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World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Southeast Asia Regional OfficePO. Box 161, Bogor 16001, Indonesia; Ph: +62 251 625415; fax: +62 251 625416; Email: [email protected]: www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea
Poster presented at the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry 27 June – 02 July 2004. Orlando, Florida, USA
Smallholder Farmer Seed Orchards:Producing Quality Tree Seed On-Farm
Smallholder Farmer Seed Orchards:Producing Quality Tree Seed On-Farm
James M. Roshetko, Mulawarman and Meine van NoordwijkJames M. Roshetko, Mulawarman and Meine van Noordwijk
Seed is often an Obstacle to Local Tree Planting Seed is often an Obstacle to Local Tree Planting
International research organizations
National research organizations
International seed companies
Farmers and Farmer Groups
Large private plantations
National NGOs
Small private nurseries
National extension organizations
General model of tree germplasm pathways in Southeast Asia
See
d Q
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ity
Foc
us
See
d Q
ualit
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-- Weak links
__ Strong Links
Weak links
Strong Links
Weak links
Strong Links
22Local Tree Seed is often Poor (below-average) QualityLocal Tree Seed is often Poor (below-average) Quality
How to address the problemHow to address the problem
Seed Orchards are stands of trees established for the specific and sole purpose of seed production. They are
generally monocultures. Management excludes the production of other products. Objective: maximize seed
production from trees of the best proven genetic quality.
Farmer Seed Orchards are integrated into farmers’ existing multi-species, multi-product, risk adverse
smallscale farming system. Management must be flexible to address farmers land, labor, capital, and
time conditions. Seed is one of many products. Objective: produce seed of above-average genetic quality
compared to local stands to support farmer and NGO tree planting activities.
HedgerowsHedgerows
Four years of experience indicates there areFour years of experience indicates there are
3 Appropriate Models for Farmers Seed Orchards 3 Appropriate Models for Farmers Seed Orchards
• One or a few species, often timber species
• Design: block, strips or border plantings
• Segregated component of farming system
• Products: seed (major), timber, fuel, others
• One or a few species, often leguminous species
• Design: contour strips, borders or other strip plantings
• Integrated with annual crops or other tree crops
• Products: seed (major), fodder, green manure, fuel, stakes, annual
and other tree crops
• Services: soil conservation and enrichment
• Multiple species, not all intended for seed production
• Design: traditional garden design, with standardized spacing, deliberate
management and fewer species (relatively low population of target
trees)
• Integrated fully with other tree crops and possibly annual crops
• Products: seed one of many tree or other crop products
Plantations Plantations
Polyculture GardensPolyculture Gardens
Extrapolation Domain Extrapolation Domain
FSOs are appropriate for areas: with limited tree resources; strong demand
for tree products (including tree seed); and farmers who are interested in
tree planting.
• Seed shortages are an annual problem
• Farmers & NGOs use whatever seed is available regardless of
quality
• Farmers & NGOs have no direct access to high quality seed
• Local stands established with seed of narrow or unknown genetic origin
• Farmers, NGOs and local dealers do not use seed collection guidelines
• They collect seed from trees that are easy to access – regardless of quality
• They often collect seed from only 3-5 trees, sometimes from a single or
isolated tree
• Such unselected seed sources yield seed of below-average quality
• Enhance local tree seed collection & management through training &
information
• In-flow of high-quality seed to establish farmer tree systems / farmer seed
orchards
• Incentives! Assist NGOs / farmers develop seed businesses, with linkages to
national tree seed dealers and seed customers
Farmer Seed Orchards versus Seed Orchards Farmer Seed Orchards versus Seed Orchards
Relative quality of various seed sourceRelative quality of various seed source
Collected by farmers and NGOsBought from local seed dealers
Provided by technical / development agencies
Most of the tree seed used comes from local farms or forests
48%
27%
25%
11Sources of Seed for Farmers & NGOsSources of Seed for Farmers & NGOs
By starting with seed of the best genetic quality, FSOs will produce seed of superior genetic quality compared
to SSs and USs. Deliberate management of FSOs will produce larger quantities of seed compared to SSs or
USs. FSOs seed is adapted to local environments (both biophysical and socioeconomic) and owned by
farmers/NGOs. Management of FSOs for multiple products supports farmers’ livelihood needs.SO = Seed orchards – Defined above.
SPA = Seed production areas – Plantations or forests improved and managed exclusively for seed production. Improvement consists of selective thinning to achieve optimal spacing and remove poor quality trees.
FSO = Farmer Seed Orchards – Defined above.
SS = Seed Stands - Plantations or forests identified as having superior characteristics that are managed for seed production & other products. No improvements are made in seed stands.
US = Unselected seed sources – Local seed sources.
__ = Average quality
SO SPA US
Seed source
Rela
tive s
eed
q
ualit
y
FSO SS
Smallholders’ & NGOs’ tree planting activities are successful and benefit local livelihoods and the environment, but …
Between 2000-2004, ICRAF, Winrock International, and the Danida-funded Indonesia Forest Seed Project (IFSP)
implemented a project to enhance the tree planting activities of farmers and NGOs in Indonesia by strengthening their
technical awareness and skills regarding tree germplasm collection and management.
Materials & Methods Materials & Methods
Activities included: participatory appraisals; training courses and workshops; the distribution of high quality tree seed;
the production of farmer-level technical documents; and the establishment of farmer demonstration trials.
2 Compiled results of 3 surveys of NGOs and farmer groups active in tree planting activities in the Philippines and
Indonesia (1997 – 2002).
Results & Discussion Results & Discussion
Seed Quality Aspects of Importance Seed Quality Aspects of Importance
• Genetic quality at the individual tree level
• Genetic quality at the population level
• Physical and physiological quality of the seed
Background Background
Conclusion Conclusion
Authors
James M. Roshetko, Trees and Markets Specialist, ICRAF – The World Agroforestry Center and Winrock International, Southeast Asia Office, Bogor, Indonesia
Mulawarman, Senior Silviculture Researcher, Riau Forestry, PT RAPP, Riau, Indonesia
Meine van Noordwijk, Regional Coordinator, ICRAF – The World Agroforestry Center, Southeast Asia Regional Office
1 Results from a survey of 45 Indonesian NGOs and farmer groups active in tree planting activities (2000).