WORLD (1914 to Present) - EPHShdfavela

THE MODERN WORLD

(1914 to Present) In this unit, you will learn about two world wars that caused greater devastation than any other conflicts in history. One of the most dramatic developments in World War II was the creation of atomic weapons. After the war, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as hostile superpowers in a Cold War that would last 50 years. Since the end of the Cold War, the world has faced threats from terrorism and environmental dangers.

World War II led to the birth of atomic weapons.

Chapter 17. World War I and the Russian Revolution. In this chapter, you will learn how a crisis between Austria-Hungary and Serbia set off a chain reaction that led to a major world war. Russia left the war and experienced a Communist revolution. After the war, the imperial governments of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey disappeared, while new nations emerged in Eastern Europe.

Chapter 18. The Great Depression and World War II. In this chapter, you will examine the prosperity in the late 1920s, the Great Depression of the 1930s, and the rise of brutal fascist dictators like Adolf Hitler. Then you will learn about the major events of World War II.

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Chapter 19. Decolonization and the Cold War. In this chapter, you will learn how the war brought an end to European colonial rule over much of the world. The Soviet Union occupied Eastern Europe, while the United States possessed unparalleled economic strength and the atomic bomb. The rivalry of these superpowers unleashed a Cold War that affected every part of the globe for the next fifty years.

Chapter 20. Challenges in Our World Today. In this chapter, you will learn how the collapse of Soviet Communism has led to new challenges. In the Middle East, Israel has struggled to co-exist with its Arab neighbors, while the rise of radical Islamic Fundamentalism has contributed to a growth in global terrorism. In other regions, various ethnic groups have faced the threat of genocide.

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WORLD WAR I AND THE

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION • History 1(F) Identify major causes of the world wars and their impact on political,

economic, and social systems .... • History 10 The student understands the causes and impact of World War I.

• History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and the alliance system in causing World War I.

• History 10(8) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war, trench warfare, modern military technology, and high casualty rates.

• History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including changes in boundaries and the mandate system.

• History 10(0) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

• Geography 16(A) Locate places and regions of historical significance directly related to major eras and turning points in world history.

• Geography 16(C) Interpret maps, charts, and graphs to explain how geography has influenced people and events in the past.

• Government 20(0) Explain the significance of the League of Nations .... • Citizenship 22(C) Identify examples of politically motivated mass murders in ... Armenia. • Science, Technology, and Society 28(C) Explain the effects of major new military technologies

on World War I.. ..

In this chapter, you will learn about World War I, a conflict that began in Europe but which also eventually involved the United States. New military technologies made this war more destructive than all previous conflicts in history. The violence of the war toppled conservative monarchies in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Turkey. At the Paris Peace Conference, the victorious allies encouraged the creation of new nation-states in Eastern Europe. In Russia, Bolshevik revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin established the world's first Communist state.

Ess ()- Could World War I have been avoideci?

()- How did new military technologies make warfare more destructive?

()-= Did the allies lay the seeds for future problems in the peace settlement of 1919?

()-= If you had been Living in Russia in 1917, would you have joined the revolution?

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SOCIAL STUDIES TERMINOLOGY IN THIS CHAPTER

• ltMperialistM • ArtMet1iat1 kt1ocide • Russiat1 Revolutiot1

• Natiot1alistM • Woodrow Wilsot1 • VladitMir Let1it1 • MilitaristM • Fourteet1 Poit1ts • Jolsheviks • Alliat1ce SystetM • League of Natiot1s • October Revolutiot1 • Frat1z Ferdit1at1d • Mat1date SystetM • Russia., Civil War • f ret1ch Warfare • f sar Nicholas II • U.S.S.R. {Soviet Union)

- IMPORTANT IDEAS -A. Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and the alliance system prepared the

way for the outbreak of World War I: 1. Imperialism: Europe's Great Powers competed over colonies, markets and

military power. 2. Militarism: Britain and Germany competed to have the best navy. Russia,

Germany and France competed for the strongest army on the continent. Political leaders adopted militaristic values and depended on military leaders. Military leaders came to believe it was better to attack first than to wait to be attacked. Germany feared encirclement by France and Russia.

3. Nationalism: Nationalist movements among Slavic peoples in multi-ethnic Austria-Hungary threatened to break the empire apart.

4. Alliances: Europe divided into two competing alliance systems: (1) Germany and Austria-Hungary; and (2) France, Russia and Britain. Once one member became involved in a war, the alliance system threatened to escalate the war to involve all members.

B. The "July Crisis": The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Slav nationalists in July 1914 set off a chain reaction. Austrian leaders blamed Serbia. When Austria invaded Serbia, Russia entered the war to protect Serbia. Germany next entered the war because of its alliance with Austria-Hungary. Britain and France finally entered the war because of their alliance with Russia.

C. New weapons, like machine guns, airplanes, submarines, and poison gas, made World War I the most destructive and deadliest war up to that time.

D. Woodrow Wilson and other allied leaders negotiated the peace during the Paris Peace Conference. The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany harshly. The treaty also created a League of Nations and several new countries.

E. Despite some changes, Russia was still an autocratic society with deep social divisions. Russia was unprepared for the war. Shortages of food and materials helped trigger the Russian Revolution, in which the Tsar was overthrown.

F. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the new Russian government in the October Revolution. Lenin then established the first Communist government. The Communists won the Civil War that followed.

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fHE 0Uf8REAK OF WORLD WAR I

THE WORLD ON THE EVE OF WORLD WAR I In 1900, Europeans were enjoying greater peace and prosperity than ever before. Despite minor conflicts, Europeans had not experienced a major war on the continent for almost a century. But in some places in the world, forces of discontent were brewing. In Turkey, Mexico, China, and Russia, reformers influenced by European ideas were outraged at sharp social divisions and authoritarian governments. In Austria-Hungary (Austria's name after a compromise with Hungary in 1867), different ethnic minorities dreamt of independence and establishing their own nation-states.

Unable to achieve reform through moderate means, some reformers turned to forming secret revolutionary movements. Shortly after the tum of the century, different parts of the world exploded in social revolution. Demonstrations forced the Tsar to create a national assembly in Russia in 1905. Reformers in Turkey overthrew the Sultan in 1908. In Mexico, a revolution overthrew the country's military dictator in 1910. Even in China, nationalist reformers overthrew the emperor in 1912. All this was only the prelude to later violence.

The powerful forces of nationalism and reform, which affected Russia, Turkey, Mexico, and China, had an equally explosive impact on the multi-ethnic empire of Austria-Hungry. Only two years after the fall of the Chinese emperor, events in Austria-Hungary would bring the rest of Europe into armed conflict. This struggle, known at the time as the "Great War," would be a major turning point in world history. New technologies made warfare tremendously more destructive then ever before. Imperial governments and the old class system of Europe were forever shattered. The peace that followed saw the momentary triumph of democracy, national self-determination and the creation of a new international peace organization. But the violence of the war also prepared the way for the rise of both communism and fascism.

THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE WAR I Several factors prepared the way for the war. Many Europeans believed that some kind of major conflict had become inevitable. However, few could have predicted that World War I would be as destructive as it was.

NATIONALISM Nationalism is the belief that each ethnic group should have its own nation. It is also the belief among citizens of existing nation-states that they should promote their nation 's interests. Nationalists sometimes also assert that their own nation is superior to others.

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Nationalism encouraged rivalries between France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The spread of nationalism also led to the creation of new independent nations in the Balkans - Greece, Serbia, B ulgaria, Albania, and Rumania - where the Ottomans had once ruled. Some of these new countries were unstable. In 1912 and 1913, they fought a series of local wars that threatened to involve the larger powers. Finally, Austria-Hungary itself still consisted of several different ethnic groups, including

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY'S ETHNIC GROUPS, 1871 • Magyars

• Germans

• Italians

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

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Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Rumanians, Poles, Serbs, and Croats. Some of these groups wanted their own nation-state. These demands threatened to break the Austro-Hungarian Empire apart.

IMPERIALISM Many European powers believed that the sign of a great power was possession of overseas colonies. The European powers had become accustomed to competing for colonies in Africa and Asia. Competing claims created an atmosphere of tension between the major powers. Behind the nationalistic rivalries of the European great powers were competing economic interests. By 1900, one quarter of the world was under British rule. German industrialization threatened British economic supremacy. Russian interests in the Balkans threatened both Austria-Hungary and Turkey.

THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM By 1914, Europe had come to be divided into two large alliances. On one side stood Germany and

The cartoon shows the British grab for colonies in Africa and Asia.

Austria-Hungary. Italy joined them to form the Triple Alliance in 1882. On the other side stood Russia, France and Great Britain, known as the Triple Entente. Although these alliances sought to preserve the existing balance of power, any dispute involving any two of these countries threatened to drag in all the others.

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MILITARISM Militarism occurs when military values and goals take over civilian society. By the end of the 19th century, societies had become increasingly militaristic. Bismarck had united Germany through Prussia's military power, and every European country tried to build up its army. Kings wore military uniforms, even in daily life. Generals became influential in government. Germany and Britain competed to build the most powerful navy.

RISE OF MILITARY SPENDING AMONG EUROPE'S LEADING POWERS:1890-1914

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Military planning played a key role in the outbreak: of World War I. Because

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it took time to assemble and move armies on railroads, military leaders thought it was better to attack first than to wait to be attacked. This created pressure to mobilize and act quickly.

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Sometimes friends join together into groups to have fun , but also to defend themselves against members of other groups. How are such relationships similar to the alliances formed by the Great Powers of Europe?

THE FLASHPOINT THAT IGNITES THE WAR In July 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian Empire, was assassinated by a member of a terrorist group, the Black Hand, a Slav nationalist group. Austrian leaders correctly believed that Serb officials had secretly helped the assassins. The Austrians decided to teach Serbia a lesson. Austria-Hungary invaded tiny Serbia. This set off a chain reaction. Because of the various alliance treaties, Russia entered the conflict to protect Serbia. Next, Germany entered the war to fulfill its treaty obligations to protect Austria.

The Archduke and his wife moments before the assassination .

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Finally, Britain and France came in to honor their alliance with Russia.

Thus, within just a few weeks, Austria, Russia, Germany, Britain, and France were all at war. What began as a minor regional crisis in the Balkans had quickly escalated into a major European conflict. Italy refused to join

ATLANTIC OCEAN

EUROPE AT THE START OF WORLD WAR I

RUSSIA

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O The Allies

• The Central Powers

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the Central Powers since Austria had attacked first. The Ottoman Empire quickly joined the Central Powers to oppose Russia, while Bulgaria joined to oppose Serbia .

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACflN& AS AN AMAfEUR fflSfORIAN COULD WORLD WAR I HAVE BEEN PREVENTED? Imagine it is August 1914. All of the great powers of Europe have been invited to ·a conference to discuss ways of avoiding war. The conference will take place in class. Your teacher will divide your class into the following groups - Serbia, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany, France, Great Britain and Ottoman Turkey. Each group will act as delegates representing their country. Once you receive your assignment, search in the library or on the Internet to find out more information about your country and its point of view during the crisis. After you have completed your research, your teacher will have you hold the conference. Each delegation should briefly present its point of view in the crisis. Then the members of the conference as a whole should discuss ways of avoiding war. See if you and your classmates can do a better job than the world leaders of 1914 !

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FIGHTING THE WAR

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Military leaders on both sides thought the war would be over quickly. In fact, the struggle lasted several years. To avoid a two-front war, German war plans called for Germany to march through the lowlands of neutral Belgium and to take Paris quickly before Russia could enter the war. The Germans advanced but were stopped before reaching Paris. Meanwhile, when war broke out President Woodrow Wilson called upon Americans to take no sides and to remain neutral.

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New and improved weapons were used in fighting the war, including the machine gun, poison gas, submarines, and airplanes. These weapons made it easier to defend positions than to attack. Soldiers dug deep trenches. Soon trenches extended hundreds of miles along eastern France. Trench warfare was a new and strange form of warfare the world had never seen. In trench warfare, both sides dug ditches to create fortified positions. These trenches

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A typical "trench" in World War I.

were separated by fields of barbed wire and mines known as "no man's land." Anyone who climbed out of the trenches faced instant death from enemy machine gun fire. Soldiers spent years in these trenches, facing shelling from artillery fire for hours each day. Since neither side could advance, fighting lines became stationary.

Sometimes, soldiers would face attacks with poison gas. Casualty rates were high. Tanks were first introduced but were still too primitive to be effective. Overhead, the first airplanes were used to see what was going on across enemy lines. In the oceans, German submarines, called U-boats, were used to attack large ships. Britain placed a blockade around Germany and AustriaHungary in an attempt to starve them into submission. Russia became isolated from the West. Each side tried to mobilize all its resources, turning the war into a "total war."

German U-boats were used to auack large mercha111 vessels.

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED During World War I, many new and deadly weapons were used, such as machine guns, artillery guns, U-boats (submarines), tanks, poison gas, flamethrowers, and aircraft. What impact did the use of these weapons have?

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...... LEARNING WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS • •

Complete the graphic organizer below by describing some of the causes of World War I.

-CAUSES OF WORLD WAR b

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THE UNITED STATES HELPS WIN THE WAR Serbia, Belgium, Italy, Romania, Greece, and Portugal joined the Allied Powers. Although the United States was officially neutral, Americans were sympathetic to Britain and France. When American ships sent supplies to the Allies, they were attacked by German submarines. In response, the United States finally entered the war in 1917; in the same year, Russia dropped out. President Wilson declared that the war would make the world "safe for democracy."

A U-boat sank the Lusitania , killing I ,198 passengers.

President Wilson announced America's war aims in the Fourteen Points. He wanted to redraw the map of Europe so that each nationality had its own state. For example, he demanded creation of an independent Poland. Wilson also demanded freedom of the seas, an end to secret diplomacy, and the creation of a League of Nations. America's entry into the war broke the deadlock in Europe. In November 1918, Germans laid down their weapons and surrendered.

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••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN

Tell NOBOOYnot even HER

CAlfllSS II.ti tUfl lllfS

Each nation that participated in the war used posters as a way of enlisting men and raising money and resources for the war. The poster ~!l~!l!!I' on the left helps us understand the concerns "" of the British government. It emphasizes the imp01tance of keeping military details secret so that the enemy does not somehow learn them.

On a separate sheet of paper, create your own World War I poster. Your poster should send an important message related to the war effort.

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THE AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR I The human and material costs of World War I were staggering. Millions of people were killed or injured. Famine and malnutrition threatened many regions. Under the stress of the war, the governments of Russia and Germany were overthrown.

THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE {1919) Believing that President Wilson 's offer would be the basis of the peace settlement, Germans agreed to end the war and to overthrow the Kaiser. Allied leaders Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George from Great Britain, and Georges Clemenceau from France met in Paris to negotiate the peace. Allied public opinion was eager for revenge. The Treaty of Versailles ( 1919) concluded peace with Germany; other treaties dealt with Austria-Hungary and Turkey. The final peace terms turned out to be extremely harsh on Germany.

Germany's Territorial Losses. A new independent Poland was created. Germany lost territory to France and Poland, as well as all of its overseas colonies.

Austria-Hungary and Turkey. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided into several new national states. Turkey lost its territories in the Middle East.

I THE PEACE TERMS ENDING WORLD WAR I ~

Punishing Germany. Germany lost its navy, while its army was reduced to a small police force. Germany was forced to accept blame fo r starting the war in the War Guilt Clause and was required to pay huge reparations (payments for damages) to the Allies.

League of Nations. The Treaty created the League of Nations, an organization of nations pledged to defend each other against aggressors. The League was severely weakened when several major powers, such as the United States and Russia, failed to join it.

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An independent Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia were created. The former nation of Serbia was combined with parts of AustriaHungary to create the new nation of Yugoslavia.

German colonies were given to Britain or France as mandates - territories ruled like colonies but subject to the supervision of the League of Nations.

According to the Covenant of the League of Nations, its purpose was to promote disarmament and prevent war. The League had no military force of its own, so it depended on the

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• lost by Sov,.t Unoon D Lost by Austria-Hungary

D Lost by Ottoman Empire

S OV IE T UN I ON

help of its member states. The League consisted of a Council, representing the Great Powers, and an Assembly in which all member states were represented. It also created a new Court of International Justice .

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACflNG- AS AN AMAf EUR HISTORIAN Read the articles below from the Covenant of the League of Nations and answer the question that follows.

ARTICLE 10. The Members of the League undertake to ... preserve against external aggression the territorial integrity and political independence of all members. ARTICLE 11. Any war or threat of war, ... is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise to safeguard the peace of nations. ARTICLE 12. Members of the League agree that, if there should arise a dispute Likely to Lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter ... to the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after a report by the Council. The award of the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time ... .

Based on these articles, how did the authors of the Covenant believe the League could prevent future wars?

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WORLD WAR I AND THE MIDDLE EAST World War I also led to the end of the Ottoman Empire. The Sultan had joined the Central Powers during the war because Turkey opposed Russia.

THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES For centuries, Armenian Christians had lived in the Ottoman Empire. Some Armenians sought an independent Armenian state. The Ottoman government began to disarm its Armenian citizens, fearing they might be sympathetic to Christian Russia. Armenian political leaders, educators, writers, and clergy were jailed and then hanged or shot. Next, Turkish soldiers gathered over a million Armenian men, women, and children and sent them on death marches into the Syrian desert. They also used firing squads, burnings, drownings, poisons, and drugs against Armenian victims .

During World War I, the Otroman Empire exterminated more than a million Armenians.

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN The following paragraph is from J.A.S. Grenville's A History of the World in the Twentieth Century. Grenville discusses the Armenian massacre:

"'The worst atrocity against defenseless civilians occurred against rmenians in 1915 and 1916. The Turks, uncertain of the Loyalty of the

rmenians, ordered the wholesale deportation of Armenians from Syria. rmenian historians accuse the Turks of genocide. Turkish historians admit at massacres took place but deny the Turldsh government intended them. e "forced deportation of men, women, and children caused the deaths of

of thousands through starvation and disease. Some Turks reverted to ight massacres. There are no reliable figures for those who perished. vaiy, according to whether the source is Turldsh or Armenian, from

000 to more than 2 million."

Why do Armenian and Turkish historians have different viewpoints on this issue?

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After the war, the Allies took away Turkish possessions in Arabia, Syria, and Palestine. To gain Arab support during the fighting, the British government had promised Arab groups their independence. But in 1919, these areas were instead divided between Britain and France as mandates under the League of Nations. Uprisings in Egypt and Arabia finally led to their independence (1922-1924).

The Allies also planned to take away much of the Turkish heartland in Asia Minor. General Mustafa Kemal, known as Ataturk, organized resistance to Allied attempts to dismember Turkey. A new parliament declared the birth of Turkey as a secular state in 1920. After two years of fighting, Ataturk preserved Turkey in Asia Minor and abolished the Sultanate in 1923 . ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTIN& AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Imagine that you have been asked to create a description of one of the following world leaders for a "Facebook" page. You need to create a brief page describing the leader's background and role in the outbreak or conduct of World War I.

* Archduke Franz Ferdinand * T.E. Lawrence * President Woodrow Wilson * David Lloyd George

* Count Leopold Berchtold * Nicholas II of Russia * Bethmann Hollweg * Georges Clemenceau

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@EARNING WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS: .

Complete the graphic organizer below by describing three important provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.

PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

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THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION One of the most important consequences of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917. This revolution was to have far-reaching effects on the world. To understand the causes of the revolution, it is necessary to first examine developments talcing place in Russia earlier in the nineteenth century.

THE ROOTS OF REVOLUTION The Russian Tsars (emperors) ruled as autocrats (absolute rulers). Through a network of secret police and strict censorship, new ideas were repressed. The vast majority of Russians were illiterate serfs who lived in poverty. The serfs remained bound to the land, long after serfdom had been abolished in other Western European countries. A small group of nobles owned thousands of serfs and enjoyed vast wealth. Despite earlier efforts to introduce Western ideas and technology into Russia, social conditions kept the country economically under-developed. Russian reformers, inspired by the example of Western Europe, hoped to abolish serfdom and modernize their country.

EMANCIPATION OF THE SERFS Acting as protector of the Orthodox Christians, Russia waged a series of wars with the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. Between 1854 and 1856, Russia was engaged in the Crimean War, in which England and France supported Turkey against Russia. Despite its large army, Russia lost the war. Tsar Alexander II decided to listen to reformers and emancipated (liberated:) the serfs in 1861. The "Tsar Liberator" also intended to introduce a new elected assembly and other reforms. Ironically, the liberal Alexander II was assassinated by Russian revolutionaries shortly afterwards. This put an abrupt end to all attempts at reform. The freed serfs remained landless peasants, paying rents to their former owners. Later Tsars returned to a policy of opposing all change and using harsh repression to maintain the Tsar Alexander 11 existing social order.

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1 "AUTOCRACY, NATIONALITY, AND ORTHODOXY" Russian nationalism had important effects on its conservative rulers. They identified their

' empire with autocracy, the Russian nationality and the Russian Orthodox Church. The gov-

/ emment acted as the protector of new Slav states in the Balkans. It also adopted a policy of Russification, forcing non-Russian people such as the Finns, Poles, and the peoples

1 of Central Asia to adopt the Russian language and culture. Jews were persecuted in anti-semitic pogroms (officially encouraged persecutions against Jews).

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PRELUDE TO THE REVOLUTION By 1900, the Russian Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean. Compared to the countries of Western Europe, Russia remained backward. Peasants and factory workers lived in Gonditions of terrible poverty, while the landowning nobles enjoyed lives of wealth and leisure. The autocratic Tsars opposed democratic reform, and secret revolutionary societies had formed among members of the educated elite.

THE REVOLUTION OF 1905

THE EXPANSION OF RUSSIA

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Under these conditions, Russia was ripe for revolution. The crisis came to a head after Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War ( 1904-1905). When troops of the tsar trampled on unarmed demonstrators in St. Petersburg on "Bloody Sunday" in 1905, revolutions broke out across the country. Peasants seized lands, while workers in the cities engaged in demonstrations and general strikes. Tsar Nicholas II finally granted limited reforms, creating an elected legislature known as the Duma. However, only the very wealthy could vote for members to the new assembly.

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917 The years after 1905 showed some signs of improvement. But Russia was not prepared for the strains of war. In 1914, Nicholas II brought Russia into the war against Austria-Hungary and Germany. Poorly trained and badly equipped Russian soldiers suffered disastrous defeats. In some cases, troops were even sent into battle without ammunition. They were told to pick up the weapons of their dead comrades. Mounting defeats led to widespread discontent in the army. Russian industries were incapable of producing needed weapons and supplies. On the home front, food supplies were dangerously low.

THE ''FEBRUARY REVOLUTION" (MARCH 1917) In 1917, worker-led food riots broke out in cities all across Russia. When soldiers refused to fire on striking workers in March 1917, Nicholas realized he was powerless to govern the nation. Nicholas gave up his throne, and the leaders of the Duma declared Russia a republic. However, the provisional government that replaced the Tsar fai led to win the support of the people when it refused to withdraw from the war.

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THE "OCTOBER REVOLUTION" (NOVEMBER 1917) Vladimir Lenin was a follower of Karl Marx, living in exile in Switzerland. The Germans sent him back to Russia by railroad, hoping he would cause unrest in Russia. This would help to end the war on the Eastern front, allowing Germany to concentrate on defeating the Western allies. Lenin's supporters, known as the Bolsheviks, promised "Peace, Bread, and Land": peace to the soldiers, bread to the workers, and land to the peasants. The Bolsheviks seized power by force in a second revolution in November 1917.

Lenin lectures a crowd of peasants.

The Bolsheviks changed the name of their political party to the Comm~nists. They also changed the name of their country to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) or "Soviet Union." Russia had become the world's first Communist country .

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACflN& AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN Here is a puzzle: why was the "February Revolution" in March and the "October Revolution" in November? See if you can use the Internet to find the answer. When you find the answer, write it below:

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I tHE SOVIE1 UNION UNDER LENIN: 1917-1924 I The Bolsheviks were convinced that a world revolution was about to begin, first in Germany, then in Britain, and finally in the United States. Lenin added his own ideas to Marx's original theory of Communism. He believed that a small group of dedicated party members must lead the country along the path to Communist equality. He argued that after the revolution, a "temporary dictatorship" of party leaders was needed because the workers, brought up in capitalist society, could not be trusted to know their own true interests.

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THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR {1919-1921) Once in power, the Communists immediately withdrew from the war against Germany. They transferred millions of acres of land to the poorer peasants. Workers were organized to control and operate factories, and all industries were nationalized (taken over by the government) .

A civil war fo llowed between those who supported Lenin 's program, known as the "Reds," and those who wished to return to the rule of the Tsar, known as the "Whites." Other countries were shocked at events in Russia, just as they had been when the French Revolution had occurred 130 years earlier. Several foreign powers, including the United States, intervened, sending troops to help the "Whites." Parts of the old Russian Empire even tried to break away. The Red Army, however, enjoyed greater support from peasants and workers. Lenin also took drastic measures,

Cossack.fighters in the White Army.

like executing Tsar Nicholas II and his family in cold blood, so that the monarchy could never be restored. After two years of fighting, the Reds defeated the Whites. This victory secured the position of the new Communist government.

LENIN'S NEW ECONOMIC POLICY After half a decade of turmoil, the Russian economy was in shambles. Now that the Bolsheviks had gained political control, they needed to deliver on their promises to feed the people. By 1920, Lenin realized that changes to his program were needed. Peasants were no longer growing enough food, since they were afraid it would be seized by the government. By 1921, a severe famine was facing Russia. Lenin came to the conclusion that Communist policies must be temporarily put aside to avoid disaster.

Lenin 's goal was to keep the peasants satisfied and to keep the Bolsheviks in power, as well as to stabilize the economy. In 1921, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy, or "N.E.P.," in which some private ownership was permitted in small-scale manufacturing and agriculture. Meanwhile, the government continued to control major industries. The N.E.P. succeeded in slowly increasing production. The policy seemed to be working when Lenin died in 1924. Although many thought Leon Trotsky, leader of the Red Army, would succeed Lenin, Joseph Stalin managed to gain control.

Starving peasams in front of a window sign that reads

"No Bread Delivered Today."

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c~LEARNING WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZER~~ ~ @

Complete the graphic organizer below by describing four major events of the Russian Revolution.

KEY EVENTS IN THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

CHAPTER STUDY CARDS r------------------------------T------------------------------,

World War I

War between the Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S.) and Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Turkey). * Causes. Nationalism, imperialism, alliance

system, militarism. * Spark of the War. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Serbia (1914). * New Weapons and Tactics. Submarines, machine guns, planes, "trench warfare," poison gas, early tan ks. * Results. Versailles Treaty dealt harshly with Germany; Germany lost its colonies; AustriaHungary and Ottoman Turkey were broken up; a League of Nations was created.

Russian Revolution {1917)

* Before World War I, most Russians lived in poverty; Tsar and nobles immensely rich. * Russia entered wa r; lost many battles; food supplies to cities cut; food riots broke out. * Tsar Nicholas II. Overthrown and executed; provisional government established. * Bolsheviks Come to Power. Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, promised "Peace, Bread, and Land" to Russian peasants. They seized power; withdrew from the war; founded the first Communist government. * Civil War (1919-1921). War between Reds (Communists) and Whites (anti-Communists); ended in a Communist victory.

I I I I

~

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CHECKIN& YOUR UNOER9TANDIN& Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best answers the question.

Use the telegram and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

1 Which conclusion is best supported by this telegram? A Nicholas IT wanted to mobi

lize for war against Serbia.

Nicholas II Telegram to Wilhelm II July 29, 1914

B Nicholas II condemned the efforts of Wilhelm IL

C Russia supported the use of extreme measures.

D Nicholas II hoped diplomacy could prevent war. ( Hist 1(F) )

I am glad you are back. In this most serious moment, I appeal to you to help me. A ... war has been declared upon a weak country [Serbia] . The resentment in Russia, shared fully by me, is enormous. I foresee that soon I shall be overwhelmed by the pressure upon me, and be forced to take extreme measures that will lead to war. To try and avoid such a [disaster] as a European war, I beg you in the name of our old friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far.

First, .!;_XAM INE the question. It tests your ability to interpret a primary document. This is a telegram from Tsar Nicholas II to Wilhelm II, t he Kaiser of Germany, It is written at the height of the "July Crisis." .!SEGALL what you know about the causes of World War I. From the telegram, it is clear the Tsar Nicholas is trying to avoid war. He begs the Kaiser to "stop your allies from going too far." APPLY what you know to the choices and you will see that the best answer is Choice D. The other answer choices are not supported by information in the telegram.

Now try answering some additional questions on your own.

2 All of the following were true of the League of Nations except F it helped support the rise of Communist governments

- N icky

G it lacked its own military force to settle conflicts ( Hist 20(0) )

H it was an international attempt to resolve conflicts without warfare J it established a mandate system to rule former German colonies

3 What was the immediate cause of World War I in Europe? A start of the civil war in Russia ( Hist tO(A) )

B sinking of the British passenger liner, Lusitania C attack on Poland by the German army D assassination of the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

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Use the maps and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE

,. , ..... ..........

Adriatic Sea

ITALY

-· . ..' ...

Ionian Sea

1914

Miles

0 100

Aegean Sea

HUNGARY

YUGOSLAVIA • Belgrade

Adriatic Sea

ITALY

• Sarajevo

Ionian Sea

1930

Miles

0 100

ROMANIA

BULGARIA

Aegean Sea

4 The change in the boundaries of the Balkan states between 1914 and 1930 shown on these maps was a result of the -F end of World War I and the treaties of 1919-1920 ( Hist tO(C) )

G movement of people to escape earthquakes and droughts H role played by the Catholic Church to stop the advance of Islam J economic competition and development of new capitalistic markets

Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

"A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the claims of the government whose title is to be determined."

- President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points, 1918

5 The political importance of this statement in the Fourteen Points was that it appealed to nationalists in areas under colonial control by its support for -A national self-determination C economic development ( Hist tO(C) )

B a system of alliances D population growth

6 One reason the Bolsheviks gained peasant support during the Russian Revolution was because the Bolsheviks promised to -F redistribute land to peasants ( Hist 10(0) )

G abolish peasant communes H bring modern technology to Russian farms J remain in the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary

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Use the diagram and your knowledge of social studies to answer questions 7 and 8.

TRIPLE ALLIANCE

TRIPLE ENTENTE

I \ /90< I \

•Britain· Japan r;g-,' \-::o

Germany Austria-Hungary Lserbia

Romania 188 J- 1895 1883-1916

---Alliances - - - - - - Ententes

~' \~ I \

I \ I \

I 189 J I 1894 \

France Russia I I

Italy 1902 • Japan 1907,19 10 I I

Japan 1907 Balkan League

1912-1913

Peace of Bucharest Coalition of 1913-1914

7 Which statement best expresses the main idea of the diagram? A Many nations favor triangular relationships. ( Hist tO(A) )

B Alliances are stronger than ententes. C Throughout the 20th century, Britain, Italy, and Russia have been allies. D Countries sometimes seek allies to preserve the balance of power.

8 Based on the diagram, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente were ( Hist tO(A))

established in the decades just -F before the French Revolution H before the Congress of Vienna G before World War I J after the Treaty of Versailles

Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

"A weary, exhausted, nerve-racked group of men at noon, on November 1, assembled north of Sommerance [France] to rest and dig in for the night. The artillery was still firing furiously, but the enemy's [bombardment] had ceased suddenly about 10:00 A.M. and now only occasional shells from long-range rifles would explode in the vicinity. The weather was gloomy and the moist air chilled one to the bone. Yet it was with that [methodical] care that is characteristic of worn-out men that we prepared our foxholes, carrying boards and iron sheeting from abandoned machine-gunners' dugouts in order to make our 'houses' as comfortable as possible, even though only for one night."

- William L. Langer, Gas and Flame in World War I

9 What type of warfare during World War I is described in this passage? A guerilla attacks C biological weapons ( Hist 10(8) )

B nuclear weaponry D trench warfare

Documents

WORLD (1914 to Present) - EPHShdfavela