World Development Indicators 2000

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(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
Copyright 2000 by the International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK
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All rights reserved
First printing March 2000
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Foreword
The past year brought the first signs of recovery from the financial crisis that swept the globe in
1997. It also brought a stronger and more focused commitment to reducing poverty in the world.
These are both encouraging signs. Economic growth provides the resources needed to improve peo-
ple’s lives—creating new jobs, increasing productivity, and producing goods and services. But only
growth with equity—growth that reaches the poor—can close the gap between the rich and the poor.
Low income is just one of poverty’s many dimensions. The poor lack material goods, education,
medical care, and information. They also lack security and the means to protect their families.
And they suffer the indignity of being displaced and dispossessed, even in their own communi-
ties. So we cannot look for a single solution to poverty. Nor can we measure poverty by just one
indicator. We must look at a range of indicators.
That is why the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) in 1996 selected seven international development goals from the res-
olutions of UN conferences. Then, in 1998 a joint meeting of the UN, the OECD, and the World
Bank proposed 21 indicators to track progress toward those goals.
This year’s World Development Indicators tells us that achieving those goals will be difficult but
still attainable in many countries. Progress in reducing poverty rates stalled, especially in Asia,
as a consequence of the financial crisis, and in Europe and Central Asia income distributions wors-
ened. Even so, the goal of reducing poverty rates to half of their 1990 levels can still be achieved
in most regions, if growth resumes without further increases in inequality.
Looking at other social indicators, we find that many countries will achieve equal school enroll-
ments for girls and boys in the next five years. Overall, we may fall short of the goal, but the progress
toward it will bring benefits that extend beyond the classroom to all society. Reaching full primary
school enrolment in the next 15 years will be more difficult. It now appears that 75 million chil-
dren will be out of school in 2015, two-thirds of them in Sub-Saharan Africa. Even harder will be
reducing child mortality to two-thirds of its 1990 level by 2015. Only 13 countries are on track.
Some are falling back. But many more could achieve this goal by increasing health services for
the poor and stemming the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
These are only some of the enormous challenges we face in eliminating poverty—challenges we can
begin to address only with knowledge, with energy, and with resolve. The beginning point is knowledge—
knowledge of how far we have come and how far we have to go. And that is the purpose of the World
Development Indicators, which we are pleased to offer now in its fourth year of publication.
James D. Wolfensohn
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v i 2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s
This book and its companion volumes, the World Bank Atlas and the Little Data Book, were pre-
pared by a team led by Eric Swanson. The team consisted of Swaminathan Aiyar, Mehdi Akhlaghi,
David Cieslikowski, Richard Fix, Amy Heyman, Masako Hiraga, M. H. Saeed Ordoubadi, Sulekha
Patel, K. M. Vijayalakshmi, Amy Wilson, and Estela Zamora, working closely with other teams in
the Development Economics Vice Presidency’s Development Data Group. The CD-ROM development
team included Azita Amjadi, Elizabeth Crayford, Reza Farivari, Angelo Kostopoulos, and William Prince.
K. Sarwar Lateef served as adviser to the team and provided substantial inputs. The work was car-
ried out under the management of Shaida Badiee.
The choice of indicators and textual content was shaped through close consultation with and
substantial contributions from staff in the World Bank’s four thematic networks—Environmentally
and Socially Sustainable Development; Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure; Human Devel-
opment; and Poverty Reduction and Economic Management—and staff of the International Finance
Corporation and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. Most important, we received sub-
stantial help, guidance, and data from our external partners. For individual acknowledgments of
contributions to the book’s content, please see the Credits section. For a listing of our key part-
ners, see the Partners section.
Bruce Ross-Larson was the principal editor, and Peter Grundy, the art director. The cover and
page design and the layout were done by Communications Development Incorporated with Grundy
& Northedge of London. Staff from External Affairs oversaw publication and dissemination of the
book.
Acknowledgments
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Preface
Poverty has many dimensions. The poor lack material goods, education, medical care, and infor-
mation. They also lack security and the means to protect their families. And they suffer the indig-
nity of being displaced and dispossessed even in their own communities. So we cannot measure
poverty by just one indicator. We must look at a range of indicators—of people’s income, the
food they can afford to consume, their human and physical capital, and a host of other things.
Nor can we look for one solution to poverty.
Economic growth is essential in reducing poverty, but it is not sufficient. Services to the poor—
financial, medical, educational—and access to safe water, sanitation, and transportation are also
necessary. That is why in 1996 the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) selected seven goals from the resolutions of
the United Nations development conferences held throughout the decade. In 1998 a joint meet-
ing of the United Nations, the OECD, and the World Bank proposed 21 indicators to track
progress toward those international development goals.
Since then the World Development Indicators has reported on the international development
goals. In this year’s edition the World View section tells us that progress in reducing poverty rates
stalled, especially in Asia, as a consequence of the financial crisis. The goal of reducing poverty
rates to half of their 1990 levels can still be achieved in most regions, if we can sustain equi-
table growth.
The international development goals also call for achieving universal primary education,
reaching equal enrollments of girls and boys in primary and secondary school, and cutting infant
and child mortality rates by two-thirds. And they call for cutting maternal mortality ratios by three-
fourths, providing access to reproductive health care to all who require it, and taking steps to reverse
degradation of the environment. Challenging goals, but attainable, if we work with a common purpose.
We continue to be grateful for the support and cooperation of our many partners—the inter-
national organizations, statistical offices, nongovernmental organizations, and private firms that
have provided their data and contributed to this product. We also appreciate the comments and
responses from users—helping us measure how we are doing in continuing to make the World
Development Indicators a useful tool. So please write to us at [email protected]. And for more
information on the World Bank’s statistical publications, please visit our website at www.world-
bank.org and select data from the menu.
Shaida Badiee
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Contents WORLD VIEW
Front matter Foreword v Acknowledgments vi Preface vii Partners xii Users guide xxii
1
1.2 Development progress 14
1.3 Gender differences 18
1.5 Long-term structural change 26
1.6 Key indicators for other economies 30
Box 1a The international development goals 5
Figures 1a The poorest have least access to maternal
and child health services 6
1b Some developing regions are well on their way
to meeting the enrollment target 7
Text tables 1a Poverty in developing and transition economies,
selected years, 1987–98 4
1b Under-five mortality rate in poorest and richest quintiles 5
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PEOPLE ENVIRONMENT2 3
2.4 Employment by economic activity 50
2.5 Unemployment 54
2.7 Poverty 62
2.9 Education inputs 70
2.11 Education efficiency 78
2.12 Education outcomes 82
2.14 Health expenditure, services, and use 90
2.15 Disease prevention: coverage and quality 94
2.16 Reproductive health 98
2.18 Mortality 106
2b Population and development 36
Figures 2a The interval for adding another billion in world
population has become shorter and shorter 34
2b Where the next billion will come from 34
2c Most of the next billion will be born in low-income countries 35
2d Rapid growth in the working-age population in low-income
countries will add to population momentum 35
2.1 The rate of population growth is slowing faster
than absolute growth is 41
2.2 Growth in the working-age and elderly populations
has accelerated in developing countries 45
2.4 The informal sector is a vital source of employment 53
2.9 Households account for much of the spending on education 73
2.10 Millions of the world’s children still are not in school 77
2.15 Poor children are much less likely to be fully immunized 97
2.17 Developing countries will see a rapidly growing
health impact from smoking 105
2.18 Under-five mortality is dramatically higher
among the poorest 109
Text tables 2.3a The gap between men’s and women’s labor force
participation is narrowing 49
2.5a Unemployment rate by level of educational attainment 57
2.13a Male and female unemployment rate by education level, 1994–97 89
2.14a Health expenditure by aggregation method, 1990–98 93
2.16a Total fertility and access to reproductive health care
among the poorest and richest, various years, 1990s 101
Introduction 111
3.2 Agricultural inputs 118
3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity 126
3.5 Freshwater 130
3.9 Sources of electricity 146
3.10 Urbanization 150
3.13 Air pollution 162
3.14 Government commitment 164
3b International goal for environmental sustainability
and regeneration 113
Figures 3a The world has shifted toward cleaner energy . . . 112
3b . . . and the trend is expected to continue 112
3.1a Rural areas hold a shrinking share
of the population everywhere . . . 117
3.1b . . . but in low-income countries rural dwellers continue
to grow in number 117
3.2a Fertilizer consumption has more than doubled
in low-income countries . . . 121
3.3a The world’s food production has outpaced
its population growth . . . 125
production has barely kept up with population growth 125
3.5 Agriculture accounted for most freshwater withdrawals
in developing economies in the past two decades . . .
. . . and for most of the growth in withdrawals in the past century 133
3.6 As per capita income rises, pollution intensity falls 137
3.7a Access to energy is uneven 141
3.7b Wealthy countries consume a disproportionate
share of the world’s energy 141
3.8a Carbon dioxide emissions vary widely across countries 145
3.8b Industrial countries account for most of
the world’s carbon dioxide emissions 145
3.9 The world’s electricity sources are shifting—
but coal still dominates 149
3.10 The world’s largest cities continue to boom 153
3.12 Growth in passenger cars accelerates 161
3.14 Climate change and biodiversity at the fore 166
Text tables 3.11a Population of the world’s 10 largest metropolitan
areas in 1000, 1800, 1900, and 2000 157
3.12a The top 10 vehicle-owning countries, 1998 161
3.14a Status of national environmental action plans 164
3.14b States that have signed the Convention on Climate Change 165
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ECONOMY STATES AND MARKETS4 5
Introduction 173 4.1 Growth of output 182 4.2 Structure of output 186 4.3 Structure of manufacturing 190 4.4 Growth of merchandise trade 194 4.5 Structure of merchandise exports 198 4.6 Structure of merchandise imports 202 4.7 Structure of service exports 206 4.8 Structure of service imports 210 4.9 Structure of demand 214 4.10 Growth of consumption and investment 218 4.11 Structure of consumption in PPP terms 222 4.12 Relative prices in PPP terms 225 4.13 Central government finances 228 4.14 Central government expenditures 232 4.15 Central government revenues 236 4.16 Monetary indicators and prices 240 4.17 Balance of payments current account 244 4.18 External debt 248 4.19 External debt management 252
Boxes 4a An enhanced framework for poverty reduction 176 4.12 A question of methodology 227
Figures 4a HIPCs have seen their incomes decline—
while those of other poor countries have risen 174 4b HIPCs have made less progress in reducing illiteracy . . . 174 4c . . . in lowering infant mortality . . . 174 4d . . . and in slowing fertility 174 4e HIPCs are also falling further behind in paving roads . . . 175 4f . . . and in extending telephone service 175 4g HIPCs have not made the shift from agriculture
to industry and services . . . 175 4h . . . but they have maintained a higher share of exports 175 4i HIPCs’ higher aid per capita . . . 176 4j . . . has translated into higher debt per capita 176 4.3 Manufacturing growth slowed in East Asia 193 4.7 Exports of commercial services stalled in 1998 209 4.10 Private consumption has accelerated in East Asia and the Pacific 221 4.13 Worsening fiscal balances in Asia 231 4.14 High public interest payments strain national
budgets in many developing and transition economies 235 4.15 High-income countries draw a large share of current
revenue from income taxes . . . . . . while many developing countries rely on duties and excise taxes 239
4.17 On the road to recovery? Current accounts turn positive in East Asia 247 4.18 World Bank and International Monetary Fund lending
expanded in the regions most at risk of financial crisis in 1998 251
Text tables 4a Recent economic performance 178 4b Key macroeconomic indicators 179
Introduction 257 5.1 Credit, investment, and expenditure 260 5.2 Stock markets 264 5.3 Portfolio investment regulation and risk 268 5.4 Financial depth and efficiency 272 5.5 Tax policies 276 5.6 Relative prices and exchange rates 280 5.7 Defense expenditures and trade in arms 284 5.8 State-owned enterprises 288 5.9 Transport infrastructure 292 5.10 Power and communications 296 5.11 The information age 300 5.12 Science and technology 304
Boxes 5a What can biotechnology do? 258 5b Bridging knowledge and policy 259
Figures 5.1 Foreign direct investment has remained resilient 263 5.2 The top 10 emerging stock markets in 1999 267 5.9 Air traffic is concentrated in high-income economies 295 5.10 Mobile phones are connecting the world 299 5.11 The information technology revolution has not reached all shores 303
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Contents GLOBAL LINKS6
Introduction 309 6.1 Integration with the global economy 314 6.2 Direction and growth of merchandise trade 318 6.3 OECD trade with low- and middle-income economies 321 6.4 Primary commodity prices 324 6.5 Regional trade blocs 326 6.6 Tariff barriers 330 6.7 Global financial flows 334 6.8 Net financial flows from Development Assistance
Committee members 338 6.9 Aid flows from Development Assistance Committee members 340 6.10 Aid dependency 342 6.11 Distribution of net aid by Development Assistance
Committee members 346 6.12 Net financial flows from multilateral institutions 350 6.13 Foreign labor and population in OECD countries 354 6.14 Travel and tourism 356
Figures 6a Agriculture employs the majority of workers
in developing countries 310 6b Developing countries are exporting more and more
manufactures to high-income OECD countries 310 6c Children work less as incomes rise 311 6d High-income countries are net exporters of goods
from the six most polluting industries—and low- and middle-income countries net importers 312
6.1 The importance of trade continues to grow 317 6.2 Developing economies make their own market 320 6.3 High-income economies’ imports of manufactures
from low- and middle-income economies have surged 323 6.9 Aid fell as a share of GNP for almost all donors
between 1993 and 1998 341 6.10 The regional distribution of aid from DAC
members has remained much the same 345 6.11 The flow of aid from DAC members in 1998
tended to reflect regional interests and relationships 349 6.12 The top 10 recipients of financial flows
from United Nations agencies 353 6.13 The nationalities of the foreign population in OECD countries
in 1997 reflected traditional ties and recent events 355 6.14 More and more tourists are from developing economies 359
Text table 6.8a Official development assistance from non-DAC donors 339
Back matter Statistical methods 361 Primary data documentation 363 Acronyms and abbreviations 371 Credits 372 Bibliography 374 Index of indicators 381
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Defining, gathering, and disseminating international statistics is a collective effort of many peo-
ple and organizations. The indicators presented in the World Development Indicators are the fruit
of decades of work at many levels, from the field workers who administer censuses and house-
hold surveys to the committees and working parties of the national and international statistical
agencies that develop the nomenclature, classifications, and standards fundamental to an inter-
national statistical system. Nongovernmental organizations and the private sector have also made
important contributions, both in gathering primary data and in organizing and publishing their results.
And academic researchers have played a crucial role in developing statistical methods and car-
rying on a continuing dialogue about the quality and interpretation of statistical indicators. All these
contributors have a strong belief that available, accurate data will improve the quality of public
and private decisionmaking.
The organizations listed here have made the World Development Indicators possible by shar-
ing their data and their expertise with us. More important, their collaboration contributes to the
World Bank’s efforts, and to those of many others, to improve the quality of life of the world’s
people. We acknowledge our debt and gratitude to all who have helped to build a base of com-
prehensive, quantitative information about the world and its people.
For your easy reference we have included URLs (web addresses) for organizations that main-
tain websites. The addresses shown were active on 1 March 2000. Information about the World
Bank is also provided.
International and government agencies
Bureau of Arms Control, U.S. Department of State
The Bureau of Arms Control, U.S. Department of State, is responsible for international agree-
ments on conventional, chemical and biological weapons, and strategic forces; treaty verifi-
cation and compliance; and support to ongoing negotiations, policymaking, and interagency
implementation effor ts.
For information contact the Public Affairs Officer, Bureau of Arms Control, U.S. Department
of State, 2201 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20520, USA; telephone: (202) 647 6946; web-
site: www.state.gov/www/global/arms/bureauac.html.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) is the primary global change data and
information analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy. The CDIAC’s scope includes
potentially anything that would be of value to those concerned with the greenhouse effect and
global climate change, including concentrations of carbon dioxide and other radiatively active gases
in the atmosphere; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in the biogeochemical
cycles of greenhouse gases; emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere; long-term climate
trends; the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastal areas
to rising sea levels.
For information contact the CDIAC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge,
TN 37831-6335, USA; telephone: (423) 574 0390; fax: (423) 574 2232; email: [email protected];
website: cdiac.esd.ornl.gov.
Par tners
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Food and Agriculture Organization
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, was founded
in October 1945 with a mandate to raise nutrition levels and living standards, to increase agri-
cultural productivity, and to better the condition of rural populations. The organization provides direct
development assistance; collects, analyzes, and disseminates information; offers policy and
planning advice to governments; and serves as an international forum for debate on food and agri-
cultural issues.
Statistical publications of the FAO include the Production Yearbook, Trade Yearbook, and Fertil-
izer Yearbook. The FAO makes much of its data available on diskette through its Agrostat PC system.
FAO publications can be ordered from national sales agents or directly from the FAO Sales
and Marketing Group, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy; telephone: (39 06) 57051;
fax: (39 06) 5705/3152; email: [email protected]; website: www.fao.org.
International Civil Aviation Organization
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations,
was founded on 7 December 1944. It is responsible for establishing international standards
and recommended practices and procedures for the technical, economic, and legal aspects
of international civil aviation operations. The ICAO promotes the adoption of safety measures,
establishes visual and instrument flight rules for pilots and crews, develops aeronautical charts,
coordinates aircraft radio frequencies, and sets uniform regulations for the operation of air
services and customs procedures.
To obtain ICAO publications contact the ICAO, Document Sales Unit, 999 University
Street, Montreal, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada; telephone: (514) 954 8022; fax: (514) 954 6769;
email: [email protected]; website: www.icao.int.
International Labour Organization
The International Labour Organization (ILO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, seeks the
promotion of social justice and internationally recognized human and labor rights. Founded in 1919,
it is the only surviving major creation of the Treaty of Versailles, which brought the League of Nations
into being. It became the first specialized agency of the United Nations in 1946. Unique within
the United Nations system, the ILO’s tripartite structure has workers and employers participating
as equal partners with governments in the work of its governing organs.
As part of its mandate, the ILO maintains an extensive statistical publication program. The
Yearbook of Labour Statistics is its most comprehensive collection of labor force data.
Publications can be ordered from the International Labour Office, 4 route des Morillons, CH-
1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or from sales agents and major booksellers throughout the world
and ILO offices in many countries. Telephone: (41 22) 799 78 66; fax: (41 22) 799 61 17; email:
[email protected]; website: www.ilo.org.
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established at a conference in Bretton Woods, New
Hampshire, United States, on 1–22 July 1944. (The conference also established the World Bank.)
The IMF came into official existence on 27 December 1945 and commenced financial operations
on 1 March 1947. It currently has 182 member countries.
Par tners
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The statutory purposes of the IMF are to promote international monetary cooperation, facilitate
the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, promote exchange rate stability, help estab-
lish a multilateral payments system, make the general resources of the IMF temporarily available to
its members under adequate safeguards, and shorten the duration and lessen the degree of
disequilibrium in the international balances of payments of members.
The IMF maintains an extensive program for the development and compilation of international sta-
tistics and is responsible for collecting and reporting statistics on international financial transactions
and the balance of payments. In April 1996 it undertook an important initiative aimed at improving
the quality of international statistics, establishing the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS)
to guide members that have or seek access to international capital markets in providing economic
and financial data to the public. In 1997 the IMF established the General Data Dissemination System
(GDDS) to guide countries in providing the public with comprehensive, timely, accessible, and reliable
economic, financial, and sociodemographic data.
The IMF’s major statistical publications include International Financial Statistics, Balance of Payments
Statistics Yearbook, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, and Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook.
For more information on IMF statistical publications contact the International Monetary Fund, Pub-
lications Services, Catalog Orders, 700 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20431, USA; telephone: (202)
623 7430; fax: (202) 623 7201; telex: RCA 248331 IMF UR; email: [email protected]; website:
www.imf.org; SDDS and GDDS bulletin board: dsbb.imf.org.
International Telecommunication Union
Founded in Paris in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) took its current name in 1934 and became a specialized agency of the United Nations in
1947. The ITU is an intergovernmental organization in which the public and private sectors cooperate
for the development of telecommunications. The ITU adopts international regulations and treaties gov-
erning all terrestrial and space uses of the frequency spectrum and the use of the geostationary satel-
lite orbit. It also develops standards for the interconnection of telecommunications systems worldwide.
The ITU fosters the development of telecommunications in developing countries by estab-
lishing medium-term development policies and strategies in consultation with other partners in
the sector and providing specialized technical assistance in management, telecommunications
policy, human resource management, research and development, technology choice and trans-
fer, network installation and maintenance, and investment financing and resource mobilization.
The Telecommunications Yearbook is the ITU’s main statistical publication.
Publications can be ordered from ITU Sales and Marketing Service, Place des Nations, CH-
1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland; telephone: (41 22) 730 6141 (English), (41 22) 730 6142
(French), and (41 22) 730 6143 (Spanish); fax: (41 22) 730 5194; email: [email protected];
telex: 421 000 uit ch; telegram: ITU GENEVE; website: www.itu.ch.
National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent U.S. government agency whose mis-
sion is to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and wel-
fare; and to secure the national defense. It is responsible for promoting science and engineering
through almost 20,000 research and education projects. In addition, the NSF fosters the
exchange of scientific information among scientists and engineers in the United States and other
Par tners
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countries, supports programs to strengthen scientific and engineering research potential, and
evaluates the impact of research on industrial development and general welfare.
As part of its mandate, the NSF biennially publishes Science and Engineering Indicators, which
tracks national and international trends in science and engineering research and education.
Electronic copies of NSF documents can be obtained from the NSF’s Online Document Sys-
tem (www.nsf.gov/pubsys/index.htm) or requested by email from its automated mailserver
([email protected]). Documents can also be requested from the NSF Publications Clearinghouse
by mail, at PO Box 218, Jessup, MD 20794-0218, or by telephone, at (301) 947 2722.
For more information contact the National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arling-
ton, VA 22230, USA; telephone: (703) 306 1234; website: www.nsf.gov.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was set up in 1948 as
the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) to administer Marshall Plan fund-
ing in Europe. In 1960, when the Marshall Plan had completed its task, the OEEC’s member
countries agreed to bring in Canada and the United States to form an organization to coordinate
policy among industrial countries. The OECD is the international organization of the indus-
trialized, market economy countries.
Representatives of member countries meet at the OECD to exchange information and har-
monize policy with a view to maximizing economic growth in member countries and helping
nonmember countries develop more rapidly. The OECD has set up a number of specialized
committees to further its aims. One of these is the Development Assistance Committee (DAC),
whose members have agreed to coordinate their policies on assistance to developing and tran-
sition economies.
Also associated with the OECD are several agencies or bodies that have their own gov-
erning statutes, including the International Energy Agency and the Centre for Co-operation with
Economies in Transition.
The OECD’s main statistical publications include Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows
to Developing Countries, National Accounts of OECD Countries, Labour Force Statistics, Revenue
Statistics of OECD Member Countries, International Direct Investment Statistics Yearbook, Basic
Science and Technology Statistics, Industrial Structure Statistics, and Services: Statistics on Inter-
national Transactions.
For information on OECD publications contact the OECD, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris
Cedex 16, France; telephone: (33 1) 45 24 82 00; fax: (33 1) 49 10 42 76; email:
[email protected]; websites: www.oecd.org and www.oecdwash.org.
United Nations
The United Nations and its specialized agencies maintain a number of programs for the collection
of international statistics, some of which are described elsewhere in this book. At United Nations
headquarters the Statistics Division provides a wide range of statistical outputs and services for
producers and users of statistics worldwide.
The Statistics Division publishes statistics on international trade, national accounts, demog-
raphy and population, gender, industry, energy, environment, human settlements, and disability.
Its major statistical publications include the International Trade Statistics Yearbook, Yearbook of
Par tners
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National Accounts, and Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, along with general statistics compendiums
such as the Statistical Yearbook and World Statistics Pocketbook.
For publications contact United Nations Publications, Room DC2 853, 2 UN Plaza, New York, NY
10017, USA; telephone: (212) 963 8302 or (800) 253 9646 (toll free); fax: (212) 963 3489; email:
[email protected]; website: www.un.org.
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), Global Urban Observatory
The Urban Indicators Programme of UNCHS (Habitat) was established to address the urgent
global need to improve the urban knowledge base by helping countries and cities design, collect,
and apply policy-oriented indicators related to urban development at the city level. In 1997 the
Urban Indicators Programme was integrated into the Global Urban Observatory, the principal
United Nations program for monitoring urban conditions and trends and for tracking progress in
implementing the goals of the Habitat Agenda. With the Urban Indicators and Best Practices pro-
grams, the Global Urban Observatory is establishing a worldwide information, assessment, and
capacity building network to help governments, local authorities, the private sector, and non-
governmental and other civil society organizations.
Contact Christine Auclair ([email protected]), Urban Indicators Programme, Global Urban Obser-
vatory, UNCHS (Habitat), PO Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenya; telephone: (2542) 623694; fax: (2542)
624266/7; website: www.urbanobservatory.org.
United Nations Children’s Fund
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the only organization of the United Nations dedi-
cated exclusively to children, works with other United Nations bodies and with governments and
nongovernmental organizations to improve children’s lives in more than 140 developing coun-
tries through community-based services in primary health care, basic education, and safe water
and sanitation.
UNICEF’s major publications include The State of the World’s Children and The Progress of
Nations.
For information on UNICEF publications contact UNICEF House, 3 United Nations Plaza, New
York, NY 10017, USA; telephone: (212) 326 7000; fax: (212) 888 7465 or 7454; telex: RCA-239521;
email: [email protected]; website: www.unicef.org.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the principal organ of the
United Nations General Assembly in the field of trade and development. It was established as a
permanent intergovernmental body in 1964 in Geneva with a view to accelerating economic
growth and development, particularly in developing countries. UNCTAD discharges its mandate through
policy analysis; intergovernmental deliberations, consensus building, and negotiation; monitoring,
implementation, and follow-up; and technical cooperation.
UNCTAD produces a number of publications containing trade and economic statistics, includ-
ing the Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics.
For information contact UNCTAD, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland; tele-
phone: (41 22) 907 12 34 or 917 12 34; fax: (41 22) 907 00 57; telex: 42962; email:
[email protected]; website: www.unctad.org.
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized
agency of the United Nations established in 1945 to promote “collaboration among nations
through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the
rule of law, and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms . . . for the peoples of the world,
without distinction of race, sex, language, or religion. . . .”
UNESCO’s principal statistical publications are the Statistical Yearbook, World Education
Report (biennial), and Basic Education and Literacy: World Statistical Indicators.
For publications contact UNESCO Publishing, Promotion, and Sales Division, 1, rue Miollis F,
75732 Paris Cedex 15, France; fax: (33 1) 45 68 57 41; email: [email protected];
website: www.unesco.org.
United Nations Environment Programme
The mandate of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is to provide leadership and encour-
age partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peo-
ple to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.
UNEP publications include Global Environment Outlook and Our Planet (a bimonthly magazine).
For information contact the UNEP, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya; telephone: (254 2) 62 1234
or 3292; fax: (254 2) 62 3927 or 3692; email: [email protected]; website: www.unep.org.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) was established in 1966 to act
as the central coordinating body for industrial activities and to promote industrial development and
cooperation at the global, regional, national, and sectoral levels. In 1985 UNIDO became the six-
teenth specialized agency of the United Nations, with a mandate to help develop scientific and tech-
nological plans and programs for industrialization in the public, cooperative, and private sectors.
UNIDO’s databases and information services include the Industrial Statistics Database
(INDSTAT), Commodity Balance Statistics Database (COMBAL), Industrial Development Abstracts
(IDA), and the International Referral System on Sources of Information. Among its publications is
the International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics.
For information contact UNIDO Public Information Section, Vienna International Centre, PO Box
300, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; telephone: (43 1) 260 26 5031; fax: (43 1) 213 46 5031 or 260 26
6843; email: [email protected]; website: www.unido.org.
World Bank Group
The World Bank Group is made up of five organizations: the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance
Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Cen-
tre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).
Established in 1944 at a conference of world leaders in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United
States, the World Bank is a lending institution whose aim is to help integrate developing and tran-
sition economies with the global economy, and reduce poverty by promoting economic growth. The
Bank lends for policy reforms and development projects and provides policy advice, technical assis-
tance, and nonlending services to its 181 member countries.
Par tners
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x v i i i 2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s
For information about the World Bank visit its website at www.worldbank.org. For more information
about development data contact the Development Data Center, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Wash-
ington, DC 20433, USA; telephone: (800) 590 1906 or (202) 473 7824; fax: (202) 522 1498; email:
[email protected]; website: www.worldbank.org/data.
World Health Organization
The constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) was adopted on 22 July 1946 by the Inter-
national Health Conference, convened in New York by the Economic and Social Council. The objec-
tive of the WHO, a specialized agency of the United Nations, is the attainment by all people of the
highest possible level of health.
The WHO carries out a wide range of functions, including coordinating international health work;
helping governments strengthen health services; providing technical assistance and emergency
aid; working for the prevention and control of disease; promoting improved nutrition, housing, san-
itation, recreation, and economic and working conditions; promoting and coordinating biomedical
and health services research; promoting improved standards of teaching and training in health
and medical professions; establishing international standards for biological, pharmaceutical, and
similar products; and standardizing diagnostic procedures.
The WHO publishes the World Health Statistics Annual and many other technical and statis-
tical publications.
For publications contact Distribution and Sales, Division of Publishing, Language, and Library Ser-
vices, World Health Organization Headquarters, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland; telephone: (41
22) 791 2476 or 2477; fax: (41 22) 791 4857; email: [email protected]; website: www.who.ch.
World Intellectual Property Organization
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations based
in Geneva, Switzerland. The objectives of WIPO are to promote the protection of intellectual property
throughout the world through cooperation among states and, where appropriate, in collaboration with
other international organizations and to ensure administrative cooperation among the intellectual prop-
erty unions—that is, the “unions” created by the Paris and Berne Conventions and several subtreaties
concluded by members of the Paris Union. WIPO is responsible for administering various multilateral
treaties dealing with the legal and administrative aspects of intellectual property. A substantial part
of its activities and resources is devoted to development cooperation with developing countries.
For information contact the World Intellectual Property Organization, 34, chemin des Colom-
bettes, Geneva, Switzerland; mailing address: PO Box 18, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland; tele-
phone: (41 22) 338 9111; fax: (41 22) 733 5428; telex: 412912 ompi ch; email:
[email protected]; website: www.wipo.int.
World Tourism Organization
The World Tourism Organization is an intergovernmental body charged by the United Nations with pro-
moting and developing tourism. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a source
of tourism know-how. The organization began as the International Union of Official Tourist Publicity
Organizations, set up in 1925 in The Hague. Renamed the World Tourism Organization, it held its
first general assembly in Madrid in May 1975. Its membership includes 138 countries and territo-
ries and more than 350 affiliate members representing local governments, tourism associations,
Par tners
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and private companies, including airlines, hotel groups, and tour operators. The World Tourism Orga-
nization publishes the Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, the Compendium of Tourism Statistics, and
the triannual Travel and Tourism Barometer.
For information contact the World Tourism Organization Capitán Haya, 42, 28020 Madrid, Spain;
telephone: (34) 91 567 81 00; fax: (34) 91 567 82 18; email: [email protected];
website: www.world-tourism.org.
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO), established on 1 January 1995, is the successor to the Gen-
eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO provides the legal and institutional foun-
dation of the multilateral trading system and embodies the results of the Uruguay Round of trade
negotiations, which ended with the Marrakesh Declaration of 15 April 1994. The WTO is man-
dated with administering and implementing multilateral trade agreements, serving as a forum
for multilateral trade negotiations, seeking to resolve trade disputes, overseeing national trade
policies, and cooperating with other international institutions involved in global economic
policymaking.
The WTO’s Statistics and Information Systems Divisions compile statistics on world trade and
maintain the Integrated Database, which contains the basic records of the outcome of the Uruguay
Round. Its Annual Report includes a statistical appendix.
For publications contact the World Trade Organization, Publications Services, Centre William
Rappard, 154 rue de Lausanne, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; telephone: (41 22) 739 5208 or
5308; fax: (41 22) 739 5792; email: [email protected]; website: www.wto.org.
Private and nongovernmental organizations
Currency Data & Intelligence, Inc.
Currency Data & Intelligence, Inc. is a research and publishing firm that produces currency-related
products and undertakes research for international agencies and universities worldwide. Its flag-
ship product, the World Currency Yearbook, is the most comprehensive source of information on
currency. It includes official and unofficial exchange rates and discussions of economic, social,
and political issues that affect the value of currencies in world markets. A second publication, the
monthly Global Currency Report, covers devaluations and other critical developments in exchange
rate restrictions and valuations and provides parallel market exchange rates.
For information contact Currency Data & Intelligence, Inc., 45 Northcote Drive, Melville, NY
11747, USA; telephone: (631) 643 2506; fax: (631) 643 2761; email: [email protected]; web-
site: pacific.commerce.ubc.ca/xr/cdi.
Euromoney Publications PLC
Euromoney Publications PLC provides a wide range of financial, legal, and general business infor-
mation. The monthly Euromoney magazine carries a semiannual rating of country creditworthiness.
For information contact Euromoney Publications PLC, Nestor House, Playhouse Yard, London
EC4V 5EX, UK; telephone: (44 171) 779 8888; fax: (44 171) 779 8656; telex: 2907002; email:
[email protected]; website: www.euromoney.com.
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Institutional Investor, Inc.
Institutional Investor magazine is published monthly by Institutional Investor, Inc., which develops
country credit ratings every six months based on information provided by leading international banks.
For information contact Institutional Investor, Inc., 488 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022,
USA; telephone: (212) 224 3300; email: [email protected]; website: www.iimagazine.com.
International Road Federation
The International Road Federation (IRF) is a not-for-profit, nonpolitical service organization. Its
purpose is to encourage better road and transport systems worldwide and to help apply tech-
nology and management practices that will maximize economic and social returns from national
road investments. The IRF has led global road infrastructure developments and is the interna-
tional point of affiliation for about 600 member companies, associations, and governments.
The IRF’s mission is to promote road development as a key factor in economic and social growth,
to provide governments and financial institutions with professional ideas and expertise, to facilitate
business exchange among members, to establish links between IRF members and external institu-
tions and agencies, to support national road federations, and to give information to professional groups.
The IRF publishes World Road Statistics.
Contact the Geneva office at 2 chemin de Blandonnet, CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzer-
land; telephone: (41 22) 306 0260; fax: (41 22) 306 0270; or the Washington, DC, office at
1010 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 410, Washington, DC 20001, USA; telephone: (202)
371-5544; fax: (202) 371-5565; email: [email protected]; website: www.ir fnet.org.
Moody’s Investors Service
Moody’s Investors Service is a global credit analysis and financial opinion firm. It provides the
international investment community with globally consistent credit ratings on debt and other secu-
rities issued by North American state and regional government entities, by corporations world-
wide, and by some sovereign issuers. It also publishes extensive financial data in both print
and electronic form. Its clients include investment banks, brokerage firms, insurance compa-
nies, public utilities, research libraries, manufacturers, and government agencies and departments.
Moody’s publishes Sovereign, Subnational and Sovereign-Guaranteed Issuers.
For information contact Moody’s Investors Service, 99 Church Street, New York, NY 10007,
USA; telephone: (212) 553 1658; website: www.moodys.com.
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Drawing on the talents of 150,000 people in more than 150 countries, PricewaterhouseCoopers
provides a full range of business advisory services to leading global, national, and local compa-
nies and public institutions. Its service offerings have been organized into six lines of service, each
staffed with highly qualified, experienced professionals and leaders. These services include audit,
assurance, and business advisor y services; business process outsourcing; financial advisory ser-
vices; global human resource solutions; management consulting services; and global tax services.
PricewaterhouseCoopers publishes Corporate Taxes: Worldwide Summaries and Individual Taxes:
Worldwide Summaries.
For information contact PricewaterhouseCoopers, 1301 Avenue of the Americas, New York,
NY 10019, USA; telephone: (212) 596 7000; fax: (212) 259 5324; website: www.pwcglobal.com.
Par tners
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The PRS Group
Political Risk Services is a global leader in political and economic risk forecasting and market
analysis and has served international companies large and small for about 20 years. The data
it contributed to this year’s World Development Indicators come from the International Country
Risk Guide, a monthly publication that monitors and rates political, financial, and economic risk
in 140 countries. The guide’s data series and commitment to independent and unbiased analy-
sis make it the standard for any organization practicing effective risk management.
For information contact The PRS Group, 6320 Fly Road, Suite 102, PO Box 248, East Syra-
cuse, NY 13057-0248, USA; telephone: (315) 431 0511; fax: (315) 431 0200; email:
[email protected]; website: www.prsgroup.com.
Standard & Poor’s Rating Services
Standard & Poor’s Sovereign Ratings provides issuer and local and foreign currency debt ratings for
sovereign governments and for sovereign-supported and supranational issuers worldwide. Standard
& Poor’s Rating Services monitors the credit quality of $1.5 trillion worth of bonds and other financial
instruments and offers investors global coverage of debt issuers. Standard & Poor’s also has ratings
on commercial paper, mutual funds, and the financial condition of insurance companies worldwide.
For information contact The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Executive Offices, 1221 Avenue of
the Americas, New York, NY 10020, USA; telephone: (212) 512 4105 or (800) 352 3566 (toll free);
fax: (212) 512 4105; email: [email protected]; website: www.ratings.standardpoor.com.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) provides information on the conservation and sus-
tainable use of the world’s living resources and helps others to develop information systems of their
own. It works in close collaboration with a wide range of organizations and people to increase
access to the information needed for wise management of the world’s living resources. Committed
to the principle of data exchange with other centers and noncommercial users, the WCMC, when-
ever possible, places the data it manages in the public domain.
For information contact the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cam-
bridge CB3 0DL, UK; telephone: (44 12) 2327 7314; fax: (44 12) 2327 7136; email: [email protected];
website: www.wcmc.org.uk.
World Resources Institute
The World Resources Institute is an independent center for policy research and technical assis-
tance on global environmental and development issues. The institute provides—and helps other
institutions provide—objective information and practical proposals for policy and institutional
change that will foster environmentally sound, socially equitable development. The institute’s cur-
rent areas of work include trade, forests, energy, economics, technology, biodiversity, human health,
climate change, sustainable agriculture, resource and environmental information, and national strate-
gies for environmental and resource management.
For information contact the World Resources Institute, Suite 800, 10 G Street NE, Washington,
DC 20002, USA; telephone: (202) 729 7600; fax: (202) 729 7610; telex 64414 WRIWASH; email:
[email protected]; website: www.wri.org.
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2.4 Employment by economic activity
5 5 2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s
Albania 54 22 62 27 28 45 17 45 18 34 21 28 Algeria 27 .. 69 .. 33 .. 6 .. 40 .. 25 .. Angola 67 .. 87 .. 13 .. 1 .. 20 .. 11 .. Argentina 17 2 3 0 40 33 18 12 44 65 79 88 Armenia 21 .. 21 .. 48 .. 38 .. 31 .. 41 .. Australia 8 6 4 4 39 31 16 11 53 63 80 85 Austria .. 6 .. 8 .. 42 .. 14 .. 52 .. 78 Azerbaijan 28 .. 42 .. 36 .. 20 .. 36 .. 38 .. Bangladesh 67 54 81 78 5 11 14 8 29 34 5 11 Belarus 29 .. 23 .. 44 .. 33 .. 28 .. 44 .. Belgium .. 3 .. 2 .. 41 .. 16 .. 56 .. 81 Benin 66 .. 69 .. 10 .. 4 .. 24 .. 27 .. Bolivia 52 2 28 2 21 40 19 16 27 58 53 82 Bosnia and Herzegovina 26 .. 38 .. 45 .. 24 .. 30 .. 39 .. Botswana 6 3 3 2 41 38 8 18 53 60 89 80 Brazil 34 28 20 23 30 26 13 9 36 45 67 68 Bulgaria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 92 .. 93 .. 3 .. 2 .. 5 .. 5 .. Burundi 88 .. 98 .. 4 .. 1 .. 9 .. 1 .. Cambodia 70 71 80 79 7 6 7 3 23 23 14 18 Cameroon 65 .. 87 .. 11 .. 2 .. 24 .. 11 .. Canada 7 5 3 2 38 32 16 12 58 63 84 86 Central African Republic 79 .. 90 .. 5 .. 1 .. 15 .. 9 .. Chad 82 .. 95 .. 6 .. 0 .. 12 .. 4 .. Chile 22 19 3 4 27 34 16 14 51 47 81 81 China .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Hong Kong, China 2 0 1 0 47 31 56 15 52 69 43 85
Colombia 2 1 1 0 39 32 26 21 59 66 74 76 Congo, Dem. Rep. 62 .. 84 .. 18 .. 4 .. 20 .. 12 .. Congo, Rep. 42 .. 81 .. 20 .. 2 .. 38 .. 17 .. Costa Rica 34 27 6 6 25 26 20 17 40 46 74 76 Côte d’Ivoire 60 .. 75 .. 10 .. 5 .. 30 .. 20 .. Croatia .. 7 .. 3 .. 50 .. 34 .. 43 .. 63 Cuba 30 .. 10 .. 32 .. 22 .. 39 .. 68 .. Czech Republic 13 7 11 4 57 50 39 29 30 43 50 66 Denmark 11 5 4 2 41 36 16 15 48 58 80 83 Dominican Republic 40 .. 11 .. 26 .. 16 .. 34 .. 73 .. Ecuador 44 10 22 2 21 27 15 16 34 64 63 83 Egypt, Arab Rep. 46 32 10 43 21 25 14 9 34 43 76 48 El Salvador 51 38 10 7 21 25 21 21 28 37 69 72 Eritrea 79 .. 88 .. 7 .. 2 .. 14 .. 11 .. Estonia 19 16 12 8 50 39 36 27 31 44 52 65 Ethiopia 90 89 89 88 2 2 2 2 8 9 10 11 Finland 15 9 12 5 45 39 23 14 39 52 63 81 France 9 6 7 4 44 37 22 15 47 57 71 81 Gabon 59 .. 74 .. 18 .. 6 .. 24 .. 21 .. Gambia, The 78 .. 93 .. 10 .. 3 .. 13 .. 5 .. Georgia 31 .. 34 .. 33 .. 21 .. 37 .. 45 .. Germany .. 3 .. 3 .. 46 .. 19 .. 51 .. 79 Ghana 66 .. 57 .. 12 .. 14 .. 22 .. 29 .. Greece .. 18 .. 23 .. 28 .. 13 .. 54 .. 64 Guatemala 64 .. 17 .. 17 .. 27 .. 19 .. 56 .. Guinea 86 .. 97 .. 2 .. 1 .. 12 .. 3 .. Guinea-Bissau 81 .. 98 .. 3 .. 0 .. 17 .. 3 .. Haiti 81 .. 53 .. 8 .. 8 .. 11 .. 39 .. Honduras 63 53 40 7 17 19 9 27 20 28 51 66
Agriculture Industry Services
Male Female Male Female Male Female % of male % of female % of male % of female % of male % of female labor force labor force labor force labor force labor force labor force
1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a
Users guide
Principal sections
The tables
identifying icons of each section. Countries and
economies are listed alphabetically (except for Hong
Kong, China, which appears after China). Data are
shown for 148 economies with populations of more
than 1 million people and for which data are regu-
larly reported by the relevant authority, as well as
for Taiwan, China, in selected tables. Selected indi-
cators for 58 other economies—small economies
with populations between 30,000 and 1 million,
smaller economies if they are members of the World
Bank, and larger economies for which data are not
regularly reported—are shown in table 1.6. The
term country, used interchangeably with economy,
does not imply political independence or official
recognition by the World Bank, but refers to any ter-
ritory for which authorities report separate social or
economic statistics. When available, aggregate
measures for income and regional groups appear at
the end of each table.
Indicators
Indicators are shown for the most recent year or period
for which data are available and, in most tables, for an
earlier year or period. Time-series data are available on
the World Development Indicators CD-ROM.
Section 1 World view
Section 6 Global links
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2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s x x i i i
PEOPLE
Employment by economic activity 2.4
2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s 5 6
Hungary 24 11 19 5 45 40 36 25 31 50 45 71 India 63 .. 83 .. 15 .. 9 .. 22 .. 8 .. Indonesia 57 41 53 42 13 21 13 16 29 39 32 42 Iran, Islamic Rep. 36 .. 50 .. 28 .. 17 .. 35 .. 33 .. Iraq 21 .. 62 .. 24 .. 11 .. 55 .. 28 .. Ireland .. 15 .. 3 .. 34 .. 15 .. 49 .. 79 Israel 8 3 4 1 39 38 16 14 52 58 80 84 Italy 13 7 16 7 43 38 28 22 44 55 56 72 Jamaica 47 31 23 11 20 27 8 12 33 42 69 77 Japan 9 5 13 6 40 39 28 24 51 55 58 69 Jordan .. 6 .. 4 24 27 7 10 76 66 93 87 Kazakhstan 28 .. 20 .. 38 .. 25 .. 34 .. 55 .. Kenya 23 19 25 20 24 23 9 9 53 58 65 71 Korea, Dem. Rep. 39 .. 52 .. 37 .. 20 .. 24 .. 28 .. Korea, Rep. 31 10 39 13 32 38 24 21 37 52 37 66 Kuwait 2 .. 0 .. 36 .. 3 .. 62 .. 97 .. Kyrgyz Republic 35 48 33 49 34 12 23 7 32 31 44 38 Lao PDR 77 .. 82 .. 7 .. 4 .. 16 .. 13 .. Latvia 18 23 14 18 49 33 35 20 32 44 50 62 Lebanon 13 .. 20 .. 29 .. 21 .. 58 .. 59 .. Lesotho 26 .. 64 .. 52 .. 5 .. 22 .. 31 .. Libya 16 .. 63 .. 29 .. 3 .. 55 .. 34 .. Lithuania 26 23 29 18 47 35 30 21 27 42 41 61 Macedonia, FYR 30 10 47 6 38 53 23 41 32 32 30 51 Madagascar 73 .. 93 .. 9 .. 2 .. 19 .. 5 .. Malawi 78 50 96 73 10 25 1 7 12 25 3 20 Malaysia 34 19 43 14 26 36 21 30 40 46 36 56 Mali 86 .. 92 .. 2 .. 1 .. 12 .. 7 .. Mauritania 65 .. 79 .. 11 .. 2 .. 24 .. 19 .. Mauritius 29 15 30 13 19 39 40 43 47 46 31 45 Mexico .. 30 .. 13 .. 24 .. 19 .. 46 .. 68 Moldova 49 .. 38 .. 32 .. 21 .. 19 .. 41 .. Mongolia 43 .. 36 .. 21 .. 21 .. 36 .. 43 .. Morocco 48 4 72 3 23 33 14 46 29 63 14 51 Mozambique 72 .. 97 .. 14 .. 1 .. 14 .. 2 .. Myanmar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia 52 .. 42 .. 22 .. 10 .. 27 .. 47 .. Nepal 91 .. 98 .. 1 .. 0 .. 8 .. 2 .. Netherlands .. 4 .. 3 .. 32 .. 10 .. 62 .. 85 New Zealand .. 11 .. 6 .. 33 .. 13 .. 56 .. 81 Nicaragua .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 7 8 6 5 69 51 29 24 25 41 66 71 Nigeria 52 .. 57 .. 10 .. 5 .. 38 .. 38 .. Norway 10 7 6 3 40 35 14 10 50 59 80 87 Oman 52 .. 24 .. 21 .. 33 .. 27 .. 43 .. Pakistan .. 44 .. 67 .. 20 .. 11 .. 36 .. 22 Panama 37 29 6 3 21 21 12 11 39 50 81 86 Papua New Guinea 76 .. 92 .. 8 .. 2 .. 16 .. 6 .. Paraguay 58 6 9 1 20 37 22 13 22 57 70 87 Peru 45 10 25 5 20 27 14 12 35 63 61 83 Philippines 60 48 37 28 16 19 15 13 25 33 48 59 Poland .. 21 .. 20 .. 41 .. 21 .. 38 .. 59 Portugal 22 12 35 16 44 40 25 21 34 48 40 64 Puerto Rico 8 5 1 0 24 26 29 15 67 70 70 84 Romania .. 35 .. 43 .. 36 .. 24 .. 29 .. 33 Russian Federation 19 .. 13 .. 50 .. 37 .. 31 .. 50 ..
1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a
On 25 October 1999 the United Nations
Transitional Administration for East Timor (UNTAET)
assumed responsibility for the administration of East
Timor. Data for Indonesia include East Timor.
Data are shown for Eritrea whenever possible, but
in most cases before 1992 Eritrea is included in the
data for Ethiopia.
unless otherwise noted.
Data for Jordan refer to the East Bank only unless
otherwise noted.
dissolved into 15 countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia,
Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turk-
menistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan). Whenever possible,
data are shown for the individual countries.
Data for the Republic of Yemen refer to that country
from 1990 onward; data for previous years refer to
aggregated data for the former People’s Democratic
Republic of Yemen and the former Yemen Arab Republic
unless otherwise noted.
was changed to República Bolivariana de Venezuela
(Venezuela, RB, in the table listings).
Whenever possible, data are shown for the individ-
ual countries formed from the former Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia—Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Slovenia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. All
references to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the
tables are to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(Serbia/Montenegro) unless otherwise noted.
basic data collection and gives information on primary
sources, census years, fiscal years, and other back-
ground. Statistical methods provides technical infor-
mation on some of the general calculations and
formulas used throughout the book.
Discrepancies in data presented in different edi-
tions of the World Development Indicators reflect
updates by countries as well as revisions to historical
series and changes in methodology. Thus readers are
advised not to compare data series between editions
of the World Development Indicators or between differ-
ent World Bank publications. Consistent time-series
data for 1960–98 are available on the World Develop-
ment Indicators CD-ROM. Except where noted, growth
rates are in real terms. (See Statistical methods for
information on the methods used to calculate growth
rates.) Data for some economic indicators for some
economies are presented in fiscal years rather than
calendar years; see Primary data documentation. All
dollar figures are current U.S. dollars unless otherwise
stated. The methods used for converting national cur-
rencies are described in Statistical methods.
Statistics
constituted in 1998, and historical data are revised to
reflect current political arrangements. Exceptions are
noted throughout the tables.
On 1 July 1997 China resumed its exercise of sover-
eignty over Hong Kong. On 20 December 1999 China
resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Macao. Unless
otherwise noted, data for China do not include data for
Hong Kong, China; Taiwan, China; or Macao, China.
Data for the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(Congo, Dem. Rep., in the table listings) refer to the former
Zaire. For clarity, this edition also uses the formal name of
the Republic of Congo (Congo, Rep., in the table listings).
Data are shown whenever possible for the individ-
ual countries formed from the former Czechoslovakia—
the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.
2 Users guide
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x x i v 2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s
2.4 Employment by economic activity
5 7 2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s
Rwanda 88 .. 98 .. 5 .. 1 .. 7 .. 1 .. Saudi Arabia 45 .. 25 .. 17 .. 5 .. 39 .. 70 .. Senegal 74 .. 90 .. 9 .. .. .. 17 .. 8 .. Sierra Leone 63 .. 82 .. 20 .. 4 .. 17 .. 14 .. Singapore 2 0 .. 0 33 34 40 25 65 66 59 75 Slovak Republic 15 11 13 6 38 49 34 28 48 41 54 67 Slovenia 14 12 17 13 49 49 37 31 38 38 46 57 South Africa 18 .. 16 .. 45 .. 16 .. 37 .. 68 .. Spain 20 10 18 6 42 39 21 14 39 52 60 80 Sri Lanka 44 33 51 40 19 22 18 24 30 41 28 34 Sudan 66 .. 88 .. 9 .. 4 .. 24 .. 8 .. Sweden 8 4 3 1 45 39 16 12 47 57 81 87 Switzerland 8 5 5 4 47 35 23 15 46 59 72 82 Syrian Arab Republic .. 23 .. 54 .. 28 .. 8 .. 49 .. 38 Tajikistan 36 .. 54 .. 29 .. 16 .. 35 .. 30 .. Tanzania 80 .. 92 .. 7 .. 2 .. 13 .. 7 .. Thailand 68 49 74 52 13 22 8 17 20 29 18 32 Togo 70 .. 67 .. 12 .. 7 .. 19 .. 26 .. Trinidad and Tobago 11 14 9 5 44 33 21 13 45 54 70 82 Tunisia 33 22 53 20 30 32 32 40 37 44 16 38 Turkey 45 30 88 65 22 29 5 13 33 41 8 21 Turkmenistan 33 .. 46 .. 32 .. 16 .. 36 .. 38 .. Uganda 84 .. 91 .. 6 .. 2 .. 10 .. 8 .. Ukraine 26 .. 24 .. 46 .. 33 .. 28 .. 44 .. United Arab Emirates 5 .. 0 .. 40 .. 7 .. 55 .. 93 .. United Kingdom 4 3 1 1 48 38 23 13 49 59 76 86 United States 5 4 2 2 40 34 19 13 55 63 80 85 Uruguay .. 7 .. 2 .. 34 .. 17 .. 59 .. 82 Uzbekistan 35 .. 46 .. 34 .. 19 .. 32 .. 36 .. Venezuela, RB 20 19 2 2 31 28 18 14 49 53 79 84 Vietnam 71 70 75 71 16 12 10 9 13 18 15 20 West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Yemen, Rep. 60 .. 98 .. 19 .. 1 .. 21 .. 1 .. Yugoslavia, FR (Serb./Mont.) .. .. 49 .. .. .. 19 .. .. .. 32 .. Zambia 69 .. 85 .. 13 .. 3 .. 19 .. 13 .. Zimbabwe 29 23 50 38 31 32 8 10 40 46 42 52
World .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w .. w Low income .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Excl. China & India 64 .. 73 .. 12 .. 8 .. 24 .. 19 .. Middle income 33 .. 31 .. 33 .. 25 .. 34 .. 45 .. Lower middle income 34 .. 29 .. 34 .. 26 .. 32 .. 45 .. Upper middle income .. 24 .. 22 .. 30 .. 15 .. 46 .. 62 Low & middle income .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. East Asia & Pacific .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe & Central Asia 26 .. 26 .. 43 .. 31 .. 31 .. 43 .. Latin America & Carib. .. 22 .. 13 .. 28 .. 13 .. 50 .. 74 Middle East & N. Africa 39 .. 47 .. 25 .. 14 .. 37 .. 40 .. South Asia 64 .. 83 .. 14 .. 10 .. 23 .. 8 .. Sub-Saharan Africa 62 .. 74 .. 14 .. 5 .. 24 .. 22 .. High income 8 5 7 3 41 37 22 16 51 58 71 81
a. Data are for the most recent year available.
1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a 1980 1992–97a
Users guide
and middle-income economies (note that these mea-
sures include developing economies with populations of
less than 1 million, including those listed in table 1.6).
The country composition of regions is based on the
World Bank’s analytical regions and may differ from
common geographic usage. For regional classifications
see the map on the inside back cover and the list on
the back cover flap. See Statistical methods for further
discussion of aggregation methods.
Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is
gross national product (GNP) per capita. Every econ-
omy is classified as low income, middle income (sub-
divided into lower middle and upper middle), or high
income. For income classifications see the map on
the inside front cover and the list on the front cover
flap. Note that classification by income does not nec-
essarily reflect development status. Because GNP per
capita changes over time, the country composition of
income groups may change from one edition of the
World Development Indicators to the next. Once the
classification is fixed for an edition, using the most
recent year for which GNP per capita data are avail-
able (1998 in this edition), all historical data
presented are based on the same country grouping.
Low-income economies are those with a GNP per
capita of $760 or less in 1998. Middle-income
economies are those with a GNP per capita of more
than $760 but less than $9,360. Lower-middle-
income and upper-middle-income economies are sepa-
rated at a GNP per capita of $3,030. High-income
economies are those with a GNP per capita of $9,361
or more. The 11 participating member countries of
the European Monetary Union (EMU) are presented as
a subgroup under high-income economies.
Aggregate measures for income groups
The aggregate measures for income groups include 206
economies (the economies listed in the main tables plus
those in table 1.6) wherever data are available. Note that
in this edition table 1.6 does not include France’s over-
seas departments—French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Mar-
tinique, and Réunion—which are now included in the
national accounts (GNP and other economic measures)
of France. To maintain consistency in the aggregate mea-
sures over time and between tables, missing data are
imputed where possible. Most aggregates are totals
(designated by a t if the aggregates include gap-filled
estimates for missing data; otherwise totals are desig-
nated by an s for simple totals), median values (m), or
weighted averages (w). Gap filling of amounts not allo-
cated to countries may result in discrepancies between
subgroup aggregates and overall totals. See Statistical
methods for further discussion of aggregation methods.
Footnotes
breaks in comparability over time or across
countries are either footnoted in the tables or noted
in About the data. When available data are deemed
to be too weak to provide reliable measures of lev-
els and trends or do not adequately adhere to inter-
national standards, the data are not shown.
3
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2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s 5 8
About the data Definitions
economic activity on the basis of the International Stan-
dard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of All Economic
Activities. Because this classification is based on where
work is performed (industry) rather than on the type of
work performed (occupation), all of an enterprise’s
employees are classified under the same industry,
regardless of their trade or occupation. The categories
should add up to 100 percent. Where they do not, the
differences arise because of people who are not clas-
sifiable by economic activity.
veys, establishment censuses and surveys, adminis-
trative records of social insurance schemes, and official
national estimates. The concept of employment gener-
ally refers to people above a certain age who worked, or
who held a job, during a reference period. Employment
data include both full-time and part-time workers. There
are however, many differences in how countries define
and measure employment status, particularly for part-time
workers, students, members of the armed forces, and
household, or contributing family, workers. Where data
are obtained from establishment surveys, they cover
only employees; thus self-employed and contributing
family members are excluded. In such cases the employ-
ment share of the agricultural sector is underreported.
Countries also take very different approaches to the
treatment of unemployed people. In most countries
unemployed people with previous job experience are
classified according to their last job. But in some coun-
tries the unemployed and people seeking their first job
are not classifiable by economic activity. Because of
these differences, the size and distribution of employment
by economic activity may not be fully comparable across
countries (ILO, Yearbook of Labour Statistics 1996, p. 64).
The ILO’s Yearbook of Labour Statistics reports data
by major divisions of the ISIC revision 2 or ISIC revision
3. In this table the reported divisions or categories are
aggregated into three broad groups: agriculture, indus-
try, and services. An increasing number of countries
report economic activity according to the ISIC. Where data
are supplied according to national classifications, how-
ever, industry definitions and descriptions may differ. In
addition, classification into broad groups may obscure
fundamental differences in countries’ industrial patterns.
The distribution of economic activity by gender reveals
some interesting patterns. Agriculture accounts for the
largest share of female employment in much of Africa and
Asia. Services account for much of the increase in
women’s labor force participation in North Africa, Latin
America and the Caribbean, and high-income economies.
Worldwide, women are underrepresented in industry.
Segregating one sex in a narrow range of occupations
significantly reduces economic efficiency by reducing
labor market flexibility and the economy’s ability to adapt
to change. This segregation is particularly harmful for
women, who have a much narrower range of labor mar-
ket choices and lower levels of pay than men. But it is also
detrimental to men when job losses are concentrated in
industries dominated by men and job growth is centered
in service occupations, where women often dominate, as
has been the recent experience in many countries.
There are several explanations for the rising impor-
tance of service jobs for women. Many service jobs—
such as nursing and social and clerical work—are con-
sidered “feminine” because of a perceived similarity with
women’s traditional roles. Women often do not receive
the training needed to take advantage of changing
employment opportunities. And the greater availability
of part-time work in service industries may lure more
women, although it is not clear whether this is a cause
or an effect (United Nations 1991).
• Agriculture includes hunting, forestry, and fishing,
corresponding to major division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or
tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3).
• Industry includes mining and quarrying (including
oil production), manufacturing, electricity, gas and
water, and construction, corresponding to major divi-
sions 2–5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C–F
(ISIC revision 3). • Services include wholesale and
retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport,
storage, and communications; financing, insurance,
real estate, and business services; and community,
social, and personal services--corresponding to major
divisions 6–9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories
G–P (ISIC revision 3).
The employment data are from the ILO’s data-
Key
PEOPLE
Figure 2.4
Informal sector employment as %
Note: Data for Pakistan refer to 1992 and those for
Tanzania to 1995.
Informal sector employment is an essential
survival strategy in countries lacking social
safety nets such as unemployment insurance or
where pensions and wages—especially in the
public sector—are low. The informal sector is a
vital part of the economy and of the labor
market in many developing countries, especially
in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s x x v
Data presentation conventions
is not analytically meaningful.
• Figures in italics indicate data that are for years or
periods other than those specified.
• Data for years that are more than three years from
the range shown are footnoted.
The cutoff date for data is 1 February 2000.
Notes about data
national data standards, data collection methods,
and sources of potential errors and inconsistencies.
Readers are urged to read these notes to gain an
understanding of the reliability and limitations of the
data presented. For a full discussion of data collec-
tion methods and definitions readers should consult
the technical documentation provided by the original
compilers cited in Data sources.
Sources
partners drawn on for the table are identified. For a
description of our partners and information on their
data publications see the Partners section.
4
Figures
ures highlighting particular trends or issues.
Definitions
indicators in each table.
Symbols
.. means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be calculated
because of missing data in the years shown.
0 or 0.0 means zero or less than half the unit shown.
/ in dates, as in 1990/91, means that the period of time, usually 12
months, straddles two calendar years and refers to a crop year, a survey
year, or a fiscal year.
$ means current U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted.
> means more than.
< means less than.
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A sixth of the world’s people produce 78 percent of its goods and services and receive 78 percent of world income—an average of $70 a day. Three-fifths of the world’s people in the poorest 61 countries receive 6 percent of the world’s income—less than $2 a day. But their poverty goes beyond income. While 7 of every 1,000 children die before age five in high-income countries, more than 90 die in low-income countries. How do we bridge these huge and growing income gaps, matched by similar gaps in social living standards? Can the nations of the world work together to reduce the numbers in extreme poverty? This is the fundamental challenge of the 21st century.
Recent trends in poverty New data from the World Bank suggest that the number of people in extreme poverty (living on less than $1 a day) has been relatively stable in the past decade, rising in the early 1990s to a peak of 1.3 billion and then falling slightly to 1.2 billion in 1998—roughly the same as in 1987 (table 1a).1 But the regional picture is varied. In East Asia and the Pacific the number in poverty fell sharply from 452 million in 1990 to 278 million in 1998, mainly because of progress in China, with the rest of East Asia cutting its numbers by a third. Almost all other regions had their number in poverty increase. South Asia’s rose from 495 million to 522 million, and Sub-Saharan Africa’s from 242 million to 291 million.
The proportion of people living in extreme poverty—the poverty rate—went down modestly from 29 percent in 1990 to 24 percent in 1998. Here again East Asia took the lead, reducing its rate from 28 percent to 15 percent. South Asia, home to the largest number of the world’s poor, saw a modest decline of four points to 40 percent over the same period. Sub-Saharan Africa (46 percent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (16 percent) had barely discernible reductions.
Some regional trends: • While the overall trend in East Asia and the Pacific is impressive, much of
this gain was made before 1997. The financial crisis of 1997–98 checked the strong momentum of growth. Data from national surveys, based on national poverty lines, suggest that Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, and Thailand had sharp increases in poverty. Vietnam seemed the exception—its poverty continued to decline. In China, where growth slowed but was still high, the pace of poverty reduction slowed sharply after 1996, and the numbers in poverty may even have increased.
W O
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4 2 0 0 0 W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t I n d i c a t o r s
• South Asia continued to record solid per capita GDP growth. But the pace of poverty reduction slowed considerably, particularly in India, reflecting the drag on its overall performance from the populous and poorest states of north India (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh). Bangladesh’s performance has been much better, while Pakistan’s low growth rates throughout the 1990s made poverty worse.
• The gains in growth recorded in Sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-1990s were reversed by lower commodity prices and reduced export demand, reflecting both the slackening of growth in world trade and increased competition from countries that had sharp exchange rate depreciations. Africa’s aggregate performance conceals wide variations between the handful of steady reformers (Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mauritania, Tanzania, and Uganda) and the countries in severe conflict (Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and countries in the horn of Africa). In between lie a large number of countries having difficulty in making the transition to a path of sustained economic reform. Those enjoying good growth have seen poverty decline; the others have seen worsening income poverty and social indicators.
• While extreme poverty is confined to a relatively small share of the people in Latin America and the Caribbean (15 percent living on less than $1 a day, 36 percent on less than $2 a day), both the share and the numbers in poverty remain stubbornly stagnant, apparently immune to the growth in the 1990s because of high levels of inequality. There are exceptions. Data for Brazil suggest that the Real Plan helped poverty drop 30 percent in two years after the 1994 launch. But the global financial crisis wiped out a third of these gains.
• The economic depression in most transition economies in Europe and Central Asia through much of the 1990s may have hit bot- tom. But the combination of falling output and rising inequality led to large increases in the numbers in poverty, including those in extreme poverty. In 1990 very few in this regio