World History, Culture, and Geography: The Modern World

1a The Development of Political Ideas

1. Judeo-Christian Teachings i. What are “Judaism” and “Christianity”? ii. What is good about having written law? iii. What are two examples of written law in the Judeo-Christian and Greco Roman

cultures? b. Natural Laws

i. What does Greco-Roman teaching say about “natural laws”? ii. What does Judeo-Christian thought say about “natural laws”?

c. Theories on Government i. What are the Greco-Roman views on government? ii. How are Judeo-Christian views on government similar to, and different from,

Greco-Roman views on government? iii. Who were the two main Greek philosophers? And, what did they say about

government? iv. What does Plato say about government in his Republic?

d. Human Rights i. What does the Judeo-Christian school of thought have to say about human

rights? Why? 2. United States Constitution

i. What is a “constitution”? ii. Why is the US Constitution “special”?

b. Branches of Government i. What are the three branches of the US government? ii. Why does the US government have three branches?

c. Office of the President i. How is the president chosen, and, what does the president do?

d. Federal vs. State or Regional Power i. What does the US Constitution establish? ii. What is Federalism?

e. Bill of Rights i. What is the Bill of Rights? ii. What rights does the Bill of Rights guarantee?

f. Influence of the Constitution i. What revolutions and constitutions were influenced by the US Constitution?

2a Important Documents and Philosophers

1. Governments in the 17th and 18th Centuries

i. What is “Divine Right”? ii. Who promoted/supported Divine Right? iii. What is “Absolutism”? iv. Who gives Absolute leaders their authority?

b. Rulers (Where did they rule? What did they do as ruler?) i. Akbar the Great: ii. King Philip II: iii. Ivan the Terrible: iv. Peter the Great: v. Suleiman the Magnificent:

c. Absolutism in England i. What was/is the Magna Carta? How effective was it? ii. What led to the end of Absolutism in England?

d. Parliamentary Democracy in England i. Where did new ideas about government come from? ii. How did Enlightenment Philosophers like John Locke influence people? iii. What developed from Enlightenment Philosophers’ (like Locke’s) ideas? iv. What was Oliver Cromwell’s impact on England? v. What was the impact of the “Glorious Revolution” on England?

2. The Age of Enlightenment i. What roles did reason, and logic and rationality, play in the Enlightenment? ii. What were important Enlightenment ideas? iii. What period did the Enlightenment coincide with?

b. Important People of the Enlightenment (Where were they from? What was their philosophy?)

i. John Locke: ii. Montesquieu: iii. Rousseau: iv. Thomas Hobbes: v. Voltaire:

c. Important Influences of the Enlightenment (What was/is it? How can you tell it was influenced by the Enlightenment?)

i. The English Bill of Rights: ii. Two treatises of Government: iii. The American Revolution: iv. The French Revolution: v. The Declaration of Independence: vi. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: vii. The US Bill of Rights:

3. The US Constitution i. What was America’s first government called? ii. Who supported the new US Federal Constitution? Who opposed it?

b. Prior to Ratification i. Republicanism

1. What is “republicanism”? 2. What is the “rule of law”? 3. What happens if there are not enough laws to guarantee individual

rights? Too many? ii. Federalists

1. What did the Federalists support? 2. Who supported the Federalists? 3. What did the Federalists like about representative democracy? 4. How did some Federalists try to ensure the ratification of the new

Federal Constitution? 5. What two things did Federalists think would protect individual rights?

iii. Anti-Federalists 1. Why did the Anti-Federalists NOT support the new US Federal

Constitution? (provide SEVERAL reasons) 2. How did the Anti-Federalists’ complaints lead to the Bill of Rights?

c. After the Ratification of the Constitution i. Judiciary Act of 1789

1. What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 do? ii. The Two Party System

1. What were the first two US political parties? 2. What did the Federalists support? (two things) 3. What did the Democratic-Republicans support? 4. What did the Democratic-Republicans oppose?

1c Political Revolutions 1. Nationalism

i. What is “Nationalism”? ii. What can happen as a result of nationalism?

b. Nationalism in England

i. Why did King Henry VII split England from the Catholic Church? ii. Why did the people of England come to resent Queen Mary I and her husband

Philip of Spain? iii. How did Elizabeth I retain her power and ensure English control/rule of England? iv. The Glorious Revolution

1. Why did many in England resent King James II? 2. How did William and Mary of Orange become King and Queen of

England? 3. What is the English Bill of Rights, and, how did it become reality?

c. American Nationalism i. What tensions between the colonies and the British government led to the

American Revolution? ii. How did nationalism lead more colonists to support an independence

movement? iii. How was the American Revolution a “first”?

d. Nationalism in France i. When did French nationalism begin to grow? ii. What was the Hundred Years War and how did it increase French nationalism? iii. What can nationalism be described as? iv. French Revolution

1. What marked the beginning of the French Revolution? 2. What was the French Revolution inspired by? 3. Whom did the Revolutionaries overthrow? What new government did

they establish? 4. In what document did the French Revolutionaries claim that all men were

free and equal? v. Napoleon

1. Why did the new French Republic only last a few years? 2. How did Napoleon Bonaparte come to power in France? 3. What happened under Napoleon’s leadership? 4. What did other European powers do in response to Napoleon’s

aggressive actions? 5. What did the Napoleonic Wars bring about? 6. Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the US? 7. What is considered Napoleon’s largest failure?

e. Nationalism in Europe i. Congress of Vienna

1. The Congress of Vienna was the beginning of what series of meetings? 2. What did the leaders of Europe believe should happen following the

defeat of Napoleon? 3. Who led the Congress of Vienna?

ii. Revolutions of 1848 1. In broad terms, what were the Revolutions of 1848? 2. In general, what did the Revolutions of 1848 fight against? 3. What were many European citizens suffering from prior to the

revolutions? 4. How successful were the revolutions at bringing about reform?

iii. Germany and Italy 1. How and why did nationalism grow in Germany and Italy?

iv. Unification of Italy 1. Who led the nationalistic unification movement in Italy? 2. When was Italy basically united?

v. Unification of Germany 1. Who led the nationalistic unification movement in Germany? 2. How did he manage to unify Germany?

f. Nationalism in Asia i. East Asian nationalism was, at least partially, a reaction to what?

ii. End of the Shogun 1. Where did the Shogun rule? 2. What type of system did the Shogun rule over? 3. Why was the shogunate isolationist? What did isolationism lead to? 4. How did the US help to end the shogunate? 5. What was the Meiji Restoration?

iii. Chinese Revolution 1. Why was the Qing Dynasty in decline? 2. Who led the Chinese nationalist movement? 3. In what year did the Qing Dynasty fall and was the Republic of China

established? g. Latin American Independence Movements (Who, What, When, Where, Why?... for

each of the following:) i. Haiti: ii. Bolivia: iii. Ecuador: iv. Brazil: v. Peru: vi. Cuba: vii. Mexico:

viii. Independence Leaders (Who were they? What did they WANT to do? What DID they do?)

1. Simon Bolivar 2. Jose de San Martin 3. Miguel Hidalgo

2a Impact of Industrialization 1. Industrialization in Different Nations

a. Great Britain i. What was the first nation to industrialize? ii. In what industry did Great Britain’s industrialization begin? Why?

iii. What factors allowed the British to industrialize before other nations? iv. What is the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain normally referred to as?

b. Continental Europe i. France

1. Describe the growth of industry in France: ii. Germany

1. How was the growth of industry in Germany different from that of France?

2. Why did German industrialization out-pace other European nations? 3. When did Germany become the leader in industry?

c. The United States i. When did the US begin to industrialize? ii. Why was the US economy able to grow explosively? iii. What sort of society was the US before it industrialized? iv. How did industrialization affect farms and agriculture in the US?

d. Russia i. Why did Russia take longer to industrialize? ii. What is “feudalism”? iii. When did serfdom end in Russia? Why? iv. How did the end of serfdom help Russia begin to industrialize? v. When did Russia fully industrialize?

e. Japan i. During what period did Japan begin to industrialize? ii. Why was Japan able to industrialize so quickly? iii. How else did Japan emulate the European powers?

2. Social & Economic Changes a. Urbanization

i. What is “urbanization”? ii. Why did urbanization occur? iii. Why did Manchester, England develop?

b. The Factory System i. What was the “domestic system”? ii. What is the “factory system”?

c. Rise of the Middle Class i. What occupations were considered “middle class”? ii. How did the standard of living for people in the middle class change? iii. What was life like for middle class women? Poor women?

d. Working Conditions i. What was life like for children of poor families living in the cities? Why? ii. Legally, what was different then for children compared to now? iii. Why did companies prefer to hire women and children? iv. What safety regulations/requirements did factories have? What did this lead to? v. If you were injured on the job, what help did you get from the company or from

the government? vi. What did laborers’ work schedules look like back then? vii. What was/is the sweatshop technique?

e. Inventors and Thinkers of the Industrial Revolution i. Thomas Malthus

1. Who was Thomas Malthus? What did he study?

2. What did Malthus focus on? 3. What did Malthus discuss in “An Essay on the Principle of Population”?

ii. Henry Bessemer 1. What did Bessemer invent? 2. What is the Bessemer Process?

iii. Eli Whitney 1. What are “interchangeable parts”? 2. How did interchangeable parts advance industrialization?

2b Changes in the Industrial Society 1. Important Philosophers

a. Adam Smith i. What is Adam Smith referred to as? ii. What book did he write? iii. What did Smith believe? iv. What did Smith want to see?

b. Karl Marx i. Who was Karl Marx?

ii. What was Marx the “father” of? iii. What did Marx believe in? iv. Who did Marx influence? v. What book did he write with Engels?

2. Development of Capitalism a. Capitalism

i. What is capitalism? ii. When did capitalism become the prominent economic system? iii. What is a “market economy”? iv. What is a true “free market”? v. What led to the growth of capitalism and market economies?

b. Reactions to Capitalism i. What is communism? ii. What is socialism? iii. What is the goal of socialism? iv. Utopian ideology is centered on what? v. What do Social Democrats believe in?

3. Social and Economic Developments a. Free Labor

i. What did many believe would happen if wage (free) labor replaced slave labor? ii. What happened in the early 1800s? iii. Why did industry in the US change from slave labor to free/wage labor?

b. Division of Labor i. During the Industrial Revolution, what clear distinction became apparent? ii. Who was/is in the upper class? iii. Who was/is in the middle class? iv. Who was/is in the lowest/working class?

c. Pollution i. How was energy produced during the Industrial Revolution? ii. What happened to the industrial cities because of this? iii. What happened to the rivers and lakes? iv. To what extent did people worry about pollution during the Industrial Revolution? v. How did/does pollution affect workers?

d. Romanticism i. What kind of movement was/is Romanticism? ii. How can one define Romanticism? iii. What did the “Romantics” comment on and discuss? iv. Who was a well-known “Romantic”?

e. Immigration and Industrialization i. What did immigration help “fuel”? ii. Why did many immigrants migrate to industrial cities?

f. Growth of the Labor Movement i. By the late 1800s, what were the conditions like for factory workers? ii. Why did these conditions begin to get better? iii. What were some of the early labor unions, and, what did they fight for? iv. Who was a well-known labor leader? v. What did European socialists want? vi. What did Karl Marx ask for?

2c Imperialism

1. Imperialism a. What does “imperialism” refer to? b. Where did European nations and the US take imperial actions?

2. Motivations for Imperialism a. Raw Materials

i. What raw material “fueled” industrialization? ii. What other raw materials were important to the Industrial Revolution? iii. As industrialization emerged, why did European nations begin establishing

colonies around the world? b. Competition

i. What did many European countries believe? ii. Why did “other” countries begin expanding their empires as well?

c. Ethnocentrism i. What belief did Europeans uses to justify their expansion into Africa? ii. The theory of Social Darwinism led some Europeans to believe what? iii. What is “ethnocentrism”?

d. Spread of Religion i. How was Christianity a part of imperialism? ii. Why did Europeans want to curb the spread of Islam?

3. Impact of Imperialism a. Technology

i. What technologies helped Europeans easily conquer areas of Africa and Asia? ii. What technologies/innovations were actually positive for the African people?

b. Scramble for Africa i. What time period is referred to as the “Scramble for Africa”? ii. Why did European countries compete to claim more African territory? iii. What happened in Berlin, Germany in 1884? What happened as a result of this?

c. Imperialism in India and Asia i. Who fought for control of India during the 18th century? ii. Why did they want control of of India? iii. Who ended up taking control of India and how did they run their empire there? iv. Why did Europeans come into contact with many new cultural traditions during

the Age of Imperialism? v. What religion did Europeans first come into contact with during the Age of

Imperialism? vi. Where did France expand its control in the late 1800s? vii. What areas made-up French Indo-China? viii. What did natives in the areas do almost immediately? ix. How long did France control Indo-China? When did they lose control of it? x. Why did the US get involved in Indo-China?

2d Responses to Imperialism 1. Colonial Africa

a. Why do the borders of a map of colonized Africa seem to be drawn at random? b. How did Europeans justify their expansion into Africa? c. Who fought who in the Cape Frontier Wars? Who won? d. Beginning in 1830, where did France invade and gain control? e. Who came to control Egypt’s Suez Canal? Why was/is the canal so important? f. Who stood in the way of British control in the Southern parts of the African continent? g. How did the Belgian Congo come to be? h. What areas made-up the Union of South Africa? i. How did the British and Dutch treat the blacks in South Africa?

2. Colonial Asia a. Why did European trade with Asia become increasingly easier beginning in the 1500s?

b. What did the British East India Company become? c. Why did East Asia become increasingly attractive to the European powers? d. What (modern day) countries did European nations expand their influence over during

the 1800s? e. The First Opium War

i. Why did the British smuggle opium into China? ii. Why did the First Opium War start? iii. Why did Britain win the First Opium War? iv. What did China agree to in the Treaty of Nanking?

f. The Second Opium War i. Why did the Second Opium War start? ii. What did the resulting treaty do?

g. The Sepoy Rebellion i. Who were the Sepoys? ii. Who did the Sepoys rebel against? iii. Why is the Sepoy Rebellion also known as India’s First War of Independence? iv. Why did the Sepoy rebel? v. To what extent was the Sepoy Rebellion successful?

h. The Meiji Restoration i. Why did China and Japan not modernize/industrialize as early as the countries of

the West? ii. What was the Meiji Restoration?

i. The First Sino-Japanese War i. Why did China and Japan go to war? ii. What did Japan get in the war-ending treaty?

j. The Boxer Rebellion i. What did Chinese resentment against foreign “spheres of influence” lead to? ii. What were the Chinese angry about? (what grievances did they have?) iii. What were the “Boxers” also known as? iv. How did the rebellion go for the Boxers?

3a Causes and Events of the First World War 1. Causes of the First World War

a. The Franco-Prussian War i. Who fought in the Franco-Prussian War? ii. Who won the Franco-Prussian War? iii. What did the terms of the war settlement (treaty) include? iv. What did the settlement cause?

b. Militarism i. Militarism leads countries to do what? ii. What resulted from Germany embracing a militaristic policy?

c. Imperialism i. What did the growth of imperialism contribute to? ii. What did the quest to build and maintain overseas empires cause?

d. Nationalism

i. In what region is Serbia located? (it’s where people were becoming increasingly nationalistic)

ii. In the late 1800s, many areas of Southeastern Europe were a part of what? iii. What was the Black Hand Society? iv. What did the Black Hand conspire to do? v. Who were the members of the Black Hand Society and what did they believe? vi. What did the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand lead Austria to do?

What did that trigger? e. Alliances

i. What nations were in the Triple Alliance? ii. What nations were in the Triple Entente? iii. What did the nations, of each alliance, agree to with their fellow alliance

members(allies)? iv. Why did so many nations end-up fighting in WWI? v. During the war, what nations joined in on the side of the Allied Powers (formerly

the Triple Entente)? vi. During the war, what nations joined in on the side of the Central Powers (formerly

the Triple Alliance)? 2. Important Developments of World War I

a. Technology i. What resulted from WWI being an industrialized war? ii. What new technologies were used in WWI?

b. Trench Warfare i. What was “trench warfare”? ii. Why did trench warfare occur? iii. What was trench warfare a main cause of?

c. Stalemate i. What is a “stalemate”? ii. What eventually broke the stalemate in WWI?

d. Propaganda i. Who used propaganda posters during WWI? ii. What did they use propaganda posters for?

3. The United States

a. Isolationism i. What did the US do in line with their usual policy of isolationism? ii. What does isolationism refer to? iii. Why was it difficult for the US to remain isolationist during WWI?

b. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare i. What TWO things did Germany announce in February of 1915? ii. Why did the sinking of the Lusitania anger so many Americans?

c. Stalemate i. During the stalemate, which alliance was able to make significant gains? ii. What did the Germans announce on January 31, 1917? iii. How did Germany’s announcement affect the US?

d. Zimmerman Note i. Who was the Zimmerman Note from? ii. What did the Zimmerman Note propose?

e. Declaration of War

i. Why did US public opinion slowly turn against Germany? ii. How did US President Woodrow Wilson justify the US declaring war against

Germany? iii. What did US involvement in the war accomplish?

f. US Troops in WWI i. What status was the US given upon joining the war? ii. What was US General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing placed in command of? iii. In June of 1918, what key role did US troops play in the war?

3b Effects of the First World War 1. The Fourteen Points

a. What did US President Woodrow Wilson outline in his Fourteen Points speech? b. What are six important “Points” that Wilson sought? c. What did Wilson believe in? What did he not support? d. Why did the French want to punish Germany?

2. The Treaty of Versailles a. What did the Treaty of Versailles do? b. What countries were created following the war? c. What empires ceased (stopped) to exist after the treaty? d. What did the four “war guilt clauses” say? e. What resulted from the continued Allied blockade of Germany even after the war was

over? 3. The League of Nations

a. The League of Nations’ main purpose was to do what? b. Why didn’t the League of Nations have any real power?

c. Why wasn’t Germany in the League? d. Why wasn’t the US in the League? e. For the US, what was the inter-war period marked by? f. What did the League manage through its “mandate system”?

4. The Ottoman Empire a. How powerful was the Ottoman Empire during the 15th and 16th centuries? What areas

did it control? b. Collapse of the Ottoman Empire

i. Which side was the Ottoman Empire on during WWI? ii. What happened to the Ottoman Empire during the war? iii. What did the victorious Allied Powers do to the Ottoman Empire following WWI? iv. How successful was the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans? v. What did the Ottomans do to the Armenians during WWI? vi. What leader tried to bring Turkey into the modern age? vii. Why was he called “Ataturk”? viii. What important changes did Ataturk bring to Turkey?

5. Economic and Political Impact a. What did WWI lead to for most countries and Empires in Europe? b. What did the Treaty of Versailles lead to? c. During the interwar years, what did a lack of strong political leadership lead to?

6. Intellectual Life a. What did Ernest Hemingway name the generation that came of age during the post-WWI

era? b. What did this generation experience (in general)? c. Who did much literature characterize war before WWI? d. In All Quiet on the Western Front, how did Erich Maria Remarque characterize WWI?

4a The Inter-War Period 1. The Russian Revolution

a. Czar Nicholas II Abdicates i. What paved the way for an overthrow of Nicholas II’s Tsarist Regime? ii. Why didn’t the police, soldiers, and government officials help Czar Nicholas II

stop the revolution? iii. What is this phase of the Russian Revolution also known as?

b. The Bolsheviks i. Why were many Russians unhappy with the provisional government that had

been set up after Nicholas II’s abdication? ii. What kind of government did the Bolsheviks want? Who was their leader? iii. In what revolution did the Bolsheviks seize control of Russia? iv. What kind of government did the Bolsheviks set-up in Russia? v. What did the Bolsheviks think/believe? And, what did they do once in power?

c. The Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)) i. What was one of Lenin’s first actions? ii. Why was there a Civil War in Russia?

iii. How did Josef Stalin come to lead the Soviet Union? iv. What did Stalin do when he came to power? v. What were Stalin’s Five Year Plans meant to do? vi. What did Stalin work to do during the 1920s? vii. What was the “Great Purge”?

2. The Rise of Totalitarianism i. Why did people in Europe and Asia turn to extreme political regimes? ii. Where did military dictatorships arise?

b. The Treaty of Versailles i. What four (4) provisions did the “war guilt” clauses include?

c. Fascism i. What were/are Fascist regimes? What did/does that mean for individuals? ii. Who was the “father” of fascism? iii. How did Italian Fascists embrace expansionism? iv. What were many supporters of fascism afraid of?

d. Germany’s Inter-War Years i. What led to hyperinflation in Germany? ii. What did the Great Depression lead to in Germany?

e. The Rise of Nazi Germany i. What government ran Germany after WWI? ii. What was this government blamed for? iii. What is “Nazi Party” short for? iv. What did many German citizens think that the Nazis would do? v. Who did many Germans think “stabbed them in the back” during WWI? vi. What did the Nazis’ racist policies do? vii. How did Hitler/the Nazis feel about Jews? What do we call this? viii. What did the Nazis to to the Jews?

3. Beginning of German/Nazi Aggression a. What two aggressive actions did the Nazis take immediately upon coming to power?

What rules did they break? b. The Spanish Civil War

i. What two factions fought in the Spanish Civil War? ii. Which faction did Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy support? iii. What was one major benefit of the Spanish Civil War for Germany and Italy? iv. Who won the Spanish Civil War?

c. Appeasement i. What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact? ii. Why wasn’t the Kellogg-Briand Pact effective? iii. What are three examples of early German territorial aggression? iv. What was “appeasement”? v. What was Hitler’s/the Nazis’ goal in threatening Austria and Czechoslovakia? vi. What was the Anschluss? vii. What area in Czechoslovakia did Hitler want to be part of Germany? viii. What was agreed to in the Munich Agreement? ix. How did the Nazis break the Munich Agreement? What did world leaders soon

begin to understand about “appeasement”? x. Why did World War Two begin?

d. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

i. What are three things Stalin and Hitler secretly agreed to in their Non-Aggression pact?

ii. What did Germany do on September 1, 1939? iii. What was Operation Barbarossa?

4. China’s Inter-War Years a. Who led the Chinese nationalist movement? Was it successful? b. Why did China join the Allied Powers during WWI? Did they get what they wanted? Why

or why not? c. The May Fourth Movement of 1919 was a conflict between what two political groups? d. What political party was established in China in 1921? e. Who led the Chinese Nationalists? f. Who started the Chinese Civil War?

5. Japan’s Inter-War Years a. Why did the Japanese turn toward militarism and imperialism? b. What was the Mukden Incident? What did the Japanese do because of it? c. Who started the Second Sino-Japanese War? What did they do? d. What happened in the Nanking/Nanjing Massacre? e. What did the US do in response to the Nanking Massacre?

6. The Soviet Union’s Inter-War Years a. What is the Soviet Union also known as? b. Who took control of the Soviet Union after Lenin died? c. What did he work to do? d. What was Soviet “collectivization”? e. Why did nearly 5 million Ukrainians die of starvation? f. What happened during the “Great Purge”?

4b World War II 1. During what years was WWII fought? 2. Where was WWII fought? 3. What major nations made-up the two belligerent alliances during WWII? 4. Before the US Enters the War

a. Invasion of Poland i. What are three examples of the Nazis’ policy of territorial aggression? ii. What was the policy of “appeasement”? iii. Why did both Great Britain and France declare war on Germany September 3rd

of 1939? b. Invasions of Western Europe

i. After Poland, what two Western European Nations did Nazi Germany invade? ii. What happened at Dunkirk? iii. After Dunkirk, what did France do?

c. The Blitz and the Battle of Britain i. What does “Blitzkrieg” mean? ii. What does the term “the Blitz” commonly refer to? iii. What was the Battle of Britain?

iv. What did the Nazis hope to achieve in the Battle of Britain? v. What new technology helped the British defend themselves against the German

Luftwaffe? d. Operation Barbarossa

i. What pact did the Nazis break by launching Operation Barbarossa? ii. From what nation was the Red Army? iii. What meteorological event helped the Red Army regroup and eventually repel

the Nazi advance? iv. How did Operation Barbarossa repeat a German mistake from WWI?

e. Battle of the Atlantic i. Who coined the term “Battle of the Atlantic”? ii. What does “Battle of the Atlantic” generally refer to? iii. How was the US first involved in the Battle of the Atlantic? iv. What did the Germans attempt to do? How? v. How did this lead to the Allies having a great advantage? vi. How did the British help the Allies assert almost undisputed control over the

Atlantic Ocean by 1943? 5. The US Enters WWII and Focuses on Europe

a. Pearl Harbor i. Prior to WWII, why had tensions built between the US and Japan? ii. When Japan entered WWII on the side of Germany, what action did the US take

as a punitive measure? What did this lead to? iii. How and why did the US end up entering WWII?

b. Germany First i. Who met at the Arcadia Conference in Washington, D.C.? ii. Why did British and American leaders agee on the “Germany First” strategy? iii. What did that mean for the Pacific Theater of the war?

c. The Battle of the Midway i. Where did the Battle of the Midway take place? ii. Who won the Battle of Midway?

d. The Battle of Stalingrad i. What are two reasons that the Battle of Stalingrad is considered an important

turning point in the war? e. Tehran Conference

i. Who were the “Big Three” that met at the Tehran Conference? ii. What two things did the “Big Three” agree to?

f. D-Day i. What is D-Day also known as? ii. What military campaign was D-Day a part of ? iii. What do many historians call D-Day?

g. Battle of the Bulge i. What was the Battle of the Bulge initially known as? ii. Who launched the battle? Why? iii. In reality, what did the Battle of the Bulge lead to?

h. Yalta Conference i. Stalin agreed to… ii. Stalin pledged to… iii. The Allied Powers agreed that… iv. Regarding Poland, the Allied leaders decided that…

v. What was, perhaps, the single most important development of the Yalta Conference?

6. The US Focuses on Asia a. Battle of Iwo Jima

i. When was the Battle of Iwo Jima fought? ii. How bad/bloody was the fighting at Iwo Jima?

b. VE Day i. When did Germany surrender to Allied (Soviet) forces? ii. Why is this date known as VE Day?

c. Battle of Okinawa i. What was the Battle of Okinawa also known as? ii. What is the battle known for?

d. Potsdam Conference i. Who were the “Big Three” at the Potsdam Conference? Why was there a new

leader there? ii. What were the three main issues discussed at the Potsdam Conference? iii. What did the Potsdam Declaration call for?

e. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki i. What did the US do on August the 6th and the 9th of 1945? How many times has

this action been taken since? ii. Why did Truman and the Allied leaders want to avoid an invasion of the

Japanese home islands? iii. When was VJ Day? What does VJ Day mean? iv. What argument do opponents of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings

propose? 7. Nuremberg Trials

a. What can the trials be best described as? b. What were major war criminals (Nazis at Nuremberg, Japanese at Tokyo) charged with? c. What happened to many that were found guilty?

8. WWII Leaders (Five W’s: Who, What, When, Where, Why) a. Adolf Hitler b. Joseph Stalin c. Franklin D. Roosevelt d. Winston Churchill e. Harry S. Truman f. Hirohito g. Benito Mussolini h. Dwight D. Eisenhower i. Douglas MacArthur j. Omar Bradley k. George Marshall l. George S. Patton

5a The Cold War 1. Why were the US and USSR allies during WWII? 2. Why did relations between the US and USSR become strained/tense after the war? 3. The Early Cold War

a. Potsdam Conference i. What did Allied leaders agree to at the conference? ii. What was the Potsdam Declaration?

b. United Nations i. Why was the UN formed after WWII? ii. What role did the UN play during post-WWII decolonization?

c. North Atlantic Treaty Organization i. What did the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty form? What nation was/is in a leadership

position? ii. What did the formation of NATO result in?

d. Warsaw Pact i. What was the Warsaw Pact also known as? ii. Why was the Warsaw Pact created? What nation created it? iii. What did the Soviets set-up to ensure their protection? iv. What nations made-up the Warsaw Pact?

e. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization i. SEATO was created as a part of what effort?

f. The Marshall Plan i. Who came up with the Marshall Plan? ii. What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan? iii. Why didn’t the Soviets or their allies partake in the Marshall Plan?

g. Atomic Age i. When did the Soviets get their first successful atomic bomb? ii. What happened in the years that followed the bombings of Hiroshima and

Nagasaki? 4. The Cold War in Asia

a. Japan i. What condition was Japan in after WWII? ii. Did the US leave Japan after defeating it? iii. How did the US treat Japan following WWII? Why?

b. China i. A shaky truce between what two groups kept China “unified” during the Second

Sino-Japanese War and World War II? ii. How did the Soviets help the CPC win the Chinese Civil War in 1949? What did

they establish? iii. What happened to the KMT? iv. After the Chinese Civil War:

1. The Great Leap Forward a. What kind of economy was established by Mao in the Great

Leap Forward? b. How well did the Great Leap Forward go for the people of

China? 2. The Cultural Revolution

a. Why did Mao begin the Cultural Revolution in 1966? b. What did Mao do in the Cultural Revolution? c. What did the Red Guards do in the Cultural Revolution? d. In what way was the Cultural Revolution successful?

3. Tiananmen Square Protests a. What did Tiananmen Square protesters demand? b. How did the Chinese government respond?

v. Korea 1. Following WWII, what did the US and USSR agree to regarding the

Korean peninsula? 2. What kind of government was established in North Korea? In South

Korea? 3. What did North Korea do 6/25/1950? Why? 4. Who supported North Korea? Who supported South Korea? 5. How was the Korean War a see-saw, back-and-forth, up-and-down,

affair? 6. How were the Chinese involved in the Korean War? 7. How was the war “resolved”?

vi. Vietnam 1. Who led the beginning of the Vietnamese independence movement in

1941? 2. What empire did Vietnam win its independence from in 1954? 3. The Vietnamese Civil War started between what two groups/nations?

4. What larger conflict did the Vietnamese Civil War spark? 5. Which side in the Vietnamese Civil War did the US support? Why? 6. Why did the US fail in the Vietnam War? 7. How did the Vietnam War end?

vii. India 1. What empire colonized India in 1776?(!) 2. Which Indian independence leader practiced “satyagraha”? What is

“satyagraha”? 3. What two nations was colonial India divided into? What religions

dominated each nation? 4. What happened to the eastern part of Pakistan in 1971?

5. The Cold War in the Middle East 1. The Creation of Israel

a. When did the country of Israel come into existence? b. What was Israel known as before this? What empire controlled

the region since the end of WWI? c. For centuries, what two groups had populated the region? How

were they different? d. To what religions does the land of Israel hold important historical

significance? e. What’s so important/controversial about Jerusalem? f. What led to Israel becoming an independent nation in 1947-

1948? 2. The Arab-Israeli War

a. What started the Arab-Israeli War? b. How did the Arab-Israeli War end?

3. Kashmir a. What two nations claimed Kashmir? Where is Kashmir? b. What two competing groups inhabit Kashmir? c. How has the dispute over Kashmir been resolved?

5b Cold War Conflicts 1. The Early Cold War in Europe

a. Iron Curtain i. In a famous speech, who coined the term “Iron Curtain”? ii. What does the concept of an “Iron Curtain” refer to? iii. According to the speech, from where to where does this Iron Curtain run? iv. What famous cities lie behind this Iron Curtain?

b. Division of Germany i. Who controlled each of the four military occupations zones in Germany? ii. Why was Germany divided into these four zones? iii. How was the capital of Germany divided?

c. Berlin Blockade i. What was one of the first international disputes of the Cold War? ii. What was the Berlin Blockade? iii. What was the Berlin Airlift?

d. Construction of the Berlin Wall i. Why was the Berlin Wall built? ii. What was the wall trying to stop? iii. What did the Berlin Wall become a physical symbol of?

e. Marshall Plan i. The Marshall Plan was a joint plan designed to do what? ii. What did the US/Marshall promise? iii. What nations joined/accepted the Marshall Plan? iv. Which nations didn’t accept the Marshall Plan? Why?

f. Eastern Europe i. Hungary

1. What happened in Hungary in 1956? 2. Why didn’t it succeed?

ii. Czechoslovakia 1. What was Prague Spring? 2. Why didn’t Prague Spring succeed?

2. The Cold War in Space a. Space Race

i. Who launched Sputnik? What resulted from its launch? ii. What was the Space Race? iii. What was the “finish line” in the Space Race? iv. What was President John F. Kennedy’s role in the Space Race? v. How was JFK’s goal fulfilled?

3. The Cold War in Latin America a. Cuban Missile Crisis

i. Who was the leader of Cuba? ii. Why did he start secret talks with the Soviet Union? iii. What did the US discover in October of 1962? iv. Why did this discovery lead to a sharp increase in Cold War tensions? v. What did president Kennedy do in response to this discovery? vi. What did Kennedy/the US demand from the Soviets? vii. What deal was reached to avoid nuclear war? (just barely)

4. The Cold War in Asia a. Korea

i. Following WWII, what did the US and USSR agree to regarding the Korean peninsula?

ii. What kind of government was established in North Korea? In South Korea? iii. What did North Korea do 6/25/1950? Why? iv. Who supported North Korea? Who supported South Korea? v. How was the Korean War a see-saw, back-and-forth, up-and-down, affair? vi. How was the war “resolved”?

b. Vietnam i. Who took control of French Indo-China during WWII? ii. What present-day countries make-up what was French Indo-China? iii. Who led the resistance to France’s attempts to reestablish control over Indo-

China following WWII? Whom did the US support in this conflict? iv. Why was Vietnam divided into Northern and Southern nations? v. What kind of government was North Vietnam? What about South Vietnam? vi. What happened to the rest of Indo-China? vii. Who was the US-supported president of South Vietnam? What kind of leader

was he? viii. What was the Viet Cong? ix. What did the Vietnam Communist Party of North Vietnam call for in 1959? x. What was the National Liberation Front (NLF)? xi. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? xii. What did the Gulf of Tonkin Incident result in? xiii. What did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution lead President Lyndon B. Johnson to do? xiv. By 1968, how many US troops were fighting in Vietnam?

xv. Which side had the numerical (as well as almost every other) advantage in the war?

xvi. What’s one reason that the US began the withdrawal of its troops in 1973? xvii. What happened to South Vietnam in 1975?

5. The Cold War in Africa a. Egypt

i. How did many Egyptians feel about King Farouk after their loss in the Arab-Israeli War in 1949?

ii. How did many Egyptians feel about Great Britain? iii. What happened in Egypt in 1952? iv. What was Nasser’s big plan after coming to power? v. Why did the US and Great Britain withdraw their offers of support for Nasser’s

plan? vi. Why were tensions further exacerbated between Egypt and the US and Great

Britain? vii. What did Nasser decide to do with the Suez Canal? viii. What began the Suez Crisis?

b. Angola i. What kind of uprising began in Angola? Who supported it? ii. What empire did Angola gain its independence from? iii. In the Angolan Civil War, what were the two sides? What was each side fighting

for? Who supported each side? iv. When did the Angolan Civil War end? Who won?

5c Collapse of the Soviet Union 1. Reasons for the Collapse of the Soviet Union

a. The Soviet Socialist Republics i. Following WWII, what political lines divided many countries of the world? ii. Why was Germany divided? Who controlled East Germany? West Germany? iii. What nations were considered to be SSRs? iv. The SSRs were considered to be directly a part of what?

b. The Soviet Economy i. The Soviet Union operated under a communist system. What did this mean for

the nation/empire? ii. What do many historians believe about the Soviet communist system? iii. Why did the Soviet economy deteriorate during the Cold War? iv. How did the nuclear arms race affect the USSR? v. What did the Soviets do in 1979 that further strained/taxed their economy?

c. Lech Walesa i. What movements did Lech Walesa lead? Where? ii. What group did Walesa co-found? What was it? iii. Why did Walesa earn a Nobel Peace Prize in 1983?

d. Mikhail Gorbachev i. In 1985, what did Gorbachev become? ii. What effort did Gorbachev make soon after coming into office? iii. What was Gorbachev’s policy of “perestroika”? iv. What was Gorbachev’s policy of “glasnost”? v. What did glasnost lead to?

e. Ronald Reagan i. What is former US President Ronald Reagan often credited with? ii. What was Reagan well-known for?

iii. What was US foreign policy under Reagan known as? iv. What was the Reagan Doctrine designed to do? v. What did the US do under the Reagan Doctrine/Policy? vi. What wall did Reagan want Gorbachev to “tear down!”? vii. What did this wall divide? What was it symbolic of?

f. Revolutions of 1989 i. What were the Revolutions of 1989? ii. What countries took part in the Revolutions of 1989? What did they do? iii. Why was the Soviet Union unable to prevent these revolutions? iv. Why had nationalist movements grown in Eastern Europe? v. What happened to divided Germany as a result of the Revolutions of 1989?

g. Boris Yeltsin i. What did Yeltsin become in 1991? ii. What did Yeltsin inherit? iii. What was one of Yeltsin’s first goals? iv. What did Yeltsin’s reforms include? v. What did these changes result in? vi. What did privatization lead to? vii. How did this work-out for most Russians?

7a The Late 20th and Early 21st Centuries: Changing Cultures and Concerns

1. What did many people in the world experience at the turn of the 21st century? 2. Unfortunately, what problems are still prevalent in many areas of the world? 3. What are some of the many causes of these problems/imbalances? 4. Changing Cultures

a. Cultural Convergence i. What is cultural convergence? ii. When does cultural convergence occur? iii. Why do many fear cultural convergence? iv. What has facilitated cultural convergence?

b. Cultural Divergence i. What is cultural divergence? ii. Why does cultural divergence happen (in some cases)?

c. Concerns Regarding Cultural Change i. What do some people fear cultural convergence will lead to? ii. What does “Americanization” refer to? iii. What do critics of “Americanization” believe?

5. Overpopulation a. Asia

i. What is the population of the world estimated to be today? ii. What are the two most populous countries in the world? What continent are they

both in? iii. What nation is expected to be the most populous by 2045? iv. How does China try to slow its population growth? v. Why is this policy controversial?

b. Megacities i. What are megacities? How many are there?

ii. What is the world’s largest megacity? How many people live there? iii. What are the two megacities in Brazil? iv. What is life like in these two Brazilian megacities, and in Brazil in general?

6. Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration a. Developing Countries

i. What are four of today’s fastest “developing countries”? ii. What do these four developing countries have in common?

b. Consequences of Rapid Industrialization i. As a country industrializes, many people do what? ii. Rapid urbanization tends to come with what (3) main problems? iii. What regularly occurs in cities such as Bangkok, Thailand, and Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil? iv. Mexico the second largest what in Latin America? v. In spite of this, what do many Mexicans still experience today? vi. Why do many Mexicans flock to Mexico City? vii. How does the Mexican government try to help/deal with this? viii. What has the extreme economic growth in late 20th and early 21st China

resulted in? ix. How was the Chinese economy controlled during much of the 20th century? x. What has the relaxation of these controls led to in the last few decades?

c. World Migration Patterns i. What are the most popular destinations for migrants? Why? ii. What is a “pull factor”?

d. Mexican Immigration i. Why has Mexican immigration to the US become more controversial recently? ii. What factor “pulls” Mexican immigrants to the US? iii. What factor “pushes” Mexican immigrants to the US?

7. Political Issues a. Increasing Human Rights

i. Why has concern for human rights grown during the 20th and 21st centuries? b. Religion and Human Rights

i. How is Saudi Arabia an example of the conflict between religion and human rights?

c. Communism i. What are the last two “communist” nations in the world today? ii. How is each nation more of a “dictatorship of its communist party” rather than a

proper communist society as envisioned by Marx? d. Nationalism

i. What can “nationalism” be defined as? ii. How can nationalism often lead to conflict? iii. For many years Northern Ireland has been the site of violent nationalist conflict

between what two groups? iv. What is this period of violence known as? How has it been (largely) resolved?

e. Women’s Rights i. When did women in many countries begin to gain the right to vote (suffrage)? ii. How did women in the US win their suffrage? When? iii. What else have women been having to fight for?

7b The Late 20th and Early 21st Centuries 1. International Organizations

a. International Organizations are a common feature of what? b. Why do International Organizations exist? c. Why is the US’s role in International Organizations important?

2. For each of the following: 1. What does the organization do? What is its purpose? 2. What nations are in it? 3. What is the Role of the US in the organization?

a. Amnesty International b. European Union (EU) c. International Monetary Fund (IMF) d. International Red Cross Movement e. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) f. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) g. Organization of American States (OAS) h. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) i. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) j. United Nations (UN) k. Warsaw Pact l. World Bank m. World Court n. World Trade Organization (WTO) o. World Health Organization (WHO)