00 3.13 2.93 3.23 2.92 2.95 2.80 1.80 2.60 2.61India 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 5.97Japan 64.97 67.60 69.18 72.89 75.74 76.13 76.96 81.89 81.17 80.86 88.58Singapore 1.57 1.55 1.69 1.38 1.41 2.13 3.46 5.35 6.31 7.08South Korea 13.39 16.23 14.79 18.16 20.36 22.56 24.88 27.12 30.91 31.14 35.24Taiwan 3.65 4.47 5.43 5.56 6.17 6.60 7.44 7.76 9.56 9.96Thailand 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03 2.06 6.07 6.95 7.53 8.18 8.85

AMERICAS

Argentina 2.19 1.70 1.80 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.09 0.80 1.61Brazil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 2.15 4.58 5.33 5.02 8.03 8.94Canada 1.19 1.24 0.78 0.79 1.59 3.82 6.45 9.48 10.64 9.34 9.47Chile 0.00 0.71 2.01 3.80 4.38 5.24 5.25 6.11 6.18 6.30Dominican Republic 0.00 0.00 0.01Mexico 0.83 1.07 1.47 1.48 2.83 3.75 7.13 9.62 11.15 8.94 9.35United States 81.21 82.87 87.24 99.09 104.69 110.10 110.99 109.31 118.19 120.31 116.08Uruguay 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.10


69

Russia

Canada

Norway

Algeria

Turkmenistan

Indonesia

Malaysia

Qatar

Egypt

Netherlands

The first ten net exporter countries in the world Primi dieci paesi esportatori netti del mondo(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

United States

Japan

Germany

Italy

France

Ukraine

Spain

South Korea

Turkey

Belorussia

The first ten net importer countries in the world Primi dieci paesi importatori netti del mondo(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Net exporters and importers / Espor ta tor i ed impor ta tor i net t i

70

International trade / Commerc io in te rnaz iona le

IMPORTERS� Austria Belgium Bosnia Bulgaria Croatia Czech Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania LuxembourgMacedonia Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia

EXPORTERS �Herzegovina Republic and

Montenegro

EUROPE

Austria 0.03 1.00 0.20

Belgium 1.90 0.80

Croatia 1.23

Denmark 1.92 2.24

France 0.50

Germany 1.10 1.00 0.10 0.83 0.70 4.50 0.35 1.30

Italy

Netherlands 7.60 9.50 21.30 9.37

Norway 0.78 8.50 2.35 0.08 14.50 26.80 5.75 7.00 0.49

Russia 6.85 0.63 0.40 2.85 0.75 7.13 1.00 4.52 9.50 36.54 2.40 8.32 22.52 1.70 2.90 0.10 2.97 7.00 3.95 2.15 6.30

Ukraine 1.20 0.30 1.00

United Kingdom 0.64 0.20 3.08 3.40 1.82

Others Europe 3.36

CENTRAL ASIA

Turkmenistan 0.21

Others C.I.S. 2.32

MIDDLE EAST

Iran

Oman

Qatar 0.36


AFRICA

Algeria 3.35 7.35 0.45 27.52 2.10

Egypt 0.25 2.30 0.04

Libya 7.63

Mozambique

Nigeria 0.16 4.23 1.97


Australia

Brunei

Indonesia

Malaysia

Myanmar

AMERICAS

Argentina

Bolivia

Canada

Mexico

Trinidad and Tobago 0.16 0.03

United States

TOTAL IMPORTS 8.73 22.65 0.40 2.85 0.78 9.48 0.08 1.00 4.52 49.58 90.84 2.89 10.95 3.40 77.40 1.70 2.90 1.50 0.10 18.53 10.57 4.07 6.25 2.15 6.30

Totals by pipeline and LNG - 2006(billion cubic metres)

EUROPE

71


Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Others Iran Jordan United South Tunisia China India Japan Singapore South Taiwan Thailand Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Dominican Mexico United Uruguay TOTALKingdom Europe Arab Africa Korea Republic States EXPORTS

Emirates

0.10 1.33

1.80 4.50

1.23

0.93 5.09

0.50 1.00

0.15 1.20 1.00 12.23

0.37 0.37

0.90 0.60 49.27

2.12 0.08 14.10 82.55

0.56 0.37 19.65 151.06

2.50

9.14

3.36

5.80 6.01

2.32

5.69 5.69

1.00 1.40 0.24 3.04 7.10 0.16 12.94

5.00 6.80 9.87 8.98 0.08 31.09

0.08 7.00 7.08

0.44 11.42 4.60 2.00 1.30 0.08 0.24 0.32 0.49 61.66

4.80 0.96 1.93 0.55 0.80 1.25 0.16 0.16 3.60 16.80

0.72 8.35

1.30 1.30

7.10 1.12 0.08 0.22 0.16 0.38 0.54 1.62 17.58

1.00 0.08 15.68 0.87 0.40 18.03

8.65 1.16 9.81

18.60 4.83 6.72 4.25 34.40

0.08 15.60 1.78 7.51 4.85 29.82

8.98 8.98

0.48 5.95 0.12 6.55

1.80 9.38 11.18

99.75 99.75

0.08 0.08

3.00 0.60 0.44 0.07 0.25 0.16 11.57 16.28

1.72 9.37 9.85 20.94

1.10 35.16 1.08 3.05 31.06 21.06 0.37 5.80 1.93 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.00 7.99 81.86 6.61 34.14 10.20 8.98 1.80 9.86 9.37 5.95 0.25 10.79117.11 0.12 750.26

Totali via gasdotto e GNL - 2006(miliardi di metri cubi)

MIDDLE EAST AFRICA ASIA AND THE PACIFIC AMERICAS

72

IMPORTERS� Austria Belgium Bosnia Bulgaria Croatia Czech Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Poland Portugal

EXPORTERS �Herzegovina Republic

EUROPE

Austria 0.03 1.00 0.20

Belgium 1.90 0.80

Croatia 1.23

Denmark 1.92 2.24

France 0.50

Germany 1.10 1.00 0.10 0.83 0.70 4.50 0.35

Italy

Netherlands 7.60 9.50 21.30 9.37

Norway 0.78 8.50 2.35 0.08 14.50 26.80 5.75 7.00 0.49

Russia 6.85 0.63 0.40 2.85 0.75 7.13 1.00 4.52 9.50 36.54 2.40 8.32 22.52 1.70 2.90 0.10 2.97 7.00

Ukraine 1.20 0.30

United Kingdom 0.64 0.20 3.08 3.40 1.82

Others Europe 3.36

CENTRAL ASIA

Turkmenistan 0.21

Others C.I.S. 2.32

MIDDLE EAST

Iran

Oman

AFRICA

Algeria 25.01 2.10

Egypt

Libya 7.63

Mozambique


Indonesia

Malaysia

Myanmar

AMERICAS

Argentina

Bolivia

Canada

Mexico

United States

TOTAL PIPELINE IMPORTS 8.73 18.37 0.40 2.85 0.78 9.48 0.08 1.00 4.52 35.70 90.84 2.40 10.95 3.40 74.86 1.70 2.90 1.50 0.10 18.53 10.57 2.10

By pipeline - 2006(billion cubic metres)

EUROPE


73

Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Others Iran Jordan United South Tunisia Singapore Thailand Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Mexico United Uruguay TOTALand Kingdom Europe Arab Africa States PIPELINE

Montenegro Emirates EXPORTS

0.10 1.33

1.80 4.50

1.23

0.93 5.09

0.50 1.00

1.30 0.15 1.20 1.00 12.23

0.37 0.37

0.90 0.60 49.27

2.12 0.08 14.10 82.55

3.95 2.15 6.30 0.56 0.37 19.65 151.06

1.00 2.50

9.14

3.36

5.80 6.01

2.32

5.69 5.69

1.40 1.40

0.44 8.62 1.30 37.47

1.93 1.93

7.63

1.30 1.30

4.83 4.83

1.78 1.78

8.98 8.98

0.48 5.95 0.12 6.55

1.80 9.38 11.18

99.75 99.75

0.08 0.08

9.37 9.85 19.22

6.25 2.15 6.30 1.10 10.74 1.08 3.05 25.34 17.50 0.37 5.80 1.93 1.40 1.30 1.30 6.61 8.98 1.80 9.86 9.37 5.95 9.85 99.83 0.12 539.74

Via gasdotto - 2006(miliardi di metri cubi)

MIDDLE EAST AFRICA ASIAANDTHE PACIFIC AMERICAS


74

IMPORTERS� Belgium France Greece Italy Portugal Spain Turkey United China India Japan South Taiwan Dominican Mexico United TOTALEXPORTERS �

Kingdom Korea Republic States LNGEXPORTS

MIDDLE EAST

Oman 1.00 0.24 3.04 7.10 0.16 11.54

Qatar 0.36 5.00 6.80 9.87 8.98 0.08 31.09

United Arab Emirates 0.08 7.00 7.08

AFRICA

Algeria 3.35 7.35 0.45 2.51 2.80 4.60 2.00 0.08 0.24 0.32 0.49 24.19

Egypt 0.25 2.30 0.04 4.80 0.96 0.55 0.80 1.25 0.16 0.16 3.60 14.87

Libya 0.72 0.72

Nigeria 0.16 4.23 1.97 7.10 1.12 0.08 0.22 0.16 0.38 0.54 1.62 17.58


Australia 1.00 0.08 15.68 0.87 0.40 18.03

Brunei 8.65 1.16 9.81

Indonesia 18.60 6.72 4.25 29.57

Malaysia 0.08 15.60 7.51 4.85 28.04

AMERICAS

Trinidad and Tobago 0.16 0.03 3.00 0.60 0.44 0.07 0.25 0.16 11.57 16.28

United States 1.72 1.72

TOTAL LNG IMPORTS 4.28 13.88 0.49 2.54 1.97 24.42 5.72 3.56 1.00 7.99 81.86 34.14 10.20 0.25 0.94 17.28 210.52

By LNG - 2006 Via GNL - 2006(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

EUROPE ASIA AND THE PACIFIC AMERICAS


75

IMPORTERS� Belgium France Greece Italy Portugal Spain Turkey United China India Japan South Taiwan Dominican Mexico United TOTALEXPORTERS �

Kingdom Korea Republic States LNGEXPORTS

EUROPE

Norway 0.07 0.07 0.14

MIDDLE EAST

Oman 0.12 0.07 0.21 4.81 6.74 0.21 12.16

Qatar 2.75 4.45 0.27 8.27 10.87 10.79 0.57 0.52 38.49

UnitedArab Emirates 0.07 7.41 0.07 7.55

AFRICA

Algeria 0.35 7.85 0.50 2.40 4.32 4.45 0.64 0.42 0.44 0.78 0.24 0.14 2.11 24.64

Egypt 1.21 0.31 4.04 0.08 0.16 0.07 1.62 1.48 0.41 0.99 3.24 13.61

Equatorial Guinea 0.36 0.56 0.50 1.42

Libya 0.76 0.76

Nigeria 3.78 2.31 8.33 1.42 0.08 0.64 0.88 0.24 0.23 0.56 2.69 21.16


Australia 3.30 16.05 0.56 0.33 20.24

Brunei 8.57 0.78 9.35

Indonesia 18.07 5.12 4.55 27.74

Malaysia 0.07 17.65 8.15 3.92 29.79

AMERICAS

Trinidad and Tobago 0.07 0.06 2.09 0.06 0.39 0.21 0.57 0.22 0.36 0.62 13.50 18.15

United States 1.18 1.18

TOTAL LNG IMPORTS 3.17 12.97 0.81 2.40 2.31 24.18 6.01 1.46 3.87 9.98 88.82 34.39 10.92 0.36 2.17 22.56 226.38

By LNG - 2007 Via GNL - 2007(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

EUROPE ASIA AND THE PACIFIC AMERICAS


76


Importers

Exporters

Export flows (bcm)

Export flows by LNG Direttrici di esportazione via GNL

UNITEDSTATES MARKET

25.1

EUROPEANEUROPEANMARKETMARKET

ASIANMARKET

148.0Atlantic basin

producers79.9 Pacific basin

producers88.3

88.3

0.5

9.6

45.724.6

53.353.3

7.6

1.2

1.2

50.1

toward Japan

from Alaska

2007

Middle Eastproducers

58.2

2006

84.0

35.2

7.75.7

4.0

135.1

Export flows by pipeline in Europe (*) Direttrici di esportazione via gasdotto in Europa (*)

Norway

Russia

Iran

Other C.I.S.

Algeria Libya

Importers

Exporters

Export flows (bcm)

(*) OECD Europe excluding Norway.OECD Europa esclusa la Norvegia.

77


World exports by pipeline and LNG Esportazioni mondiali via gasdottoas a proportion of production e GNL rispetto alla produzione

PRODUCTION EXPORTS (*) BY LNG BY PIPELINE (**) EXPORTS/ BY LNG/ BY PIPELINE/(billion (billion (billion (billion PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

Years cubic metres) cubic metres) cubic metres) cubic metres) (%) (%) (%)

1996 2,273.15 532.80 100.30 432.50 23.44 4.41 19.031997 2,274.30 538.56 111.07 427.49 23.68 4.88 18.801998 2,327.30 545.27 113.95 431.32 23.43 4.90 18.531999 2,397.16 595.32 124.42 470.90 24.83 5.19 19.642000 2,486.71 646.56 137.24 509.32 26.00 5.52 20.482001 2,520.58 659.57 143.27 516.30 26.17 5.68 20.482002 2,578.96 704.18 150.60 553.58 27.30 5.84 21.472003 2,679.35 744.59 168.84 575.75 27.79 6.30 21.492004 2,751.51 809.59 175.07 634.52 29.42 6.36 23.062005 2,829.04 853.70 188.89 664.81 30.18 6.68 23.502006 2,929.08 878.58 210.52 668.06 30.00 7.19 22.81

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

By pipeline/production (%)

By LNG/production (%)

(percentage) (valori percentuali)

0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

27.5

30.0

32.5

(*) Exports include not only volumes of natural gas produced and exported, but also those bought and re-sold to third parties.Le esportazioni includono non soltanto i volumi di gas naturale prodotti ed esportati, ma anche quelli comprati e rivenduti a terzi.

(**) By pipeline = Total exports - LNG exports.Via gasdotto = Esportazioni totali - Esportazioni via GNL.

78


Qatar

Malaysia

Indonesia

Algeria

Nigeria

Australia

Trinidad and Tobago

Egypt

Oman

Brunei

Rest of the world

The first ten LNG exporter countries in the world Primi dieci paesi esportatori di GNL del mondo(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

0

50

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

100

150

200

250

3%18%

32%

4%17%

32%31%

26% 22% 24%21%

19% 17% 14%12%

6%

16%15% 15% 14% 14%

15% 13%13%

10% 11% 12% 12% 14%

15%

14% 15% 17%

Japan

South Korea

Spain

United States

France

Taiwan

India

Turkey

China

Belgium

Rest of the world

The first ten LNG importer countries in the world Primi dieci paesi importatori di GNL del mondo(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

0

50

100

150

200

250

58%57% 56% 53% 52% 49% 48% 43% 40% 39% 39%

13%14%6% 5%

6%6% 7% 8%

9% 10% 12%12%

11%

14% 14% 15% 16%16% 17% 16%

16%15%

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

79


Exports by country of destination Esportazioni per paese di destinazione(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

Exporters VIA DESTINATION 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EUROPE

Austria Pipeline Croatia 0.03 0.03Hungary 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.77 1.00Poland 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.20Slovenia 0.10 0.11 0.10

Total Pipeline 0.20 0.80 0.70 1.11 1.33Total Austria 0.20 0.80 0.70 1.11 1.33

Belgium Pipeline France 0.50 0.70 0.80 1.90 1.90Italy 0.30Luxembourg 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.80United Kingdom 2.92 1.80 1.80

Total Pipeline 1.10 1.30 4.42 4.40 4.50Total Belgium 1.10 1.30 4.42 4.40 4.50

Croatia Pipeline Italy 0.65 0.68 0.84 1.23 0.75Total Pipeline 0.65 0.68 0.84 1.23 0.75Total Croatia 0.65 0.68 0.84 1.23 0.75

Denmark Pipeline Germany 2.11 1.84 1.87 2.20 2.64 2.59 2.51 2.20 2.33 1.92Netherlands 0.90 2.20 2.24Sweden 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.95 1.08 0.90 0.98 0.88 0.93

Total Pipeline 2.97 2.70 2.71 3.04 3.59 3.67 3.41 4.08 5.41 5.09Total Denmark 2.97 2.70 2.71 3.04 3.59 3.67 3.41 4.08 5.41 5.09

France Pipeline Hungary 0.30 0.45 0.40 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50Switzerland 0.30 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.50 0.50

Total Pipeline 0.60 0.80 0.70 0.80 0.81 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.90 1.00Total France 0.60 0.80 0.70 0.80 0.81 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.90 1.00

Germany Pipeline Austria 0.30 0.32 0.36 0.35 0.60 0.63 1.02 0.90 1.50 1.10Belgium 0.61 0.54 0.50 0.30 0.19 0.16 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.00Denmark 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.20France 0.10 0.10Hungary 0.60 0.70 0.90 1.70 0.90 0.69 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83Italy 2.50Luxembourg 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.70Netherlands 3.70 4.53 4.70 4.50 4.50Poland 0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.35Romania 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.40 1.30 1.30 1.30Sweden 0.20 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15Switzerland 1.42 1.40 1.74 1.75 1.65 1.50 1.21 1.20 1.39 1.20United Kingdom 0.40 0.40 1.00 1.00 1.00

Total Pipeline 3.03 3.06 3.80 5.20 4.35 8.28 10.95 12.52 13.26 12.23Total Germany 3.03 3.06 3.80 5.20 4.35 8.28 10.95 12.52 13.26 12.23

Italy Pipeline Others Europe 0.05 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.07Total Pipeline 0.05 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.07Total Italy 0.05 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.07

Netherlands Pipeline Belgium 4.90 5.27 5.50 5.80 7.50 6.65 5.90 8.00 7.95 7.60France 5.30 5.50 5.60 6.02 5.80 5.00 6.80 9.20 8.30 9.50Germany 23.60 21.10 19.73 17.70 20.20 20.50 19.70 21.70 21.30 21.30Italy 5.00 3.02 2.87 6.09 7.00 7.83 7.63 8.07 8.04 9.37 8.04Luxembourg 0.71 0.76 0.70 0.30 0.40Switzerland 0.60 0.73 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.57 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.90United Kingdom 0.80 1.10 0.50 0.50 0.30 0.60

Total Pipeline 40.11 36.38 35.00 36.51 42.30 41.65 41.53 48.37 46.79 49.27Total Netherlands 40.11 36.38 35.00 36.51 42.30 41.65 41.53 48.37 46.79 49.27

80




EUROPE

Norway LNG France 0.07Spain 0.07

Total LNG 0.14Pipeline Austria 0.41 0.43 0.52 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78

Belgium 4.24 5.09 5.34 5.45 6.40 5.25 5.85 7.67 8.50 8.50Czech Republic 0.67 0.76 1.30 1.90 2.42 2.82 2.52 2.35 2.35 2.35Denmark 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08France 10.50 10.25 13.34 12.10 11.80 13.30 13.37 14.34 14.20 14.50Germany 17.70 17.85 16.18 18.70 19.30 25.00 26.53 24.00 26.30 26.80Italy 1.22 4.88 5.03 5.19 5.72 5.75 5.74Netherlands 5.57 4.80 5.14 5.10 3.70 4.20 5.40 5.22 6.70 7.00Poland 0.45 0.27 0.54 0.43 0.54 0.54 0.49Spain 1.90 2.49 2.30 2.31 2.40 2.27 2.29 2.28 2.10 2.12Switzerland 0.08 0.08United Kingdom 1.32 0.90 1.37 2.20 2.20 3.60 6.55 9.00 12.90 14.10

Total Pipeline 42.31 42.57 45.49 48.91 50.51 62.76 68.82 71.45 80.25 82.55Total Norway 42.31 42.57 45.49 48.91 50.51 62.76 68.82 71.45 80.25 82.55

Russia Pipeline Austria 5.32 5.50 5.24 5.10 5.15 5.20 6.00 6.00 6.95 6.85Belgium 0.20 0.30 0.63BosniaHerzegovina

0.14 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.16 0.16 0.30 0.40 0.40

Bulgaria 5.10 3.80 3.35 3.20 2.90 2.80 2.70 2.80 2.85 2.85Croatia 1.05 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.08 1.14 1.05 0.72 0.75Czech Republic 8.53 8.60 7.80 7.50 7.10 7.11 7.30 7.18 7.13 7.13Estonia 0.90 0.97 0.90 1.00Finland 3.70 4.20 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.20 4.78 4.61 4.20 4.52France 10.40 10.70 12.02 13.47 11.18 10.15 9.90 11.50 11.50 9.50Germany 31.28 32.80 34.80 34.00 32.80 31.50 33.13 36.54 36.54 36.54Greece 0.16 0.90 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.54 1.90 2.20 2.40 2.40Hungary 7.10 7.30 7.40 7.00 7.95 9.00 10.00 9.02 8.32 8.32Italy 13.74 16.69 19.09 21.04 19.59 20.71 21.69 23.62 23.33 22.52 22.87Latvia 1.40 1.75 1.70 1.70Lithuania 2.60 2.93 2.90 2.90Macedonia 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10Netherlands 0.13 1.40 2.40 2.67 2.97 2.97Poland 7.50 7.30 7.20 6.80 7.50 6.89 7.40 6.00 6.40 7.00Romania 4.50 3.80 3.20 3.20 2.80 3.50 5.10 3.90 3.95 3.95Serbia andMontenegro

2.27 2.00 1.10 1.20 1.57 1.69 1.87 2.20 2.15 2.15

Slovakia 6.80 6.90 7.50 7.90 7.90 7.70 7.10 6.40 6.40 6.30Slovenia 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.65 0.67 0.60 0.66 0.56 0.57 0.56Switzerland 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.37Turkey 6.75 6.75 8.80 10.15 10.93 11.60 12.67 14.34 17.83 19.65

Total Pipeline 115.34 119.56 125.48 128.91 126.08 127.26 141.24 147.18 150.88 151.06Total Russia 115.34 119.56 125.48 128.91 126.08 127.26 141.24 147.18 150.88 151.06

Spain LNG Italy 0.04 0.19Total LNG 0.04 0.19Total Spain 0.04 0.19

Ukraine Pipeline Germany 1.20 1.20 1.20Hungary 0.30 0.30 0.30Romania 1.00 1.00 1.00

Total Pipeline 2.50 2.50 2.50Total Ukraine 2.50 2.50 2.50

United Pipeline Belgium 0.30 0.65 0.50 0.20 0.70 1.70 1.67 0.97 0.64Kingdom France 0.20 0.80 1.29 1.70 1.30 1.00 0.20 0.20

Germany 0.69 0.64 2.65 3.60 3.26 4.20 4.10 3.08 3.08 3.08Ireland 0.83 1.50 2.10 2.90 3.50 3.43 3.70 3.35 2.95 3.40Netherlands 0.32 0.50 2.20 7.50 4.70 2.97 4.40 1.82 1.82 1.82

Total Pipeline 1.84 2.94 7.80 15.30 12.95 13.00 15.20 10.92 9.02 9.14Total United Kingdom 1.84 2.94 7.80 15.30 12.95 13.00 15.20 10.92 9.02 9.14

Others Europe Pipeline Italy 0.01 1.69 3.19 3.93 3.31 3.36 2.76Total Pipeline 0.01 1.69 3.19 3.93 3.31 3.36 2.76Total Others Europe 0.01 1.69 3.19 3.93 3.31 3.36 2.76

81




CENTRAL ASIA

Turkmenistan Pipeline Hungary 1.70Iran 0.10 1.75 2.00 2.65 4.30 4.90 4.92 5.20 5.80 5.80Poland 1.10 1.10 0.21

Total Pipeline 0.10 1.75 2.00 2.65 4.30 4.90 4.92 6.30 8.60 6.01Total Turkmenistan 0.10 1.75 2.00 2.65 4.30 4.90 4.92 6.30 8.60 6.01

Others C.I.S. Pipeline Poland 1.58 1.58 2.32Total Pipeline 1.58 1.58 2.32Total Others C.I.S. 1.58 1.58 2.32

MIDDLE EAST

Iran Pipeline Turkey 0.12 0.67 3.52 3.56 4.32 5.69Total Pipeline 0.12 0.67 3.52 3.56 4.32 5.69Total Iran 0.12 0.67 3.52 3.56 4.32 5.69

Oman LNG Belgium 0.16China 0.07France 0.54 0.08 0.08India 0.08 0.24 0.21Japan 0.08 0.83 1.08 2.16 1.43 1.25 3.04 4.81South Korea 2.15 5.30 5.48 6.49 6.00 5.93 7.10 6.74Spain 0.20 0.91 0.91 0.32 1.17 1.65 1.00 0.12Taiwan 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.21United States 0.28 0.39 0.09 0.24 0.27 0.07

Total LNG 2.71 7.43 8.26 9.21 9.11 9.22 11.54 12.16Pipeline United Arab

Emirates0.50 0.45 0.20 0.20 0.20 1.40 1.40 1.40

Total Pipeline 0.50 0.45 0.20 0.20 0.20 1.40 1.40 1.40Total Oman 0.50 0.45 2.71 7.63 8.46 9.41 10.51 10.62 12.94

Qatar LNG Belgium 0.08 0.36 2.75France 0.08 0.08 0.15India 2.60 5.80 6.80 8.27Italy 0.04 0.02Japan 2.70 3.74 5.90 7.87 7.81 8.39 9.05 9.10 8.35 9.87 10.87Mexico 0.08Portugal 0.16South Korea 0.67 4.41 6.67 6.95 7.88 7.96 8.31 8.98 10.79Spain 0.49 0.84 0.30 0.78 1.69 1.87 3.98 4.56 5.00 4.45Taiwan 0.57Turkey 0.16 0.58United Kingdom 0.27United States 0.57 1.30 0.64 1.04 0.39 0.34 0.08 0.52

Total LNG 2.86 4.81 8.10 13.96 16.05 18.17 19.19 24.14 27.10 31.09 38.49Total Qatar 2.86 4.81 8.10 13.96 16.05 18.17 19.19 24.14 27.10 31.09 38.49

United Arab LNG Belgium 0.25Emirates India 0.08 0.07

Italy 0.12 0.20Japan 6.31 6.19 6.40 6.30 6.89 5.93 6.87 7.00 6.75 7.00 7.41South Korea 0.08 0.08 0.33 0.17 0.32 0.08 0.08 0.07Spain 1.19 0.62 0.31 0.24 0.02 0.90 0.24 0.16 0.31Taiwan 0.24United States 0.06 0.14 0.08 0.08

Total LNG 7.81 7.15 7.07 6.95 7.08 7.15 7.11 7.48 7.14 7.08 7.55Total United Arab Emirates 7.81 7.15 7.07 6.95 7.08 7.15 7.11 7.48 7.14 7.08 7.55

82




AFRICA

Algeria LNG Belgium 4.30 4.13 4.13 4.15 2.32 3.20 3.15 3.00 2.90 3.35 0.35China 0.42France 9.25 9.78 9.80 9.60 9.80 10.20 9.20 5.71 7.50 7.35 7.85Greece 0.53 0.52 0.48 0.52 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.50India 0.08 0.44Italy 1.94 1.95 2.40 2.53 2.19 3.52 3.42 1.82 2.24 2.51 2.40Japan 0.08 0.24 0.78South Korea 0.23 0.30 0.32 0.24Spain 3.87 3.91 4.17 4.05 4.35 5.95 7.48 6.55 5.19 2.80 4.32Taiwan 0.14Turkey 3.00 3.05 3.42 3.40 3.99 4.08 3.86 3.24 3.85 4.60 4.45United Kingdom 0.45 2.00 0.64United States 1.87 1.95 2.15 1.33 1.84 0.76 1.51 3.41 2.75 0.49 2.11

Total LNG 24.23 24.77 26.07 25.59 25.01 28.19 29.37 24.49 25.42 24.19 24.64Pipeline Italy 18.40 20.87 24.40 25.59 22.23 20.64 21.14 23.81 25.23 25.01 22.16

Morocco 0.60Portugal 0.50 0.80 2.15 2.06 2.20 2.50 2.49 2.25 2.62 2.10Slovenia 0.41 0.44 0.46 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.44Spain 4.23 4.35 6.04 6.16 6.50 6.25 6.40 7.57 9.49 8.62Tunisia 0.91 1.04 1.10 1.73 1.58 1.69 1.40 1.30 1.80 1.30

Total Pipeline 24.45 27.50 34.15 35.90 33.48 31.45 31.87 35.37 39.59 37.47Total Algeria 48.68 52.27 60.22 61.49 58.48 59.64 61.24 59.86 65.00 61.66

Egypt LNG Belgium 0.08 0.25France 1.05 2.30 1.21Greece 0.04 0.31India 0.55 0.07Japan 0.80 1.62Mexico 0.16 0.99South Korea 0.30 1.25 1.48Spain 3.53 4.80 4.04Taiwan 0.16 0.41Turkey 0.08United Kingdom 0.96 0.16United States 2.05 3.60 3.24

Total LNG 7.01 14.87 13.61Pipeline Jordan 0.35 1.10 1.28 1.93Total Pipeline 0.35 1.10 1.28 1.93Total Egypt 0.35 1.10 8.29 16.80

Equatorial LNG Japan 0.36Guinea Taiwan 0.56

United States 0.50Total LNG 1.42Total Equatorial Guinea 1.42

Libya LNG Spain 1.12 0.91 0.96 0.80 0.79 0.63 0.75 0.63 0.87 0.72 0.76Total LNG 1.12 0.91 0.96 0.80 0.79 0.63 0.75 0.63 0.87 0.72 0.76Pipeline Italy 0.52 4.49 7.63 9.24Total Pipeline 0.52 4.49 7.63 9.24Total Libya 1.12 0.91 0.96 0.80 0.79 0.63 0.75 1.15 5.36 8.35 10.00

Mozambique Pipeline South Africa 1.16 1.30Total Pipeline 1.16 1.30Total Mozambique 1.16 1.30

83




AFRICA

Nigeria LNG Belgium 0.08 0.16China 0.08France 0.08 0.25 0.50 0.80 0.67 4.60 4.20 4.23 3.78India 0.08 0.64Italy 0.48 2.20 2.54 0.02Japan 0.16 0.22 0.88Mexico 0.54 0.56Portugal 0.22 0.26 0.43 0.85 1.30 1.58 1.97 2.31South Korea 0.16 0.16 0.24Spain 0.08 1.88 2.43 1.61 4.22 4.85 5.00 7.10 8.33Taiwan 0.08 0.38 0.23Turkey 0.08 0.75 1.34 1.27 1.13 1.00 1.03 1.12 1.42United States 0.38 1.08 0.23 1.42 0.33 0.23 1.62 2.69

Total LNG 0.72 5.68 8.23 4.34 8.29 12.50 12.04 17.58 21.16Total Nigeria 0.72 5.68 8.23 4.34 8.29 12.50 12.04 17.58 21.16


Australia LNG China 1.00 3.30India 0.16 0.08Japan 9.26 9.63 9.76 9.81 10.05 9.72 10.27 10.50 13.05 15.68 16.05South Korea 0.07 0.08 0.24 0.17 0.60 1.16 0.87 0.56Spain 0.07 0.08 0.08Taiwan 0.40 0.40 0.33United States 0.28 0.34 0.34 0.17 0.07 0.42

Total LNG 9.54 9.97 10.10 10.05 10.20 10.03 10.52 11.52 14.85 18.03 20.24Total Australia 9.54 9.97 10.10 10.05 10.20 10.03 10.52 11.52 14.85 18.03 20.24

Brunei LNG Japan 7.28 7.36 7.40 7.71 8.20 7.95 8.93 8.15 8.35 8.65 8.57South Korea 1.02 0.80 1.01 1.08 0.80 1.04 0.74 1.17 0.80 1.16 0.78Spain 0.12United States 0.07

Total LNG 8.30 8.16 8.41 8.79 9.00 9.18 9.67 9.32 9.15 9.81 9.35Total Brunei 8.30 8.16 8.41 8.79 9.00 9.18 9.67 9.32 9.15 9.81 9.35

Indonesia LNG Japan 23.90 24.29 24.80 24.25 22.74 23.48 24.05 21.00 19.00 18.60 18.07South Korea 9.25 9.52 11.36 8.35 5.36 6.78 6.93 7.30 7.51 6.72 5.12Taiwan 2.13 2.61 2.96 3.54 3.81 4.68 4.68 5.05 4.95 4.25 4.55United States 0.08

Total LNG 35.28 36.42 39.12 36.22 31.91 34.94 35.66 33.35 31.46 29.57 27.74Pipeline Singapore 0.91 0.91 3.74 4.83 4.83 4.83Total Pipeline 0.91 0.91 3.74 4.83 4.83 4.83Total Indonesia 35.28 36.42 39.12 36.22 32.82 35.85 39.40 38.18 36.29 34.40

Japan LNG South Korea 0.15Total LNG 0.15Total Japan 0.15

Malaysia LNG India 0.08 0.07Japan 12.54 13.28 13.37 14.79 15.27 14.43 16.72 15.90 17.65 15.60 17.65Portugal 0.07South Korea 5.44 3.91 4.40 3.29 3.04 3.10 3.79 6.20 6.36 7.51 8.15Spain 0.08 0.16 0.16Taiwan 2.23 2.70 2.36 2.44 2.59 2.52 2.80 3.70 4.10 4.85 3.92United States 0.14 0.07 0.08 0.57 0.25

Total LNG 20.21 19.89 20.27 20.59 20.90 20.20 23.39 26.53 28.52 28.04 29.79Pipeline Singapore 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.30 0.27 0.26 1.58 1.78 1.78 1.78Total Pipeline 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.30 0.27 0.26 1.58 1.78 1.78 1.78Total Malaysia 21.71 21.39 21.77 20.89 21.17 20.46 24.97 28.31 30.30 29.82

84





Myanmar Pipeline Thailand 0.09 1.33 5.04 6.39 7.09 7.53 8.86 8.98Total Pipeline 0.09 1.33 5.04 6.39 7.09 7.53 8.86 8.98Total Myanmar 0.09 1.33 5.04 6.39 7.09 7.53 8.86 8.98

South Korea LNG Japan 0.05Total LNG 0.05Total South Korea 0.05

Taiwan LNG South Korea 0.08 0.41Total LNG 0.08 0.41Total Taiwan 0.08 0.41

AMERICAS

Argentina Pipeline Brazil 0.09 0.74 0.48 0.34 0.51 0.34 0.48Chile 0.67 1.24 3.39 4.07 5.14 5.34 6.06 7.20 6.10 5.95Uruguay 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.10 0.12

Total Pipeline 0.67 1.24 3.41 4.20 5.92 5.84 6.46 7.83 6.54 6.55Total Argentina 0.67 1.24 3.41 4.20 5.92 5.84 6.46 7.83 6.54 6.55

Bolivia Pipeline Argentina 1.83 2.16 1.20 0.80 1.73 1.80Brazil 0.37 2.03 3.86 4.78 4.98 7.11 8.63 9.38

Total Pipeline 1.83 2.16 1.57 2.03 3.86 4.78 4.98 7.91 10.36 11.18Total Bolivia 1.83 2.16 1.57 2.03 3.86 4.78 4.98 7.91 10.36 11.18

Canada Pipeline United States 83.40 87.30 95.43 102.22 108.73 107.10 98.92 102.14 104.65 99.75Total Pipeline 83.40 87.30 95.43 102.22 108.73 107.10 98.92 102.14 104.65 99.75Total Canada 83.40 87.30 95.43 102.22 108.73 107.10 98.92 102.14 104.65 99.75

Mexico Pipeline United States 0.48 0.42 1.56 0.33 0.28 0.06 0.25 0.08Total Pipeline 0.48 0.42 1.56 0.33 0.28 0.06 0.25 0.08Total Mexico 0.48 0.42 1.56 0.33 0.28 0.06 0.25 0.08

Trinidad and LNG Belgium 0.08 0.16 0.07Tobago Dominican Republic 0.30 0.13 0.25 0.25 0.36

France 0.06India 0.21Italy 0.05 0.27 0.03Japan 0.08 0.44 0.57Mexico 0.16 0.62South Korea 0.07 0.22Spain 0.75 0.79 0.59 0.46 0.08 0.50 3.00 2.09Turkey 0.06United Kingdom 0.07 0.60 0.39United States 1.44 3.15 3.36 4.86 11.45 13.79 13.11 11.57 13.50

Total LNG 2.19 3.94 3.95 5.32 11.91 13.97 14.28 16.28 18.15Total Trinidad and Tobago 2.19 3.94 3.95 5.32 11.91 13.97 14.28 16.28 18.15

United States LNG Japan 1.76 1.85 1.73 1.78 1.79 1.74 1.73 1.82 1.84 1.72 1.18Total LNG 1.76 1.85 1.73 1.78 1.79 1.74 1.73 1.82 1.84 1.72 1.18Pipeline Canada 1.59 1.27 1.10 2.06 4.73 5.35 8.33 11.19 10.14 9.37

Mexico 1.08 1.53 1.73 2.98 3.99 7.45 9.43 11.24 8.64 9.85Total Pipeline 2.67 2.80 2.83 5.04 8.72 12.80 17.76 22.43 18.78 19.22Total United States 4.43 4.65 4.56 6.82 10.51 14.54 19.49 24.25 20.62 20.94

85


Imports by country of origin Importazioni per paese di origine(billion cubic metres) (miliardi di metri cubi)

Importers VIA ORIGIN 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

EUROPE

Austria Pipeline Germany 0.30 0.32 0.36 0.35 0.60 0.63 1.02 0.90 1.50 1.10Norway 0.41 0.43 0.52 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78Russia 5.32 5.50 5.24 5.10 5.15 5.20 6.00 6.00 6.95 6.85

Total Pipeline 6.03 6.25 6.12 6.15 6.55 6.73 7.80 7.68 9.23 8.73Total Austria 6.03 6.25 6.12 6.15 6.55 6.73 7.80 7.68 9.23 8.73

Belgium LNG Algeria 4.30 4.13 4.13 4.15 2.32 3.20 3.15 3.00 2.90 3.35 0.35Egypt 0.08 0.25Nigeria 0.08 0.16Oman 0.16Qatar 0.08 0.36 2.75Trinidad andTobago

0.08 0.16 0.07

United ArabEmirates

0.25

Total LNG 4.55 4.13 4.13 4.15 2.40 3.44 3.15 3.00 3.06 4.28 3.17Pipeline Germany 0.61 0.54 0.50 0.30 0.19 0.16 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.00

Netherlands 4.90 5.27 5.50 5.80 7.50 6.65 5.90 8.00 7.95 7.60Norway 4.24 5.09 5.34 5.45 6.40 5.25 5.85 7.67 8.50 8.50Russia 0.20 0.30 0.63United Kingdom 0.30 0.65 0.50 0.20 0.70 1.70 1.67 0.97 0.64

Total Pipeline 9.75 11.20 11.99 12.05 14.29 12.76 14.65 18.74 18.92 18.37Total Belgium 14.30 15.33 16.12 16.20 16.69 16.20 17.80 21.74 21.98 22.65

Bosnia Pipeline Russia 0.14 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.16 0.16 0.30 0.40 0.40Herzegovina Total Pipeline 0.14 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.16 0.16 0.30 0.40 0.40

Total Bosnia Herzegovina 0.14 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.16 0.16 0.30 0.40 0.40

Bulgaria Pipeline Russia 5.10 3.80 3.35 3.20 2.90 2.80 2.70 2.80 2.85 2.85Total Pipeline 5.10 3.80 3.35 3.20 2.90 2.80 2.70 2.80 2.85 2.85Total Bulgaria 5.10 3.80 3.35 3.20 2.90 2.80 2.70 2.80 2.85 2.85

Croatia Pipeline Austria 0.03 0.03Russia 1.05 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.08 1.14 1.05 0.72 0.75

Total Pipeline 1.05 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.08 1.14 1.05 0.75 0.78Total Croatia 1.05 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.08 1.14 1.05 0.75 0.78

Czech Republic Pipeline Norway 0.67 0.76 1.30 1.90 2.42 2.82 2.52 2.35 2.35 2.35Russia 8.53 8.60 7.80 7.50 7.10 7.11 7.30 7.18 7.13 7.13

Total Pipeline 9.20 9.36 9.10 9.40 9.52 9.93 9.82 9.53 9.48 9.48Total Czech Republic 9.20 9.36 9.10 9.40 9.52 9.93 9.82 9.53 9.48 9.48

Denmark Pipeline Germany 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.20Norway 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08

Total Pipeline 0.10 0.27 0.23 0.28 0.08Total Denmark 0.10 0.27 0.23 0.28 0.08

Estonia Pipeline Russia 0.90 0.97 0.90 1.00Total Pipeline 0.90 0.97 0.90 1.00Total Estonia 0.90 0.97 0.90 1.00

Finland Pipeline Russia 3.70 4.20 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.20 4.78 4.61 4.20 4.52Total Pipeline 3.70 4.20 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.20 4.78 4.61 4.20 4.52Total Finland 3.70 4.20 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.20 4.78 4.61 4.20 4.52

86




EUROPE

France LNG Algeria 9.25 9.78 9.80 9.60 9.80 10.20 9.20 5.71 7.50 7.35 7.85Egypt 1.05 2.30 1.21Nigeria 0.08 0.25 0.50 0.80 0.67 4.60 4.20 4.23 3.78Norway 0.07Oman 0.54 0.08 0.08Qatar 0.08 0.08 0.15Trinidad andTobago

0.06

Total LNG 9.25 9.78 9.96 9.93 10.45 11.54 9.87 10.39 12.83 13.88 12.97Pipeline Belgium 0.50 0.70 0.80 1.90 1.90

Germany 0.10 0.10Netherlands 5.30 5.50 5.60 6.02 5.80 5.00 6.80 9.20 8.30 9.50Norway 10.50 10.25 13.34 12.10 11.80 13.30 13.37 14.34 14.20 14.50Russia 10.40 10.70 12.02 13.47 11.18 10.15 9.90 11.50 11.50 9.50United Kingdom 0.20 0.80 1.29 1.70 1.30 1.00 0.20 0.20

Total Pipeline 26.20 26.45 31.16 32.39 30.07 30.65 32.07 36.84 36.20 35.70Total France 35.45 36.23 41.12 42.32 40.52 42.19 41.94 47.23 49.03 49.58

Germany Pipeline Denmark 2.11 1.84 1.87 2.20 2.64 2.59 2.51 2.20 2.33 1.92Netherlands 23.60 21.10 19.73 17.70 20.20 20.50 19.70 21.70 21.30 21.30Norway 17.70 17.85 16.18 18.70 19.30 25.00 26.53 24.00 26.30 26.80Russia 31.28 32.80 34.80 34.00 32.80 31.50 33.13 36.54 36.54 36.54Ukraine 1.20 1.20 1.20United Kingdom 0.69 0.64 2.65 3.60 3.26 4.20 4.10 3.08 3.08 3.08

Total Pipeline 75.38 74.23 75.23 76.20 78.20 83.79 85.97 88.72 90.75 90.84Total Germany 75.38 74.23 75.23 76.20 78.20 83.79 85.97 88.72 90.75 90.84

Greece LNG Algeria 0.53 0.52 0.48 0.52 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.50Egypt 0.04 0.31

Total LNG 0.53 0.52 0.48 0.52 0.46 0.46 0.49 0.81Pipeline Russia 0.16 0.90 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.54 1.90 2.20 2.40 2.40Total Pipeline 0.16 0.90 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.54 1.90 2.20 2.40 2.40Total Greece 0.16 0.90 1.50 2.02 2.00 2.02 2.42 2.66 2.86 2.89

Hungary Pipeline Austria 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.77 1.00France 0.30 0.45 0.40 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50Germany 0.60 0.70 0.90 1.70 0.90 0.69 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83Russia 7.10 7.30 7.40 7.00 7.95 9.00 10.00 9.02 8.32 8.32Turkmenistan 1.70Ukraine 0.30 0.30 0.30

Total Pipeline 8.00 8.45 8.70 9.20 9.30 10.29 11.63 10.95 12.32 10.95Total Hungary 8.00 8.45 8.70 9.20 9.30 10.29 11.63 10.95 12.32 10.95

Ireland Pipeline United Kingdom 0.83 1.50 2.10 2.90 3.50 3.43 3.70 3.35 2.95 3.40Total Pipeline 0.83 1.50 2.10 2.90 3.50 3.43 3.70 3.35 2.95 3.40Total Ireland 0.83 1.50 2.10 2.90 3.50 3.43 3.70 3.35 2.95 3.40

Italy LNG Algeria 1.94 1.95 2.40 2.53 2.19 3.52 3.42 1.82 2.24 2.51 2.40Nigeria 0.48 2.20 2.54 0.02Qatar 0.04 0.02Spain 0.04 0.19Trinidad andTobago

0.05 0.27 0.03

United ArabEmirates

0.12 0.20

Total LNG 1.94 2.07 3.12 4.73 4.72 3.54 3.47 2.08 2.50 2.54 2.40Pipeline Algeria 18.40 20.87 24.40 25.59 22.23 20.64 21.14 23.81 25.23 25.01 22.16

Croatia 0.65 0.68 0.84 1.23 0.75Libya 0.52 4.49 7.63 9.24Netherlands 5.00 3.02 2.87 6.09 7.00 7.83 7.63 8.07 8.04 9.37 8.04Norway 1.22 4.88 5.03 5.19 5.72 5.75 5.74Others Europe 0.01 1.69 3.19 3.93 3.31 3.36 2.76Russia 13.74 16.69 19.09 21.04 19.59 20.71 21.69 23.62 23.33 22.52 22.87

Total Pipeline 37.15 40.58 46.36 52.71 50.05 55.75 59.33 65.83 70.96 74.86 71.55Total Italy 39.09 42.65 49.48 57.45 54.78 59.29 62.79 67.91 73.46 77.40 73.95

87




EUROPE

Latvia Pipeline Russia 1.40 1.75 1.70 1.70Total Pipeline 1.40 1.75 1.70 1.70Total Latvia 1.40 1.75 1.70 1.70

Lithuania Pipeline Russia 2.60 2.93 2.90 2.90Total Pipeline 2.60 2.93 2.90 2.90Total Lithuania 2.60 2.93 2.90 2.90

Luxembourg Pipeline Belgium 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.80Germany 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.70Netherlands 0.71 0.76 0.70 0.30 0.40

Total Pipeline 0.71 0.76 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.20 1.40 1.40 1.50Total Luxembourg 0.71 0.76 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.20 1.40 1.40 1.50

Macedonia Pipeline Russia 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10Total Pipeline 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10Total Macedonia 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Netherlands Pipeline Denmark 0.90 2.20 2.24Germany 3.70 4.53 4.70 4.50 4.50Norway 5.57 4.80 5.14 5.10 3.70 4.20 5.40 5.22 6.70 7.00Russia 0.13 1.40 2.40 2.67 2.97 2.97United Kingdom 0.32 0.50 2.20 7.50 4.70 2.97 4.40 1.82 1.82 1.82

Total Pipeline 5.89 5.30 7.34 12.60 8.53 12.27 16.73 15.31 18.19 18.53Total Netherlands 5.89 5.30 7.34 12.60 8.53 12.27 16.73 15.31 18.19 18.53

Poland Pipeline Austria 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.20Germany 0.10 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.35Norway 0.45 0.27 0.54 0.43 0.54 0.54 0.49Russia 7.50 7.30 7.20 6.80 7.50 6.89 7.40 6.00 6.40 7.00Turkmenistan 1.10 1.10 0.21Others C.I.S. 1.58 1.58 2.32

Total Pipeline 7.60 7.40 7.50 7.75 8.18 7.83 8.65 9.81 10.21 10.57Total Poland 7.60 7.40 7.50 7.75 8.18 7.83 8.65 9.81 10.21 10.57

Portugal LNG Malaysia 0.07Nigeria 0.22 0.26 0.43 0.85 1.30 1.58 1.97 2.31Qatar 0.16

Total LNG 0.29 0.26 0.43 0.85 1.46 1.58 1.97 2.31Pipeline Algeria 0.50 0.80 2.15 2.06 2.20 2.50 2.49 2.25 2.62 2.10Total Pipeline 0.50 0.80 2.15 2.06 2.20 2.50 2.49 2.25 2.62 2.10Total Portugal 0.50 0.80 2.15 2.35 2.46 2.93 3.34 3.71 4.20 4.07

Romania Pipeline Germany 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.40 1.30 1.30 1.30Russia 4.50 3.80 3.20 3.20 2.80 3.50 5.10 3.90 3.95 3.95Ukraine 1.00 1.00 1.00

Total Pipeline 4.50 3.80 3.20 3.40 3.00 3.70 5.50 6.20 6.25 6.25Total Romania 4.50 3.80 3.20 3.40 3.00 3.70 5.50 6.20 6.25 6.25

Serbia and Pipeline Russia 2.27 2.00 1.10 1.20 1.57 1.69 1.87 2.20 2.15 2.15Montenegro Total Pipeline 2.27 2.00 1.10 1.20 1.57 1.69 1.87 2.20 2.15 2.15

Total Serbia and Montenegro 2.27 2.00 1.10 1.20 1.57 1.69 1.87 2.20 2.15 2.15

Slovakia Pipeline Russia 6.80 6.90 7.50 7.90 7.90 7.70 7.10 6.40 6.40 6.30Total Pipeline 6.80 6.90 7.50 7.90 7.90 7.70 7.10 6.40 6.40 6.30Total Slovakia 6.80 6.90 7.50 7.90 7.90 7.70 7.10 6.40 6.40 6.30

Slovenia Pipeline Algeria 0.41 0.44 0.46 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.44Austria 0.10 0.11 0.10Russia 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.65 0.67 0.60 0.66 0.56 0.57 0.56

Total Pipeline 0.91 0.94 0.99 1.01 1.04 0.97 1.10 1.10 1.13 1.10Total Slovenia 0.91 0.94 0.99 1.01 1.04 0.97 1.10 1.10 1.13 1.10

88




EUROPE

Spain LNG Algeria 3.87 3.91 4.17 4.05 4.35 5.95 7.48 6.55 5.19 2.80 4.32Australia 0.07 0.08 0.08Brunei 0.12Egypt 3.53 4.80 4.04Libya 1.12 0.91 0.96 0.80 0.79 0.63 0.75 0.63 0.87 0.72 0.76Malaysia 0.08 0.16 0.16Nigeria 0.08 1.88 2.43 1.61 4.22 4.85 5.00 7.10 8.33Norway 0.07Oman 0.20 0.91 0.91 0.32 1.17 1.65 1.00 0.12Qatar 0.49 0.84 0.30 0.78 1.69 1.87 3.98 4.56 5.00 4.45Trinidad andTobago

0.75 0.79 0.59 0.46 0.08 0.50 3.00 2.09

United ArabEmirates

1.19 0.62 0.31 0.24 0.02 0.90 0.24 0.16 0.31

Total LNG 6.18 5.93 7.11 8.26 9.87 12.42 15.04 17.50 21.85 24.42 24.18Pipeline Algeria 4.23 4.35 6.04 6.16 6.50 6.25 6.40 7.57 9.49 8.62

Norway 1.90 2.49 2.30 2.31 2.40 2.27 2.29 2.28 2.10 2.12Total Pipeline 6.13 6.84 8.34 8.47 8.90 8.52 8.69 9.85 11.59 10.74Total Spain 12.31 12.77 15.45 16.73 18.77 20.94 23.73 27.35 33.44 35.16

Sweden Pipeline Denmark 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.95 1.08 0.90 0.98 0.88 0.93Germany 0.20 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15

Total Pipeline 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.95 1.28 1.04 1.13 1.03 1.08Total Sweden 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.95 1.28 1.04 1.13 1.03 1.08

Switzerland Pipeline France 0.30 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.50 0.50Germany 1.42 1.40 1.74 1.75 1.65 1.50 1.21 1.20 1.39 1.20Netherlands 0.60 0.73 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.57 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.90Norway 0.08 0.08Russia 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.37

Total Pipeline 2.82 2.98 3.04 3.05 3.06 2.77 2.92 2.81 3.24 3.05Total Switzerland 2.82 2.98 3.04 3.05 3.06 2.77 2.92 2.81 3.24 3.05

Turkey LNG Algeria 3.00 3.05 3.42 3.40 3.99 4.08 3.86 3.24 3.85 4.60 4.45Egypt 0.08Nigeria 0.08 0.75 1.34 1.27 1.13 1.00 1.03 1.12 1.42Qatar 0.16 0.58Trinidad andTobago

0.06

Total LNG 3.16 3.63 3.50 4.15 5.33 5.35 4.99 4.24 4.88 5.72 6.01Pipeline Iran 0.12 0.67 3.52 3.56 4.32 5.69

Russia 6.75 6.75 8.80 10.15 10.93 11.60 12.67 14.34 17.83 19.65Total Pipeline 6.75 6.75 8.80 10.15 11.05 12.27 16.19 17.90 22.15 25.34Total Turkey 9.91 10.38 12.30 14.30 16.38 17.62 21.18 22.14 27.03 31.06

United LNG Algeria 0.45 2.00 0.64Kingdom Egypt 0.96 0.16

Qatar 0.27Trinidad andTobago

0.07 0.60 0.39

Total LNG 0.52 3.56 1.46Pipeline Belgium 2.92 1.80 1.80

Germany 0.40 0.40 1.00 1.00 1.00Netherlands 0.80 1.10 0.50 0.50 0.30 0.60Norway 1.32 0.90 1.37 2.20 2.20 3.60 6.55 9.00 12.90 14.10

Total Pipeline 1.32 0.90 1.37 2.20 3.00 5.10 7.45 13.42 16.00 17.50Total United Kingdom 1.32 0.90 1.37 2.20 3.00 5.10 7.45 13.42 16.52 21.06

Others Europe Pipeline Italy 0.05 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.07Total Pipeline 0.05 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.07Total Others Europe 0.05 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.07

89




MIDDLE EAST

Iran Pipeline Turkmenistan 0.10 1.75 2.00 2.65 4.30 4.90 4.92 5.20 5.80 5.80Total Pipeline 0.10 1.75 2.00 2.65 4.30 4.90 4.92 5.20 5.80 5.80Total Iran 0.10 1.75 2.00 2.65 4.30 4.90 4.92 5.20 5.80 5.80

Jordan Pipeline Egypt 0.35 1.10 1.28 1.93Total Pipeline 0.35 1.10 1.28 1.93Total Jordan 0.35 1.10 1.28 1.93

United Arab Pipeline Oman 0.50 0.45 0.20 0.20 0.20 1.40 1.40 1.40Emirates Total Pipeline 0.50 0.45 0.20 0.20 0.20 1.40 1.40 1.40

Total United Arab Emirates 0.50 0.45 0.20 0.20 0.20 1.40 1.40 1.40

AFRICA

Morocco Pipeline Algeria 0.60Total Pipeline 0.60Total Morocco 0.60

South Africa Pipeline Mozambique 1.16 1.30Total Pipeline 1.16 1.30Total South Africa 1.16 1.30

Tunisia Pipeline Algeria 0.91 1.04 1.10 1.73 1.58 1.69 1.40 1.30 1.80 1.30Total Pipeline 0.91 1.04 1.10 1.73 1.58 1.69 1.40 1.30 1.80 1.30Total Tunisia 0.91 1.04 1.10 1.73 1.58 1.69 1.40 1.30 1.80 1.30


China LNG Algeria 0.42Australia 1.00 3.30Nigeria 0.08Oman 0.07

Total LNG 1.00 3.87Total China 1.00 3.87

India LNG Algeria 0.08 0.44Australia 0.16 0.08Egypt 0.55 0.07Malaysia 0.08 0.07Nigeria 0.08 0.64Oman 0.08 0.24 0.21Qatar 2.60 5.80 6.80 8.27Trinidad andTobago

0.21

United ArabEmirates

0.08 0.07

Total LNG 2.60 6.04 7.99 9.98Total India 2.60 6.04 7.99 9.98

Japan LNG Algeria 0.08 0.24 0.78Australia 9.26 9.63 9.76 9.81 10.05 9.72 10.27 10.50 13.05 15.68 16.05Brunei 7.28 7.36 7.40 7.71 8.20 7.95 8.93 8.15 8.35 8.65 8.57Egypt 0.80 1.62Equatorial Guinea 0.36Indonesia 23.90 24.29 24.80 24.25 22.74 23.48 24.05 21.00 19.00 18.60 18.07Malaysia 12.54 13.28 13.37 14.79 15.27 14.43 16.72 15.90 17.65 15.60 17.65Nigeria 0.16 0.22 0.88Oman 0.08 0.83 1.08 2.16 1.43 1.25 3.04 4.81Qatar 2.70 3.74 5.90 7.87 7.81 8.39 9.05 9.10 8.35 9.87 10.87South Korea 0.05Trinidad andTobago

0.08 0.44 0.57

United ArabEmirates

6.31 6.19 6.40 6.30 6.89 5.93 6.87 7.00 6.75 7.00 7.41

United States 1.76 1.85 1.73 1.78 1.79 1.74 1.73 1.82 1.84 1.72 1.18Total LNG 63.75 66.34 69.36 72.59 73.58 72.77 79.86 75.06 76.32 81.86 88.82Total Japan 63.75 66.34 69.36 72.59 73.58 72.77 79.86 75.06 76.32 81.86 88.82

90





Singapore Pipeline Indonesia 0.91 0.91 3.74 4.83 4.83 4.83Malaysia 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.30 0.27 0.26 1.58 1.78 1.78 1.78

Total Pipeline 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.30 1.18 1.17 5.32 6.61 6.61 6.61Total Singapore 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.30 1.18 1.17 5.32 6.61 6.61 6.61

South Korea LNG Algeria 0.23 0.30 0.32 0.24Australia 0.07 0.08 0.24 0.17 0.60 1.16 0.87 0.56Brunei 1.02 0.80 1.01 1.08 0.80 1.04 0.74 1.17 0.80 1.16 0.78Egypt 0.30 1.25 1.48Indonesia 9.25 9.52 11.36 8.35 5.36 6.78 6.93 7.30 7.51 6.72 5.12Japan 0.15Malaysia 5.44 3.91 4.40 3.29 3.04 3.10 3.79 6.20 6.36 7.51 8.15Nigeria 0.16 0.16 0.24Oman 2.15 5.30 5.48 6.49 6.00 5.93 7.10 6.74Qatar 0.67 4.41 6.67 6.95 7.88 7.96 8.31 8.98 10.79Taiwan 0.08 0.41Trinidad andTobago

0.07 0.22

United ArabEmirates

0.08 0.08 0.33 0.17 0.32 0.08 0.08 0.07

Total LNG 15.71 14.31 17.52 19.76 21.83 24.06 26.23 29.77 30.45 34.14 34.39Total South Korea 15.71 14.31 17.52 19.76 21.83 24.06 26.23 29.77 30.45 34.14 34.39

Taiwan LNG Algeria 0.14Australia 0.40 0.40 0.33Egypt 0.16 0.41Equatorial Guinea 0.56Indonesia 2.13 2.61 2.96 3.54 3.81 4.68 4.68 5.05 4.95 4.25 4.55Malaysia 2.23 2.70 2.36 2.44 2.59 2.52 2.80 3.70 4.10 4.85 3.92Nigeria 0.08 0.38 0.23Oman 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.21Qatar 0.57United ArabEmirates

0.24

Total LNG 4.36 5.31 5.32 5.98 6.40 7.20 7.48 9.23 9.61 10.20 10.92Total Taiwan 4.36 5.31 5.32 5.98 6.40 7.20 7.48 9.23 9.61 10.20 10.92

Thailand Pipeline Myanmar 0.09 1.33 5.04 6.39 7.09 7.53 8.86 8.98Total Pipeline 0.09 1.33 5.04 6.39 7.09 7.53 8.86 8.98Total Thailand 0.09 1.33 5.04 6.39 7.09 7.53 8.86 8.98

AMERICAS

Argentina Pipeline Bolivia 1.83 2.16 1.20 0.80 1.73 1.80Total Pipeline 1.83 2.16 1.20 0.80 1.73 1.80Total Argentina 1.83 2.16 1.20 0.80 1.73 1.80

Brazil Pipeline Argentina 0.09 0.74 0.48 0.34 0.51 0.34 0.48Bolivia 0.37 2.03 3.86 4.78 4.98 7.11 8.63 9.38

Total Pipeline 0.37 2.12 4.60 5.26 5.32 7.62 8.97 9.86Total Brazil 0.37 2.12 4.60 5.26 5.32 7.62 8.97 9.86

Canada Pipeline United States 1.59 1.27 1.10 2.06 4.73 5.35 8.33 11.19 10.14 9.37Total Pipeline 1.59 1.27 1.10 2.06 4.73 5.35 8.33 11.19 10.14 9.37Total Canada 1.59 1.27 1.10 2.06 4.73 5.35 8.33 11.19 10.14 9.37

Chile Pipeline Argentina 0.67 1.24 3.39 4.07 5.14 5.34 6.06 7.20 6.10 5.95Total Pipeline 0.67 1.24 3.39 4.07 5.14 5.34 6.06 7.20 6.10 5.95Total Chile 0.67 1.24 3.39 4.07 5.14 5.34 6.06 7.20 6.10 5.95

Dominican LNG Trinidad andRepublic Tobago

0.30 0.13 0.25 0.25 0.36

Total LNG 0.30 0.13 0.25 0.25 0.36Total Dominican Republic 0.30 0.13 0.25 0.25 0.36

91




AMERICAS

Mexico LNG Egypt 0.16 0.99Nigeria 0.54 0.56Qatar 0.08Trinidad andTobago

0.16 0.62

Total LNG 0.94 2.17Pipeline United States 1.08 1.53 1.73 2.98 3.99 7.45 9.43 11.24 8.64 9.85Total Pipeline 1.08 1.53 1.73 2.98 3.99 7.45 9.43 11.24 8.64 9.85Total Mexico 1.08 1.53 1.73 2.98 3.99 7.45 9.43 11.24 8.64 10.79

United States LNG Algeria 1.87 1.95 2.15 1.33 1.84 0.76 1.51 3.41 2.75 0.49 2.11Australia 0.28 0.34 0.34 0.17 0.07 0.42Brunei 0.07Egypt 2.05 3.60 3.24Equatorial Guinea 0.50Indonesia 0.08Malaysia 0.14 0.07 0.08 0.57 0.25Nigeria 0.38 1.08 0.23 1.42 0.33 0.23 1.62 2.69Oman 0.28 0.39 0.09 0.24 0.27 0.07Qatar 0.57 1.30 0.64 1.04 0.39 0.34 0.08 0.52Trinidad andTobago

1.44 3.15 3.36 4.86 11.45 13.79 13.11 11.57 13.50

United ArabEmirates

0.06 0.14 0.08 0.08

Total LNG 2.21 2.43 4.72 6.77 7.38 7.12 15.09 19.13 18.54 17.28 22.56Pipeline Canada 83.40 87.30 95.43 102.22 108.73 107.10 98.92 102.14 104.65 99.75

Mexico 0.48 0.42 1.56 0.33 0.28 0.06 0.25 0.08Total Pipeline 83.88 87.72 96.99 102.55 109.01 107.16 98.92 102.14 104.90 99.83Total United States 86.09 90.15 101.71 109.32 116.39 114.28 114.01 121.27 123.44 117.11

Uruguay Pipeline Argentina 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.10 0.12Total Pipeline 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.10 0.12Total Uruguay 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.10 0.12

Natural Gas Balance / Bi lanc io de l gas natura le

Italy Italia(billion cubic metres)* (miliardi di metri cubi)*

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Production 20.0 19.3 19.0 17.5 16.6 15.2 14.6 13.9 13.0 12.1 11.0 9.7Imports 37.1 39.1 42.6 49.5 57.4 54.8 59.3 62.8 67.9 73.5 77.4 74.0Exports 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1Stock Changes 0.9 0.3 -0.8 -0.9 3.3 -1.0 3.4 -1.4 -0.1 -1.1 3.5 -1.3Total Primary Energy Supply 56.2 58.0 62.4 67.8 70.7 70.9 70.5 77.7 80.6 86.3 84.5 84.9

2006

5.7Norway

22.5Russia

3.4Others

1.2Croatia

2.5

Algeria andOthers

9.4Netherlands

25.0Algeria

7.6Libya

Pipeline (74.9 bcm) LNG (2.5 bcm)

Imports

Stock ChangesExports

Production

Total Primary Energy Supply

-20

0

20

40

11.0

77.4

-0.4 -3.5

84.5

60

80

100

bcm

* Gas volumes are quoted in Italian calorific value of 38.1 MJ/cm (source: National Energy Balance, BEN).I dati sono di fonte Bilancio Energetico Nazionale, espressi al potere calorifico di 38,1 MJ/cm.

92

93

Flared and reinjected gas / Gas bruc ia to e re in ie t ta to

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

World Mondo

Flared % Flared / Total (*)

bcm %

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050

5

10

15

20

25

30

Nigeria

Russia

Iran

Iraq

Angola

Indonesia

Qatar

Azerbaijan

Venezuela

Algeria

Rest of the world

2005World=114.82 bcm

26.8%3.0% 3.1% 3.3%

3.4%3.7%

5.5%

6.9%

11.2%

13.0%

19.9%


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

World Mondo

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Reinjected % Reinjected / Total (*)

bcm %

United States

Algeria

Norway

Iran

Venezuela

Yemen


Canada

Colombia

Nigeria

Rest of the world


11.8% 1.8% 1.9% 3.5%4.0%

5.2%5.4%

8.1%

10.2%

20.9%

27.1%


World Mondo

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Flared and reinjected % Flared and reinjected / Total (*)

bcm %

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

United States

Algeria

Iran

Norway

Nigeria

Venezuela

Yemen


Canada

Russia

Rest of the world


20.6%3.0% 3.1% 3.3%

4.0%4.9%

5.9%

8.0%

8.8%

16.8%

21.6%


Flared gas Gas bruciato

Reinjected gas Gas reiniettato

Flared and reinjected gas Gas bruciato e reiniettato

(*) Total = Production + Flared gas + Reinjected gas.Totale = Produzione + Gas bruciato + Gas Reiniettato.

97

Traduzione dei commenti – Gas Naturale

PRODUZIONE (pagina 40)

� Nel 2006 la produzione mondiale di gas naturale è aumentata del 3,5%, raggiungendo i 2.929 miliardi di metri cubi (Gmc).� Nel 2006, il primo paese produttore è stato la Russia, con circa 632 Gmc (22% della produzione mondiale). Seguono gli Stati Uniti con

515 Gmc (18% della produzione mondiale) e a grande distanza il Canada (185 Gmc). L’Iran – al quarto posto con 99 Gmc – si conferma tra igrandi produttori non solo nel mercato del petrolio ma anche nel mercato del gas.

� La maggior parte della produzione di gas è concentrata in poche aree e paesi. Complessivamente, i primi 10 paesi estraggono circa il 65,3%del totale mondiale (1.914 Gmc nel 2006). In soli due paesi – Russia e Stati Uniti – si produce circa il 39% del gas naturale mondiale.

� Il Nord America (Canada e Stati Uniti) ha prodotto complessivamente circa 701 Gmc nel 2006 (+1,6% rispetto al 2005) e – sulla base di primestime – circa 718 Gmc nel 2007 (+2,5% rispetto al 2006). Negli ultimi anni, grazie alla messa in produzione di giacimenti di gas “non con-venzionale”, quest’area produttiva – considerata matura e prevista in forte declino – è riuscita invece a mantenere sostanzialmente stabileil proprio livello di produzione.

� Il Medio Oriente produce circa 324 Gmc (11% del totale mondiale). In questi paesi l’estrazione di gas naturale è in forte crescita (nel 1996 erasolo di 145 Gmc) trainata sia dai consumi interni che dalla crescita del mercato del Gas Naturale Liquefatto (GNL). La filiera del GNL, consentendoil trasporto via nave, ha permesso a un’area – ricca di risorse ma lontana dai paesi consumatori – di accedere ai mercati internazionali,svincolandosi dalla posa di lunghi e costosi gasdotti.

� Nei paesi dell’Unione Europea prosegue la decrescita della produzione. Nel 2006 è scesa a 214 Gmc (-5%) confermando il trend in atto.Particolarmente accentuata la riduzione della produzione del Regno Unito che, nel 2007, è diminuita a circa 78 Gmc da 86 Gmc del 2006(nel 2000, anno di picco produttivo, è stata di 116 Gmc).

RISERVE (pagina 44)

� Nel corso del 2007 le riserve di gas sono rimaste sostanzialmente stabili rispetto al 2006, pari a 181,9 migliaia di miliardi di metri cubi (Tmc).Nonostante i consumi siano costantemente aumentati nel corso del tempo, anche le riserve sono cresciute. Dal 2000 a oggi, sono salite a181,9 Tmc da 156,8 Tmc (+25,1 Tmc), mentre nello stesso periodo si sono estratti circa 21,7 Tmc di gas naturale. Questo significa che ognianno – in media – si è aggiunta alle riserve una quantità più che doppia rispetto a quella estratta.

� Come per il petrolio, dunque, anche nel caso del gas naturale le riserve non sono una variabile statica e certa ma dinamica. Infatti, possonoaumentare a fronte di nuove scoperte. Inoltre, è contabilizzata come riserve solo una parte delle risorse tecnicamente recuperabili presenti nelsottosuolo, quella che si ritiene possa essere commercializzata con profitto ai prezzi correnti del gas naturale. È da sottolineare che nessunafonte ha mai aggiornato il valore delle riserve ai prezzi post 2000, per cui è da ritenersi che il loro ammontare sia sottovalutato. In definitiva,un rapido aumento dei prezzi (come quello attuale) o lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie di estrazione a minor costo potrebbero portare alladecisione di produrre gas naturale in situazioni considerate in passato tecnologicamente difficili o non economiche, trasformandolo da risorsaa riserva e aumentando il volume totale di queste ultime.

� Il problema delle riserve di gas è l’elevata concentrazione in pochi paesi: i primi 10 paesi detengono il 76% del totale. Al primo posto c’è laRussia con il 26,3%, seguono l’Iran e il Qatar rispettivamente con il 14,8% e il 14%. Solamente questi primi tre paesi detengono complessi-vamente il 55% delle riserve mondiali.

� Nel periodo 1° gennaio 2000 - 1° gennaio 2008, l’area in cui si è registrato il maggior incremento di riserve è il Medio Oriente (+17,9 Tmc suun totale mondiale di +25,1 Tmc), seguita dall’Africa con +3,2 Tmc. A livello di singoli paesi, il maggior incremento di riserve spetta al Qatar(+14,3 Tmc) e alla Nigeria (+1,8 Tmc).

� Anche negli Stati Uniti, una delle aree produttive da più tempo conosciuta e sfruttata, le riserve di gas naturale sono aumentate, passandoda 4,7 Tmc nel 1° gennaio 2000 a 6,2 Tmc nel 1° gennaio 2008 (+1,5 Tmc ovvero +30% nell’intero periodo). Anche questi dati, come quellidi produzione, manifestano una vitalità del settore upstream gas degli Stati Uniti che contrasta con il diffuso pessimismo dei primi anni 2000.

RAPPORTO RISERVE SU PRODUZIONE (pagina 48)

� Nel 2006 il rapporto tra riserve e produzione annuale di gas è sceso a 61 anni dai 63 anni del 2005. Nonostante le riserve siano aumentatenel corso di questi ultimi anni, il rapporto riserve/produzione è costantemente diminuito a partire dal 2002 (anno in cui ha raggiunto i 68 anni)per effetto della crescita elevata della produzione (valore al denominatore), spinta a sua volta dai consumi.

� In effetti, la logica suggerirebbe che questo rapporto – chiamato anche vita residua delle riserve – fosse decrescente nel tempo: l’estrazioneannuale del gas naturale diminuisce le riserve (il numeratore del rapporto) e la crescita costante del livello di produzione comporta che la stessaquantità duri per meno anni (aumenta il denominatore del rapporto).

� Ma se si osserva l’andamento storico di questo indice ci si accorge che non è sempre così. Infatti, dal 1996 al 2006, l’indice è alternativamentesceso e salito – oscillando all’interno di un intervallo compreso tra i 61-68 anni – nonostante in questo periodo la produzione di gas naturalesia cresciuta del 29% (da 2.273 miliardi di metri cubi a 2.929). Questo andamento segnala che, periodicamente, non solo si è riusciti a rim-piazzare le riserve consumate ogni anno, ma se ne sono aggiunte in quantità tale da mantenere invariato o aumentare il loro indice di vita,anche in presenza di una crescita elevata della produzione.

� Tra i maggiori paesi produttori di gas naturale che hanno un indice di vita delle riserve elevato spicca l’Iran con 278 anni. Segue la Russia(76 anni), l’Algeria e il Turkmenistan (rispettivamente 47 e 44 anni). Negli Stati Uniti (il primo paese consumatore al mondo) questo rapportoè aumentato nel corso degli ultimi anni (da 9 anni del 2000 a 11 anni del 2006), denotando un’inaspettata dinamicità di una delle basiproduttive da più tempo e più intensamente sfruttate.

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CONSUMO (pagina 52)

� Nel 2006 i consumi di gas naturale sono saliti a circa 2.889 miliardi di metri cubi (Gmc), aumentando rispetto al precedente anno (+2,6%).Sulla base di prime stime, l’incremento dei consumi mondiali di gas dovrebbe essere prossimo – se non superiore – al 3% nel 2007.

� Nel 2006 tutte le aree hanno registrato una crescita annuale – più o meno accentuata – dei consumi di gas naturale. Gli incrementi di maggiorentità si sono registrati in Medio Oriente (+8,6%) e nell’area Asia e Pacifico (+7,0%).

� Rispetto al precedente anno, nel 2006 l’area del Nord America (Canada e Stati Uniti) ha registrato una sostanziale stabilità dei consumi (circa699 Gmc). Dal 2001 al 2006 la domanda di gas naturale di quest’area è rimasta sostanzialmente ferma, prossima a un valore di circa 700 Gmc,frenata dai vincoli alla crescita dell’offerta (maturità della base produttiva interna e difficoltà di ricorrere ad approvvigionamenti esterni).Nel 2007, invece, le prime stime disponibili segnalano un incremento annuo dei consumi elevato (+5,3% e un livello prossimo a 736 Gmc) resopossibile dal recupero della produzione interna.

� A livello di singolo paese, spicca l’incremento annuale della Cina, i cui consumi sono saliti da 24,8 nel 2000 a 56,6 Gmc nel 2006 e a 68,5Gmc nel 2007 (stime preliminari).

� Anche il Giappone negli ultimi due anni ha riportato tassi di crescita dei consumi di gas naturale ben più elevati del passato (il 9,8% nel 2006e l’8,7% nel 2007). La crescita elevata è giustificata dalla chiusura temporanea di alcuni impianti nucleari (per manutenzioni straordinarie oper danni provocati da terremoto) che hanno richiesto un utilizzo maggiore del parco di generazione elettrica alimentato a gas naturale.

� Sulla base dei dati 2006, il primo paese consumatore sono gli Stati Uniti con circa 600 Gmc (circa il 21% del totale mondiale).Al secondo postosi piazza la Russia con quasi 437 Gmc (15% dei consumi totali). Il 36% della domanda è quindi concentrato in due soli paesi. Il terzo paeseconsumatore è l’Iran (101 Gmc, un sesto della domanda USA). Complessivamente, i primi 10 paesi consumano il 60% del totale mondiale.

� Il consumo di gas naturale nei paesi sviluppati (OECD) rappresenta circa il 50% del totale. La percentuale è in calo costante (nel 2000 era parial 55%) ed è conseguenza dei ritmi più sostenuti a cui crescono i consumi dei paesi dell’area non-OECD. In particolare è elevato l’incrementodella domanda di gas naturale in Medio Oriente, salita a 280 Gmc nel 2006 da un livello di 179 Gmc nel 2000.

CONSUMO PRO CAPITE (pagina 56)

� Ciascun abitante del pianeta consuma ogni anno in media 454 metri cubi di gas. Come tutte le medie, anche questa nasconde forti disparitànella distribuzione del consumo tra paesi.

� Infatti, mentre nei paesi a reddito elevato ogni persona arriva a consumare in media 1.481 metri cubi di gas naturale l’anno, nei paesi a bassoreddito riesce a consumarne solo 66, ovvero una quantità inferiore di circa 22 volte.

� A livello di singoli paesi e aree la disparità è ancora più marcata. Il Nord America è l’area in cui maggiore è il consumo pro capite di gas naturale(2.107 metri cubi). In media, ogni cittadino degli Stati Uniti e del Canada consuma quasi il doppio di un cittadino dell’Unione Europea, circa49 volte il consumo di un cinese e più di 28 volte quello di un abitante della Nigeria.

� I paesi con il maggior livello di consumo pro capite sono la Russia e il Canada, con 3.058 metri cubi. Seguono l’Arabia Saudita e gli Stati Uniti,rispettivamente con 2.557 e 2.004 metri cubi.

� I consumi di gas naturale di un paese sono strettamente correlati alla struttura di generazione elettrica esistente. Infatti, il primato della Russiaè dovuto principalmente all’ampio ricorso al gas che questo paese fa per produrre congiuntamente elettricità e calore. Invece, gli Stati Uniti sonosolo quarti in questa classifica, poiché il loro sistema di generazione elettrica si basa sul carbone e sul nucleare, riservando – al momento – unaquota minore al gas naturale.

� La stessa spiegazione è alla base della forte disparità dei consumi pro capite esistente tra i paesi dell’Unione Europea: nel 2007 si passa dai120 metri cubi della Svezia ai 2.398 dell’Olanda, un valore superiore a quello degli Stati Uniti (2.113 metri cubi).

� Negli ultimi anni il consumo pro capite di gas naturale è aumentato costantemente, seppur di poco, passando da 421 metri cubi del 2000 acirca 454 metri cubi del 2007. In tutte le aree e classi di paesi (ad alto reddito e a basso reddito) questo indicatore è risultato sostanzialmentein aumento. La tendenza è dovuta – nella maggior parte dei casi – al sempre più ampio ricorso al gas naturale nella generazione elettrica.

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RAPPORTO PRODUZIONE SU CONSUMO (pagina 60)

� I paesi esportatori di gas hanno tipicamente un rapporto produzione su consumo superiore a uno. Per i più grandi paesi produttori ed esportatorila produzione è un multiplo del consumo del paese.

� Tra i primi produttori di gas, la Norvegia, paese poco popolato ma con grandi risorse, ha il rapporto produzione su consumo più elevato, pari a14,5 volte (dato 2006). I paesi che seguono nella classifica hanno rapporti ben più bassi, pari o inferiori a 3,9.

� La Russia, il secondo paese al mondo per consumo di gas naturale, ha un rapporto pari a circa 1,5 (dato 2006). Quindi, non solo è autosufficiente,ma può destinare un’ampia parte della produzione (un terzo) all’esportazione.

� Per l’insieme dei paesi appartenenti all’area OECD il rapporto produzione su consumo è stato pari a 0,76 nel 2006. Il valore è più elevatorispetto a quello del petrolio (pari a 0,40) e segnala quindi una minor dipendenza dalle importazioni nel caso del gas naturale. In ogni caso,questo indice è in costante diminuzione nel corso degli anni (era pari a 0,83 nel 1996).

� Negli ultimi anni, l’area che include Canada e Stati Uniti (il primo paese consumatore al mondo) ha mostrato un rapporto produzione suconsumo sostanzialmente prossimo a 1, indicando – almeno finora – una dipendenza dalle importazioni quasi nulla, a differenza di quanto ac-cade per il petrolio.

� Nell’Unione Europea il rapporto è sceso a 0,41 nel 2006, proseguendo il trend negativo in atto da molti anni (nel 1996 il valore di questoindicatore era pari a 0,57). La dinamica è frutto dell’effetto combinato di un aumento costante dei consumi e del declino della tradizionale baseproduttiva, ed è destinata a mantenersi anche nei prossimi anni.

ESPORTAZIONI (pagina 64)

� Nel 2006, le esportazioni di gas sono state pari a circa 879 miliardi di metri cubi (Gmc), circa il 30% dei consumi mondiali. La quota del gasesportato sulla produzione è limitata e più bassa di quella del petrolio. Il motivo è dovuto alla difficoltà del trasporto del gas su lunghe distanze,attività molto più complessa e costosa di quanto non sia per il petrolio. Fino a pochi anni fa, il gas era prevalentemente consumato nei paesidi estrazione, limitando le quantità esportate.

� L’evoluzione e diffusione della filiera del Gas Naturale Liquefatto (GNL), consentendo il trasporto via nave (e non via gasdotto) ha aumentatola flessibilità del trasporto e le opportunità di esportazione anche da parte di quei paesi che in precedenza erano esclusi dal commercio inter-nazionale in quanto distanti dai principali mercati di consumo (ad esempio Medio Oriente e Australia). La quota delle esportazioni di GNL sultotale della produzione mondiale è in costante aumento: è passata dal 5,5 % del 2000 al 7,2% del 2006 (vedi pag. 77) e, sulla base di stimepreliminari, si ritiene che sia ulteriormente aumentata nel 2007.

� Il primo paese esportatore di gas naturale del mondo è la Russia, con circa 197 Gmc, pari a circa il 7% dei consumi mondiali e a circa il 22%del totale delle esportazioni.

� Il secondo paese esportatore di gas naturale è il Canada (circa 100 Gmc, tutti verso gli Stati Uniti). Il terzo paese è la Norvegia che, con circa87 Gmc nel 2006, è una delle principali fonti di approvvigionamento europeo.

� L’impatto della diffusione della filiera del GNL si nota osservando i risultati conseguiti dal Qatar. Nel 1996 le esportazioni di questo paese eranonulle mentre nel 2006 sono salite a 30,4 Gmc (costituite per intero da GNL).

� I primi dieci paesi rappresentano circa il 76% delle esportazioni totali. Il loro contributo, comunque, si è ridotto nel tempo (nel 1996 rappre-sentavano circa il 90% del totale), denotando l’emergere di nuovi paesi esportatori nel mercato internazionale del gas naturale.

IMPORTAZIONI (pagina 66)

� Le importazioni mondiali di gas naturale sono state pari a 862 miliardi di metri cubi (Gmc) nel 2006 (circa il 29% della produzione mondiale),e hanno confermato il trend di crescita elevata registrato negli ultimi anni.

� Gli Stati Uniti sono da tempo il primo paese importatore di gas naturale al mondo con 116 Gmc (circa il 4% della produzione mondiale annuale).Gran parte del gas importato da questo paese proviene dal Canada e solo una quantità minore è fornita da altri paesi, utilizzando la filiera delGas Naturale Liquefatto (GNL).

� Tra i primi dieci maggiori importatori, compaiono numerosi paesi europei (Germania, Italia, Francia, Spagna e Turchia), i grandi importatoridell’area asiatica (Giappone e Corea del Sud, rispettivamente 89 e 35 Gmc) e due paesi dell’ex-Unione Sovietica (Bielorussia e Ucraina).

� Se si escludono gli Stati Uniti (il cui commercio esterno di gas avviene prevalentemente con il Canada, all’interno dell’area del Nord America)i grandi bacini di consumo di gas dipendenti dall’estero sono quello europeo, quello asiatico (Giappone e Corea del Sud) e quello formato daalcune repubbliche ex-sovietiche.

� In futuro, anche gli Stati Uniti faranno sempre più ricorso a importazioni di gas da paesi diversi dal Canada. Infatti, la domanda di questocombustibile è prevista in aumento e la base produttiva tradizionale locale (inclusa quella del Canada) è ormai matura. Per questo motivo, sistanno costruendo le infrastrutture necessarie (terminali di rigassificazione) per importare quantità crescenti di GNL.

� Nel bacino di consumo asiatico si stanno affermando nuovi paesi importatori di gas naturale: la Cina e l’India. Gli attuali livelli sono bassi (vedipag. 75: rispettivamente 3,9 Gmc e 10,0 Gmc nel 2007), ma le prospettive – legate principalmente alle previsioni di un elevato sviluppo delladomanda che non sarà soddisfatto dalla sola crescita dell’offerta interna – sono quelle di una forte espansione delle importazioni di GNL.

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Notes and methods

� The sources of the data are: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Cedigaz, Enerdata, Eni, International Energy Agency, International Monetary Fund, Italian Ministry for

Economic Development, Oil & Gas Journal, Platts and other official sources.

� Measurement units used are:

– oil: thousand barrels per day;

– natural gas: billion cubic metres per year.

� The figures for reserves are expressed in millions of barrels (oil) and billions of cubic metres (natural gas) and refer to proven reserves as at 1st January. The

figures for other chapters indicate annual averages.

� Blank spaces in the charts indicate that the figure was not available, zero indicates a figure that is not significant (except for the chapter “International Trade”).

� Total may differ from the sum of the individual figures as a result of rounding up/down.

� Differences in the updating of figures for natural gas depend on their availability from original sources and on the provisional nature of available information.

� In the chapters “Production” and “Consumption” of oil, in some countries figures may include oil from non conventional sources and other sources of supply.

� The difference between the consumption and the production of oil is given by the change in stocks, the processing gains obtained in refining and the amount of

biofuels which is not included in production.

� In the chapter “Production” of natural gas, the figures concern traded production and do not include quantities of burnt, dispersed or re-injected gas.

� The data in the chapter “Reserves/production ratios” have been obtained by dividing the reserves of a given year by production for the same year.

The calculation of the relation between reserves and oil production: annual production is multiplied by 365; for Saudi Arabia and Kuwait the country production

figure is used plus half of the production of the Neutral Zone; for Canada the production level considered is that of conventional oil production.

� Gas production, consumption, exports and imports are assessed by using the same calorific value per cubic metre (39 MJ/cm, GCV), in order to make data among

countries comparable.

� The figures in the chapter “Per capita consumption” have been obtained by dividing the consumption of a given year by the population in the same year. For

oil, annual consumption is multiplied by 365, before being divided by the population.

� The figures in the chapter “Production/consumption ratios” have been obtained by dividing the production of a given year by consumption for the same

year.

� In all the chapters, the list of the “first ten countries” is drawn up by ordering the countries on the basis of the last available year. In the chapters

“Reserves/production ratios” and “Production/consumption ratios”, the list of the “first ten countries” is drawn up by selecting the largest producers

in the last available year and ordering them on the basis of the value of the reserves/production and production/consumption ratios. In the chapter “Per capita

consumption”, the list is drawn up by selecting the largest consumers in the last available year and ordering them by the value of per capita consumption.

� In the chapters “Exports” and “Imports” of natural gas, the figures for a country’s exports and imports may differ from those reported in the chapter

“International Trade” for the same country, because of the different source of information and the different calorific value attached to the cubic metre. As far

as Italy is concerned, the series of gas imports (source of information: Italian Ministry for Economic Development), is not homogeneous because from 1995 to

2001 it includes imports on the basis of the contractual origin of the gas, and from 2002 on, it takes into consideration the country of physical origin.

� In the chapter “International Trade” of natural gas, trade figures for the United States include also the trade of Portorico.

101

Riferimenti e metodologie

� I dati sono di fonte: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Cedigaz, Enerdata, Eni, International Energy Agency, International Monetary Fund, Ministero dello Sviluppo

Economico, Oil & Gas Journal, Platts e altre fonti ufficiali.

� Le unità di misura adottate sono:

– petrolio: migliaia di barili/giorno;

– gas naturale: miliardi di metri cubi/anno.

� I dati relativi alle riserve sono espressi in milioni di barili (petrolio) e in miliardi di metri cubi (gas) e si riferiscono per ogni anno alle riserve provate al 1° gennaio.

I dati degli altri capitoli indicano valori medi annui.

� All’interno delle tabelle lo spazio vuoto indica un valore non rilevato, lo zero un dato non significativo (eccetto che nel capitolo “Commercio Internazionale”).

� I totali possono differire dalla somma dei singoli numeri a causa degli arrotondamenti.

� La diversa data di aggiornamento dei dati del gas naturale dipende dalla disponibilità delle fonti e dal grado di provvisorietà delle informazioni disponibili.

� Nei capitoli “Produzione” e Consumo” di petrolio, per alcuni paesi i dati possono includere greggi non convenzionali e liquidi provenienti da altre fonti.

� La differenza tra consumo e produzione di petrolio è data dalla variazione delle scorte, dai guadagni netti da lavorazione nella fase di raffinazione (”processing

gains”) e da quella parte di biocombustibili non inclusa nella produzione.

� Nel capitolo “Produzione” di gas naturale i dati sono relativi alla produzione commercializzata e non sono comprensivi delle quote di gas bruciato, disperso e

reiniettato.

� I dati del capitolo “Rapporto riserve su produzione” sono ottenuti dividendo le riserve di un dato anno per la produzione del medesimo anno.

Per il calcolo del rapporto riserve su produzione di petrolio: la produzione annua è moltiplicata per 365; per l’Arabia Saudita e il Kuwait è utilizzata la produzione

del paese considerato più la metà della produzione della Zona Neutrale; per il Canada la produzione considerata è la produzione di petrolio convenzionale.

� Produzione, consumo, esportazioni e importazioni di gas sono stati valutati utilizzando il medesimo potere calorifico per metro cubo (39 MJ/cm, GCV) al fine di

rendere confrontabili i dati tra paesi.

� I dati del capitolo “Consumo pro capite” sono ottenuti dividendo il consumo di un dato anno per la popolazione del medesimo anno. Per il petrolio il consumo

annuo è moltiplicato per 365 prima di essere diviso per la popolazione.

� I dati del capitolo “Rapporto produzione su consumo” sono ottenuti dividendo la produzione di un dato anno per il consumo del medesimo anno.

� In tutti i capitoli la graduatoria dei “primi dieci paesi” è realizzata ordinando i paesi rispetto all’ultimo anno disponibile. Nei capitoli “Rapporto riserve su

produzione” e “Rapporto produzione su consumo” la graduatoria dei “primi dieci paesi” è stilata selezionando i maggiori produttori nell’ultimo anno

disponibile e ordinandoli per il valore del rapporto riserve su produzione e produzione su consumo. Nel capitolo “Consumo pro capite” la graduatoria è

realizzata selezionando i maggiori consumatori nell’ultimo anno disponibile e ordinandoli per il valore del consumo pro capite.

� Nei capitoli “Esportazioni” e “Importazioni” di gas naturale i valori delle esportazioni e delle importazioni dei paesi possono differire da quelli dei medesimi

paesi riportati nel capitolo “Commercio internazionale” a causa della diversa fonte dei dati e del diverso potere calorifico attribuito al metro cubo. Per l’Italia

la serie delle importazioni di gas, di fonte Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, non è omogenea in quanto dal 1995 al 2001 considera le importazioni secondo

l’origine contrattuale del gas, dal 2002 in poi secondo il paese di provenienza fisica.

� Nel capitolo “Commercio internazionale” di gas naturale gli scambi commerciali degli Stati Uniti comprendono anche quelli di Portorico.

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