Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
World Café WC-22
“Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems in
Controlled Environment Agriculture”
Gene Giacomelli
UA-CEAC
The University of Arizona
Controlled Environment Agriculture Center
Tucson, Arizona, USA
WC-22 “Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems in Controlled Environments”
This session will address the potential of hydroponic and aquaponic (aquaculture with hydroponics in a closed loop) systems within controlled environments (CE) to sustainably meet demands for food production with limited resources. In conventional agriculture, food productivity is limited by the input of energy, water, nutrients, and labor, and modulated by local climate. In contrast, with CE, optimal crop potential is realized through efficient production methods, resource recycling and reuse, and effective control of the plant’s aerial and root-zone environments. In addition, the effects of climate variability in CE is reduced or eliminated by utilizing controlled structures to offer nutritious, safe, secure, and predictable products. Aquaponic and hydroponic food production systems that utilize organic, inorganic, and/or recycled natural resources for plant fertilization will be presented. Moderator: William “Bill” Cooper, Director, Environmental Engineering Program, National Science Foundation Speakers: Rachel Brennan, Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Gene Giacomelli, Director, Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, University of Arizona Michael Mageau, Assistant Professor, Environment and Sustainability, University of Minnesota, Duluth David Specca, Rutgers University, Assistant Director for Controlled Environment Agriculture and Bioenergy Rutgers University EcoComplex
People focused on CE systems to help feed the world….. Effectively using resources:
UA - Controlled Environment Agriculture Center
CEAC Students, Faculty, Staff, May 2014
energy water nutrient labor capital resources
CEAC Tomatoes Live2.0! http://ag.arizona.edu/tomlive/GHmonitoring.html CEAC Hydroponic Tomatoes in CEA http://ag.arizona.edu/tomlive/gh2091-A_idx.html
“Controlled Environments — The Future of
Economically viable, Environmentally reasonable
and Socially acceptable Food Production”
and currently a worldwide development
Controlled Environments for Food Production
No Ordinary Tomorrows https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V02-msDXatI The Center and Faculty Programs http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/ Look to references!
CEA systems can produce any plant, any where, at any time.
Definition of CEA and Controlled Environment Plant Production Systems
Multi-span Greenhouse So. Pole Food Growth Chamber Plant Factory
CE systems designed in many forms, such as: Greenhouse
Growth room Plant factory Vertical farm
CEA systems can produce any plant, any where, at any time.
BLSS for Space? (Bioregenerative Life Support)
Definition of CEA and Controlled Environment Plant Production Systems
Earthlight Documentary http://cals.arizona.edu/earthlight/ NASA Steckler Space Grant Program http://ag.arizona.edu/lunargreenhouse/
The Emmy Award-winning Documentary “Earthlight”
Mars – Lunar Greenhouse University Arizona
A movie with Matt Damen
and discussion of Earth application
from Gene Giacomelli
Play the 2 minute video at this link:
https://arizona.app.box.com/s/h9olrdjspwav5debqxbi6t97kzlqtrye/1/4914104993/39807368413/1
Copyright Phil Sadler
Controlled Environment Plant Production Systems Greenhouse Crop Production
Require:
Engineering, science & horticultural knowledge
for technical success, and;
Experienced and educated labor
for production success, and;
Financial, marketing and sales
for economic success
Village Farms, Co. ‘semi-closed’ Greenhouse photo credit: P. Selina
Village Farms http://www.villagefarms.com/default.aspx
Annual Yields 100 kg/m2 (20 lb/ft2) 435 ton/acre
Need for food nourishment (vitamins, minerals)
even for ‘urban’ situations where the people are…..
Perspective of Controlled Environment Agriculture
Local Produce http://gothamgreens.com/
Gotham Greens Rooftop Greenhouse in NY City photo credit: Gotham Greens
Complement to soil-based agriculture;
Not replacement of it!
Food, Energy and Water Nexus
CEA has reached major significance in
worldwide thinking of food production
[now even in the USA!]
CEA has many options and marketing points:
Inorganic hydroponics
Organic hydroponics
Pesticide-free
Locally Grown
Aquaculture/Aquaponics
Greenhouse
Urban agriculture
Plant factory
Vertical Farm
Where Do Our Fresh Veggies Come From?
Hydronov, Inc http://www.hydronov.com/
Greenhouse (sunlight)
http://greensensefarms.com/produce/
Green Sense Farms Portage, Indiana
Open Field (soil)
Indoor Building (electrical lamps)
Yuma, Arizona Produces 90% USA Winter Greens
Greenhouse Hydroponic Lettuce
90%
<1% 10%
From Seed to Plate: Procedures and Definitions
Root Env. Aerial Env.
Seed
Farmer, Grower Agri-Business
Market
Table/Plate
Environment
From Seed to Plate: How Are Crops Produced?
Hydroponics/ Soilless Culture
Earth/Soil Open Field; Greenhouse High Tunnel; Growth Rm; Vertical Farm; Plant Factory; Rooftop Greenhouse
Root Env. Aerial Env.
Seed
Top drip irrigation Nutrient Film Technique Deep water/floating bed Ebb & Flood Aeroponic Aquaculture
Farmer, Grower Agri-Business
Market
Table/Plate
Greenhouse grown Locally grown Naturally grown Sustainably grown Organically grown Pesticide-free Non-GMO
Seeds offer crop genetic potential
Env controls crop final result Environment
Aerial Environment
air temperature,
relative humidity,
CO2, light,
air movement,
physical support,
labor access
Environment – Aerial and Root Zone
Intro Hydroponics & CEA http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/pls-217-introduction-hydroponics-and-cea
photo credits: M. Kacira
Sand Culture Drip irrigation
Environment – Aerial and Root Zone
Root Environment
water,
nutrients,
dissolved oxygen,
root temperature,
water flow,
no light,
physical support
Intro Hydroponics & CEA http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/pls-217-introduction-hydroponics-and-cea
Deep Water Culture Floating rafts
Hydroponics – components to grow without soil
water pump,
distribution system,
root environment,
collect excess,
recycle collection,
nutrient storage tank
controls and sensors
Fundamentals for Plant Growing Systems
photo credits: M. Kacira
Top drip irrigation Soilless Culture
Hydroponics – types of systems Top Drip Irrigation Soilless Culture; NFT - Nutrient Film Technique; Deep Water Culture; Aeroponics; Aquaponics; ‘Many other’-ponics
Fundamentals for Plant Growing Systems
Aquaponics: http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/sites/ag.arizona.edu.ceac/files/UA_Aquaponcs.pdf
http://community.theaquaponicsource.com/video/aquaponics-multi-crop-systems-regenerate-global-coasts
Aquaponics Dr. Jason Licamele
Controlled Environment – components to grow indoors
structure, shell, cover,
light (sun and/or lamps)
heater and cooler,
humidity control,
internal transport,
harvest & packaging,
cleaning,
safety
Fundamentals for Plant Growing Systems
photo credit: P. Salina
Top Drip irrigation Soilless Culture
Greenhouse – indoor controlled environment (CE), with transparent cover, using sun energy lighting; commercially viable; low to high technology levels.
Types of Controlled Environments
Nature’s Sweet Tomatoes http://naturesweet.com/ High Tunnels http://hightunnels.org/
Low Cost “High Tunnel” Greenhouse Technology
Production
F
o
r
m
e
r
l
y
E
u
r
o
F
r
e
s
h
F
a
r
m
s
High Technology Greenhouse Technology (Nature’s Sweet Co.)
Plant Factory (Japan) – indoor CE in building, using only artificial lighting and hydroponic production.
Plant Factory http://bt.e-ditionsbyfry.com/display_article.php?id=1327146
+ Minimize land use + Minimize water use + Fresh, pesticide-free produce + Year around production - High installation & energy costs - Plant growing technology to be
determined - Lack of human/expert resources to
operate/manage the systems
photo credits: T. Kozai
Types of Controlled Environments
“Vertical Farm” – indoor CE in insulated building, using only LED lighting; with multiple stacked levels of Ebb & Flood or NFT hydroponic plant production.
Types of Controlled Environments
Commercial production;
Few in operation;
Business viability remains unclear;
High potential yields.
AeroFarms and its specially designed growing trays Credit: Bryan Anselm for The New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/realestate/commercial/in-newark-a-vertical-indoor-farm-helps-anchor-an-areas-revival.html?_r=0
Challenges in Vertical Farming Workshop, 2012 http://www.challengesinverticalfarming.org/
Gotham Greens, LLC - rooftop greenhouse of Jenn Nelkin
[CEAC graduate] and associates; located in New York & Illinois;
producing leafy greens (lettuces, basil) vegetables.
Rooftop Greenhouse Food Production System
Local Produce http://gothamgreens.com/
Local produce, commercially grown; NFT hydroponics. Production: 40 – 45 lettuce per square foot per year
Image courtesy Gotham Greens
Gotham Greens, Brooklyn, NYC Located on Whole Foods Market (20,000 ft2, 1860 m2).
Commercial-scale greenhouse integrated into retail food store
Image courtesy Gotham Greens
Rooftop Greenhouse Food Production System
Lufa Farms - rooftop greenhouse in Montreal, Quebec, Canada producing vegetables
Lufa Farms http://www.hortidaily.com/article/3248/Canada-Lufa-Farms-to-open-second-large-urban-farm-this-week
Greenhouse Design (2011) 3000 m2 of production area; 3,000 plants; 40 vegetable types; 450 - 680 kg harvested each day; Six workers in the greenhouse
Rooftop Greenhouse Food Production System
Images courtesy Lufa Farms Rainbow chard Online farmer’s market
Lufa Farms - rooftop greenhouse in Montreal, Quebec, Canada producing vegetables
Lufa Farms http://www.hortidaily.com/article/3248/Canada-Lufa-Farms-to-open-second-large-urban-farm-this-week
Rooftop Greenhouse Food Production System
Online farmer’s market
Images courtesy Lufa Farms
Wait!...look, Carrots
In Newark, a Vertical Indoor Farm Helps Anchor an Area’s Revival By C. J. HUGHES APRIL 7, 2015
AeroFarms and its specially designed growing trays Credit: Bryan Anselm for The New York Times
AeroFarms grows vegetables and
herbs in stacked beds
Complex will contain labs, offices and
a café in 2016
Aeroponics; Stacks crops vertically
LED lighting; 30 harvests a year
Crops grow on cloth with nutrient mist
900,000 kg per year on 4300 m2 of
greens, kale, arugula & romaine
lettuce (~200 kg/m2)
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/realestate/commercial/in-newark-a-vertical-indoor-farm-helps-anchor-an-areas-revival.html?_r=0
Food Chamber at South Pole Station - since 2004;
hydroponic veggies; 70 species; from greens to melons
(48 lbs per week; 240 square feet; 12 HPS lamps @ 1000 W)
Real-Life Working Food Production Systems
SPFGC http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/south-pole ; SPFGC Description
http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/sites/ag.arizona.edu.ceac/files/final%20SPFGC%20Habitation%202003%20talk%20giacomelli.pdf
South Pole Food Growth Chamber (NSF - Raytheon Polar Services - Sadler Machine Co)
Fresh Veggies;
Bright & Humid;
Fragrances;
“Gardeners”;
Psychological benefits!
Lunar Greenhouse - hydroponic veggies; provide food, fresh water & oxygen for Bioregenerative Life Support;
(40 lbs per week; 120 square feet; 6 HPS lamps @ 1000 W)
“Real-Life” Working Food Production Systems
LGH http://ag.arizona.edu/lunargreenhouse/ ; LGH cam http://128.196.12.155/home/homeJ.html LGH Moon deployment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-0qJ4eZhs4&feature=related LGH Description http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q128I9KNY9k
Collapsible & light weight;
Edible biomass;
Vitamin & fiber nutrition;
Goal of sustainability;
Limited biomaterials must be recycled!
Lunar Greenhouse Prototype (NASA / Sadler Machine Co)
According to a report released by Rabobank’s Food & Agribusiness Research and
Advisory group, the U.S. greenhouse produce industry has reached sales of over
$3 billion and is estimated to continue to increase to over $4 billion by 2020.
This growth has been driven in part by the need for more intensive production
due to limited land, water and labor. The report titled “ The Growing U.S.
Greenhouse Produce Niche--Capitalizing on High Tech Quality and Consistency”,
goes on to point out that reducing the cost of high-tech greenhouse installations
and differentiating from lower cost Mexican shade house and low-tech
greenhouse competition will be the key to future growth.
The report indicates greenhouse production will likely continue to increase in
the near term. A core challenge to that growth will be educating consumers
while differentiating greenhouse-grown products from lower-tech products. The
report said the stricter labeling laws as well as making the public aware of U.S.
and Canadian certification programs can aid in this education as well. Success in
the greenhouse edibles market is expected to continue to favor the most
efficient, reliable and experienced producers with advantages in marketing,
geography and technology. Eible Market Photo Credit: Eden Farms
U.S. greenhouse edibles market to grow
to over $4 billion by 2020
“The Growing US Greenhouse Produce Niche -- Capitalizing on High Tech Quality & Consistency”
Business Development and Investor funding Silicon Valley Firms Plant Roots in Farm Belt Venture capitalists bet on ‘indoor farming,’…….. $½ Billion in 2014 By ILAN BRAT and JACOB BUNGE April 6, 2015 3:32 p.m. Wall Street Journal ETNew technologies that promise to change how food is grown, transported and sold are attracting increased interest from the kinds of investors that have fueled Silicon Valley powerhouses.
The money involved in U.S. food startups is still small compared with Internet companies. But venture-capital investment in agriculture and food soared 54% to $486 million last year,
according to Dow Jones VentureSource…..
Growing System in Shipping Containers
Synthetic Animal Proteins
Robotic Automation of Harvest
Tracking Software
The Focus remains on the Plant…… so bring on the Biology
Greenhouse Production Systems for People
High quality & high yields; Safe, Secure; Pesticide-Free; Efficient use of Land, Water, & Nutrients; Predictable harvest
Summary of Challenges
Educated people – producer, consumer, distributor
Water - availability, quality, re-use
Energy - solar, renewable, light
Plant Nutrients - inorganic, organic
Finances - powering change
Market & Social Development - powering change
Controlled Precision Agriculture
List of Web References
No Ordinary Tomorrows https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V02-msDXatI The Center and Faculty Programs http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/ CEAC Tomatoes Live2.0! http://ag.arizona.edu/tomlive/GHmonitoring.html CEAC Hydroponic Tomatoes in CEA http://ag.arizona.edu/tomlive/gh2091-A_idx.html Village Farms http://www.villagefarms.com/default.aspx Hydronov, Inc http://www.hydronov.com/ Local Produce http://gothamgreens.com/ Intro Hydroponics & CEA http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/pls-217-introduction-hydroponics-and-cea Aquaponics: http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/sites/ag.arizona.edu.ceac/files/UA_Aquaponcs.pdf http://community.theaquaponicsource.com/video/aquaponics-multi-crop-systems-regenerate-global-coasts Nature’s Sweet Tomatoes http://naturesweet.com/ High Tunnels http://hightunnels.org/ Plant Factory http://bt.e-ditionsbyfry.com/display_article.php?id=1327146 Green Sense Farms http://greensensefarms.com/produce/ Challenges in Vertical Farming Workshop, 2012: http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=gene+giacomelli+video&FORM=VIRE5#view=detail&mid=4D8EC3E49966FC3A92794D8EC3E49966FC3A9279 Local Produce http://gothamgreens.com/
List of Web References
Lufa Farms http://www.hortidaily.com/article/3248/Canada-Lufa-Farms-to-open-second-large-urban-farm-this-week SPFGC http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/south-pole ; SPFGC Description http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/sites/ag.arizona.edu.ceac/files/final%20SPFGC%20Habitation%202003%20talk%20giacomelli.pdf LGH http://ag.arizona.edu/lunargreenhouse/ LGH cam http://128.196.12.155/home/homeJ.html LGH Moon deployment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-0qJ4eZhs4&feature=related LGH Description http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q128I9KNY9k Earthlight Documentary http://cals.arizona.edu/earthlight/ NASA Steckler Space Grant Program http://ag.arizona.edu/lunargreenhouse/
Dr. Gene Giacomelli Director CEAC, [email protected] +1 520 626 9566 Prof. Gene Giacomelli is a faculty member within the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at The University of Arizona, and Director of the Controlled Environment Agriculture Center. Giacomelli has gained international reputation through his pioneering work and expertise in the area of protected crops. Growing food on other planets is one of the collaborative international projects that he is leading, which is supported by the NASA Space Grant Consortium at the University of Arizona. The focus is efficient use of water, energy and other resources for implementation of a food and life support system for Moon/Mars. The results from this project will be applied to Earth protected agriculture food production systems."
For Further Information
The CEAC (Controlled Environment Agriculture Center) and The University of Arizona are dedicated to development of CE (Controlled Environment) technologies and worldwide applications, and for educating young people about the science and engineering of CE and hydroponic food support systems, and the other CE applications. We will implement an interactive outreach and educational program to promote the benefits of CE for food production for modern agriculture, as well as, the new technologies of CE for enhancing, restoring, and maintaining critical earth life systems and human quality of life scenarios. CE systems will be developed to help feed the world, while utilizing energy, labor and water resources effectively, and CE will become the platform for applications of new technologies using plant physiological processes [biomass fuels]; for space colonization life support [recycling all resources]; for remediation of air [carbon sequestration] and water [salts, heavy metals]; and for phytochemicals and plant-made pharmaceuticals [lycopene, vaccines].
For Further Information
