1914 -Present1914 -Present

Review 5Review 5

W.W.IW.W.I“Total War”“Total War”

WWI FactsWWI Facts

World War I (1914-World War I (1914-1918)1918) Killed an estimated 13 Killed an estimated 13

million soldiersmillion soldiers

The war involved 28 The war involved 28 countries countries

The War was fought The War was fought in Europe, Africa, and in Europe, Africa, and Middle EastMiddle East

Section 1-The Road to WarSection 1-The Road to Warassassination of Archduke Francis assassination of Archduke Francis

Ferdinand (Austria Hungary) Ferdinand (Austria Hungary) sparked the warsparked the warKilled by Serbian (Black Hand) group Killed by Serbian (Black Hand) group

The Forces at Work:The Forces at Work: Militarism Militarism In this system, a In this system, a

large army has top large army has top prioritypriority

AlliancesAlliances is the “I got your is the “I got your back” school of thought back” school of thought

Imperialism – Imperialism – conquest of conquest of other landsother lands

Nationalism- superiority Nationalism- superiority complex / smaller countries complex / smaller countries want independencewant independence

At the heart of it all…BosniaAt the heart of it all…BosniaWhen Austria-When Austria-

Hungary declares Hungary declares war on Serbia, the war on Serbia, the alliances spring into alliances spring into action. action. Creates a chain Creates a chain

reactionreactionSo, in one week, all So, in one week, all

of Europe was at war.of Europe was at war.

The Powers at WorkThe Powers at Work

Strategic IssuesStrategic IssuesEach side (Allies and Central Powers) Each side (Allies and Central Powers)

felt victory would be quick.felt victory would be quick.machine guns and artillery gave machine guns and artillery gave

advantages to the defenders. advantages to the defenders. So when the Germans were stopped by So when the Germans were stopped by

the French and British near Paris, both the French and British near Paris, both sides dug in.sides dug in. trench warfare trench warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

More on Trench WarfareMore on Trench Warfare

The American ResponseThe American ResponsePresident Wilson declared President Wilson declared

America neutral in August 1914.America neutral in August 1914.but still wanted America to be ready but still wanted America to be ready

for combatfor combat

Hostility increases to Hostility increases to GermanyGermany

The Germans used unrestricted The Germans used unrestricted submarine warfare (U-Boat) submarine warfare (U-Boat)

On May 7, 1915, the German U-On May 7, 1915, the German U-Boats sank the Boats sank the LusitaniaLusitania 128 Americans dies128 Americans dies

President Wilson responded with President Wilson responded with diplomacydiplomacy

Germany’s warningsGermany’s warnings

Wilson finally gets involvedWilson finally gets involvedWilson reelected in 1916Wilson reelected in 1916British intercepted a telegram British intercepted a telegram

from Zimmermann that was from Zimmermann that was being sent to Mexico.being sent to Mexico.Zimmermann was Germany’s Zimmermann was Germany’s

foreign minister foreign minister if Mexico ally with Germany, they if Mexico ally with Germany, they

could regain lands lost during the could regain lands lost during the Mexican War.Mexican War.

369369thth Infantry Infantry

known as the Harlem Hell Fighters, known as the Harlem Hell Fighters, were loaned out to Francewere loaned out to FranceThey earned the French Croix de Guerre, They earned the French Croix de Guerre,

the French equivalent to the Medal of the French equivalent to the Medal of Honor.Honor.

Russia Drops Out!Russia Drops Out!

In November 1917, Lenin’s Bolshevik In November 1917, Lenin’s Bolshevik Revolution took over Russia, and they Revolution took over Russia, and they declared peace with Germany.declared peace with Germany.

This meant Germany had only a single This meant Germany had only a single front: the French. front: the French. They broke through the trenches, and were They broke through the trenches, and were

50 miles from Paris.50 miles from Paris.

Ending the WarEnding the War Armistice was signed on the 11Armistice was signed on the 11thth hour of hour of

the 11the 11thth day on the the 11 day on the the 11thth month (1918) month (1918) Over 50,000 U.S. soldiers died in battleOver 50,000 U.S. soldiers died in battle Over 8 million soldiers worldwide Over 8 million soldiers worldwide

equates to over 5,000 deaths per day of equates to over 5,000 deaths per day of the war.the war.

Over 2 million civilians died as a result Over 2 million civilians died as a result of the war, some from starvation, others of the war, some from starvation, others from mass destruction. from mass destruction.

The Great Depression in the 1930sThe Great Depression in the 1930s

Stock market crash of 1929Stock market crash of 1929 Consumption and production around the world declined. Consumption and production around the world declined. Unemployment rose drastically. Unemployment rose drastically. American banks called in overseas loans to offset their losses. American banks called in overseas loans to offset their losses.

Smoot-Hawley tariffSmoot-Hawley tariff Highest import duty in American history Highest import duty in American history In retaliation, other countries raised their tariffsIn retaliation, other countries raised their tariffs resulting in decreased export industries and additional reductions in resulting in decreased export industries and additional reductions in

world trade. world trade. Effects of the depression on nations Effects of the depression on nations

France and Britain were to some extent insulated from the world France and Britain were to some extent insulated from the world economy by their overseas colonies. economy by their overseas colonies.

Japan and Germany suffered much more because they relied on exports Japan and Germany suffered much more because they relied on exports to pay for imports of food and fuel to pay for imports of food and fuel

South Africa’s economy boomed because Depression made gold more South Africa’s economy boomed because Depression made gold more valuablevaluable

Radical reforms and leadersRadical reforms and leaders United States enacted sweeping New Deal legislation, and radical United States enacted sweeping New Deal legislation, and radical

politicians came to power in Germany, Italy, and Japan. politicians came to power in Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Explain the reasons for the Soviet Union’s economic success Explain the reasons for the Soviet Union’s economic success during the 1930sduring the 1930s

Stalin’s goalStalin’s goal Transform the USSR into an industrial nation and increase the power of Transform the USSR into an industrial nation and increase the power of

the communist party the communist party First Five-Year Plan First Five-Year Plan

increased Soviet military and industrial might by developing electric increased Soviet military and industrial might by developing electric power and heavy industry (iron, coal, steel, and machinery) power and heavy industry (iron, coal, steel, and machinery)

Collective agricultureCollective agriculture Turned small private farms into collective farms Turned small private farms into collective farms Collectivization transformed Soviet rural society, imposing an urban-Collectivization transformed Soviet rural society, imposing an urban-

industrial way of life on the peasantry. industrial way of life on the peasantry. Rebellion among the kulaks resulted in widespread starvation and Rebellion among the kulaks resulted in widespread starvation and

hardship because they burned their crops and killed their livestockhardship because they burned their crops and killed their livestock Second Five Year Plan (1933-1937)Second Five Year Plan (1933-1937)

After Nazi Germany’s rise to power, the Second Five-Year Plan After Nazi Germany’s rise to power, the Second Five-Year Plan abandoned its goal of producing consumer goods and focused instead abandoned its goal of producing consumer goods and focused instead on military expansion. on military expansion.

Women in particular entered employment and careers formerly Women in particular entered employment and careers formerly denied them.denied them.

What Caused WWII?What Caused WWII?

Great DepressionGreat DepressionFailure of the League of Nation to police Failure of the League of Nation to police

the worldthe world3 dictators came to power at about the 3 dictators came to power at about the

same timesame time1923- Benito Mussolini - Italy1923- Benito Mussolini - Italy1930’s – Hideki Tojo - Japan1930’s – Hideki Tojo - Japan1933 – Adolf Hitler (Nazi party) - Germany1933 – Adolf Hitler (Nazi party) - Germany

Leaders of the Axis PowerLeaders of the Axis Power

Similarities of the Axis PowersSimilarities of the Axis Powers

State is “all powerful”State is “all powerful” Individuals give up their freedomsIndividuals give up their freedomsBelieved in using force to expand the Believed in using force to expand the

boundaries of their countriesboundaries of their countries

Explain the rise of fascism in Europe and the events Explain the rise of fascism in Europe and the events leading up to the Second World War.leading up to the Second World War.

Fascism Fascism Extreme nationalismExtreme nationalism result of social and economic instability caused by World result of social and economic instability caused by World

War I and the Depression. War I and the Depression. Mussolini and HitlerMussolini and Hitler

appealed to unemployed veterans and violent youths.appealed to unemployed veterans and violent youths. Economic well-being outweighed a loss of libertyEconomic well-being outweighed a loss of liberty Il Duce (the leader) became prime minister and Installed Il Duce (the leader) became prime minister and Installed

Fascist party members in all government jobs and crushed Fascist party members in all government jobs and crushed all oppositionall opposition

Hitler became chancellor in 1933; Fuhrer (leader) 1934Hitler became chancellor in 1933; Fuhrer (leader) 1934 Hitler also emphasized Aryan racial superiority (Germans, Hitler also emphasized Aryan racial superiority (Germans,

Britons, Scandinavian) and blamed Jews for Germany’s Britons, Scandinavian) and blamed Jews for Germany’s postwar troubles. postwar troubles.

Warning signsWarning signs

In 1931, Japan attacked ManchuriaIn 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria In 1935, Italy attacked EthiopiaIn 1935, Italy attacked EthiopiaHitler tested French and British resolve by Hitler tested French and British resolve by

repeatedly violating the Treaty of Versailles. repeatedly violating the Treaty of Versailles. In 1933 Hitler withdrew from the League of NationsIn 1933 Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations In 1935 Hitler built and army and created an air In 1935 Hitler built and army and created an air

forceforceBritain and France responded withBritain and France responded with

The “appeasement” of the Munich Conference in The “appeasement” of the Munich Conference in 1938 revealed a lack of British and French resolve. 1938 revealed a lack of British and French resolve.

Gearing up for the WarGearing up for the War

1936, Germany and Italy formed an 1936, Germany and Italy formed an alliance called the Rome – Berlin Axisalliance called the Rome – Berlin Axis

1938, Germany invaded Austria and 1938, Germany invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia and took over without Czechoslovakia and took over without firing a shotfiring a shot

1938, Germany signed a non-aggression 1938, Germany signed a non-aggression pact with Russia. Why?pact with Russia. Why?

To avoid a two front warTo avoid a two front war

What was the source of conflict between Japan and China What was the source of conflict between Japan and China from 1931 to 1945?from 1931 to 1945?

nationalists nationalists Japan lacks many natural resourcesJapan lacks many natural resources viewed a colonial empire as a solution to Japan’s viewed a colonial empire as a solution to Japan’s

dependence on foreign trade. dependence on foreign trade. most of Asia’s potential colonies had been claimed, China most of Asia’s potential colonies had been claimed, China

with its vast population and resources was not colonized. with its vast population and resources was not colonized.

Japanese conquestJapanese conquest The confrontation of the Second World War began with the The confrontation of the Second World War began with the

Japanese seizure of Manchuria by junior officers in the Japanese seizure of Manchuria by junior officers in the military. military.

During the next few years the Japanese sped up their During the next few years the Japanese sped up their rearmament, especially the building of warships. rearmament, especially the building of warships.

China fights backChina fights backWarfare between China and Japan was Warfare between China and Japan was

incredibly violent. incredibly violent. Chinese continued to fight backChinese continued to fight back

In the winter of 1937-1938, Japanese troops In the winter of 1937-1938, Japanese troops took Nanjing, raped 20,000 women, killed took Nanjing, raped 20,000 women, killed 200,000 prisoners and civilians, and looted and 200,000 prisoners and civilians, and looted and burned the city.burned the city.

WWII BeginsWWII Begins

1939, Germany 1939, Germany invades Poland and invades Poland and this starts the warthis starts the war

Blitzkrieg – lightning Blitzkrieg – lightning warfare used by the warfare used by the Germans Germans

USA Remains Neutral!USA Remains Neutral!

1940, even though the USA remains 1940, even though the USA remains neutral, they are gearing up for the war by:neutral, they are gearing up for the war by:Begin the draftBegin the draftTurn to a “war” economyTurn to a “war” economy

First Two YearsFirst Two Years

The axis power (bad guys) were winning The axis power (bad guys) were winning the warthe war

They have control of the following areas:They have control of the following areas: ““most of Europe”most of Europe”North Africa North Africa PacificPacific

Great Britain now stood “alone” against Great Britain now stood “alone” against the Axis Powersthe Axis Powers

America ResponseAmerica Response

Lend Lease programs by Roosevelt sent Lend Lease programs by Roosevelt sent 50 ships to Britain in exchange for future 50 ships to Britain in exchange for future military basesmilitary bases

Dec. 7, 1941, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor in Hawaii killing 2500 Americansin Hawaii killing 2500 Americans

Next day, Roosevelt asks congress for a Next day, Roosevelt asks congress for a declaration of war (hours later its granted)declaration of war (hours later its granted)

U.S. U.S. Japanese Internment camps; result of the Japanese Internment camps; result of the

bombing of Pearl Harborbombing of Pearl HarborThe war pulled the United States out of the last The war pulled the United States out of the last

stages of the Depressionstages of the DepressionWomen in the United States entered industry in Women in the United States entered industry in

large numbers, and the booming economy had large numbers, and the booming economy had long-lasting positive consequences for long-lasting positive consequences for American society.American society.

U.S.A Enters WarU.S.A Enters War

Allies on the offensive!Allies on the offensive!

United NationsUnited Nations

Jan 1, 1942 – 26 nations for the United Jan 1, 1942 – 26 nations for the United Nations for peace-keeping reasonsNations for peace-keeping reasons

By 1945, its membership totaled 50 By 1945, its membership totaled 50 nationsnations

Big 3 Leaders of the Allied ForcesBig 3 Leaders of the Allied ForcesFDR (USA), Churchill (GB), Stalin (USSR)FDR (USA), Churchill (GB), Stalin (USSR)

““Europe First”Europe First”

The allied strategy was called “Europe The allied strategy was called “Europe First”First”Take care of Hitler First, then JapanTake care of Hitler First, then Japan

2 Turning Point Battles in 2 Turning Point Battles in EuropeEurope

Fall 1942, both allied Fall 1942, both allied victoriesvictories Stalingrad in EuropeStalingrad in Europe El Alamein in North El Alamein in North

AfricaAfrica

Italy surrenders!Italy surrenders!

In 1943, Allies invade In 1943, Allies invade Italy via Sicily and this Italy via Sicily and this leads to Italy’s leads to Italy’s eventual surrendereventual surrender

D- DayD- Day

June 6, 1944- D-Day June 6, 1944- D-Day invasion of Europeinvasion of Europe 200,000 soldiers 200,000 soldiers

landed on the beaches landed on the beaches of Normandy France, of Normandy France,

Germany’s Final defeatGermany’s Final defeat

Last German Last German offensive was the offensive was the battle of the Bulge battle of the Bulge where they suffered a where they suffered a final defeatfinal defeat

May 8, 1945 – V.E. May 8, 1945 – V.E. Day (victory in Day (victory in Europe)Europe)

War in the PacificWar in the Pacific

““Leapfrog Strategy” – Leapfrog Strategy” – used in the Pacific to used in the Pacific to recapture “major” recapture “major” islands like Okinawa, islands like Okinawa, Iwo Jima, etc.Iwo Jima, etc.

2 Turning Point battles in the 2 Turning Point battles in the PacificPacific

Coral SeaCoral Sea Midway ( destroyed Midway ( destroyed

Japanese Navy)Japanese Navy)

Atomic Bombs!Atomic Bombs!

Aug. 1945 – atomic Aug. 1945 – atomic bombs dropped on bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nagasaki Killed 200,000 peopleKilled 200,000 people

Japanese Surrenders!Japanese Surrenders!

Sept. 2, 1945 – Sept. 2, 1945 – Japanese surrender Japanese surrender aboard USS Missouri aboard USS Missouri to General Mac Arthurto General Mac Arthur

Mein KampfMein Kampf

Written by Hitler in 1930 Written by Hitler in 1930 Outlined the Nazi Outlined the Nazi

philosophy philosophy Chief among these was Chief among these was

removal of “non-Aryans” removal of “non-Aryans” Particularly the JewsParticularly the Jews

Anti-Semitism in Europe

• Hostility towards Jews

Not only in Germany but throughout Europe by 1930’s

The Beginnings

• Nazi party encouraged German citizens to stop patronizing Jewish business

Nuremberg Laws 1935Nuremberg Laws 1935

Stripped Jews of their Stripped Jews of their German citizenship German citizenship

Forbid marriage between Forbid marriage between Jews and non-JewsJews and non-Jews

1- Required Jews to register property

2- Dismissed Jewish Civil Employees and Managers

• •

3- Banned Jewish Doctors from treating non-Jews

4- All Germans given identity 4- All Germans given identity cardscards

Jewish cards marked Jewish cards marked with red letter “J” with red letter “J” Gave all Jews middle Gave all Jews middle

name of “Sarah” or Israel name of “Sarah” or Israel Easier for police to ID Easier for police to ID

JewsJews

The “SS”The “SS”

Elite guard that became Elite guard that became the private army of the the private army of the Nazi party Nazi party

Charged with silencing Charged with silencing oppositionopposition

KristallnachtKristallnacht Night of Nov. 9th 1938 Night of Nov. 9th 1938 Nazi thugs in Germany Nazi thugs in Germany

and Austria destroyed and Austria destroyed Jewish stores, houses & Jewish stores, houses & SynagoguesSynagogues

ResultsResults

100’s killed 100’s killed Thousands arrested Thousands arrested Government openly & Government openly &

freely killing Jewsfreely killing Jews

Refugees Seek an EscapeRefugees Seek an Escape

From 1933-37 130,000 From 1933-37 130,000 Jews fled GermanyJews fled Germany

Moving to the GhettoMoving to the Ghetto

Jews were forced into Jews were forced into small areas in the small areas in the outskirts of citiesoutskirts of cities

Held as prisoners

                                                         

Poor living conditions Many died of malnutrition or disease

• •

Final SolutionFinal Solution

Nazis attempted to achieve their policy of Nazis attempted to achieve their policy of eliminating entire races of people. eliminating entire races of people.

Jews were deprived of citizenship and legal Jews were deprived of citizenship and legal rights and forced into ghettoes. rights and forced into ghettoes.

In 1942 the “final solution” started the In 1942 the “final solution” started the systematic extermination of human beings. systematic extermination of human beings.

Concentration camps such as Auschwitz were Concentration camps such as Auschwitz were created for the sole purpose of extracting work created for the sole purpose of extracting work and killing prisoners. and killing prisoners.

Fighting BackFighting Back

April 1943 Warsaw April 1943 Warsaw ghetto revolted ghetto revolted against deportation to against deportation to Treblinka Treblinka

Revolts and riots Revolts and riots occurred in many occurred in many concentration camps concentration camps as wellas well

Few Offered Help

• US media showed little interest in the Holocaust during war

Horrors of the Holocaust

• May 1945 US troops say the horrors of the Nazis first hand

Victims!Victims!

Estimated 11 millions Estimated 11 millions killedkilled Jews – 6 millionJews – 6 million Political enemies Political enemies

(communists), (communists), Gypsies, Gypsies, homosexuals, homosexuals, disabled, etc.disabled, etc.

Effects on the civilian populationEffects on the civilian population

The civilian populations of Europe and Asia The civilian populations of Europe and Asia suffered the depredations of invading armies, suffered the depredations of invading armies, disease, starvation, and exposure to the disease, starvation, and exposure to the elements. elements.

Millions abandoned their homes or watched Millions abandoned their homes or watched them being destroyed. them being destroyed.

In World War II more civilians were killed than In World War II more civilians were killed than soldiers. Many of these deaths were deliberate soldiers. Many of these deaths were deliberate murder. murder.

Nuremberg Trials• November

1945 Allies tried 24 leading Nazis for crimes against humanity

Results

•12 received death sentences

•Established important principle:

–1- Individuals were responsible for own actions

–2- No longer escape punishment by just “following orders”

Results

Communism in ChinaCommunism in China Mao Zedong (1893-1976) Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

communism founded in 1921 was a radical departure from communism founded in 1921 was a radical departure from the traditional ideologythe traditional ideology

Goal was to use the peasantry, not industrial workers to Goal was to use the peasantry, not industrial workers to redistribute land from the wealthy to the poor peopleredistribute land from the wealthy to the poor people

Advocated women’s equality; but leadership position belong Advocated women’s equality; but leadership position belong to mento men

Civil war in China and communist victoryCivil war in China and communist victory Long March (1934-1935) 6,000 mile flight of the Chinese Long March (1934-1935) 6,000 mile flight of the Chinese

Communists fro the Southeast to the Northwest ChinaCommunists fro the Southeast to the Northwest China 100,000 fled only 4,000 survived100,000 fled only 4,000 survived

After Japanese surrender in 1945 the Guomindang and After Japanese surrender in 1945 the Guomindang and communist forces began a civil war that lasted until 1949communist forces began a civil war that lasted until 1949

On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the founding On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the founding of the People’s republic of China and Chiang Kai-shek’s of the People’s republic of China and Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces were driven off the mainland to TaiwanGuomindang forces were driven off the mainland to Taiwan

Briefly compare and contrast the military aspects of the Briefly compare and contrast the military aspects of the First and Second World Wars.First and Second World Wars.

SimilaritiesSimilarities They were both fought around the globe and resulted in They were both fought around the globe and resulted in

tremendous numbers of casualties as well as physical and tremendous numbers of casualties as well as physical and environmental damage.environmental damage.

Both wars took advantage of technological innovations that Both wars took advantage of technological innovations that altered the face of warfare. altered the face of warfare.

DifferencesDifferences World War II was larger in both geographic and human World War II was larger in both geographic and human

scope, taking place in practically every corner of the world; it scope, taking place in practically every corner of the world; it also resulted in far more casualties. also resulted in far more casualties.

Whereas deaths from World War I were primarily confined to Whereas deaths from World War I were primarily confined to the military, there were far fewer military than civilian deaths the military, there were far fewer military than civilian deaths in World War II. in World War II.

Huge bombing raids on cities and intentional assaults on Huge bombing raids on cities and intentional assaults on civilians, civilians,

What were some of the technological advances during What were some of the technological advances during World War II that made it a “war of science”?World War II that made it a “war of science”?

Airplanes were larger and faster, flew farther, and dropped Airplanes were larger and faster, flew farther, and dropped many tons of bombs each. many tons of bombs each.

Jet planes appeared for the first time. Jet planes appeared for the first time. Heavily armored tanks ruled the battlefields. Heavily armored tanks ruled the battlefields. Synthetic rubber and oil reduced the dependence on foreign Synthetic rubber and oil reduced the dependence on foreign

imports and the control of the seas. imports and the control of the seas. Aircraft carriers and submarines made battleships obsolete. Aircraft carriers and submarines made battleships obsolete. Radar warned of aircraft attacks. Radar warned of aircraft attacks. Code breakers and intelligence specialists predicted enemy Code breakers and intelligence specialists predicted enemy

attacks. attacks. The antibiotics used in World War II resulted in a significant The antibiotics used in World War II resulted in a significant

drop in mortality among wounded soldiers. drop in mortality among wounded soldiers. In the war’s ultimate technological achievement, the United In the war’s ultimate technological achievement, the United

States committed enormous resources to develop the atomic States committed enormous resources to develop the atomic bomb in a race against Germany.bomb in a race against Germany.

Chapter 32Chapter 32

Discussion and NotesDiscussion and Notes

Colonialism in Africa 1900-1945Colonialism in Africa 1900-1945 Who benefited economically and socially?Who benefited economically and socially?

Europeans invested heavily in colonial railroads, harbors, and Europeans invested heavily in colonial railroads, harbors, and mines, which enormously increased the output and value of mines, which enormously increased the output and value of agricultural and mining commodities. agricultural and mining commodities.

Economic development primarily benefited Europeans and Economic development primarily benefited Europeans and often had a negative effect on African people. often had a negative effect on African people.

What was life like for African under colonial rule?What was life like for African under colonial rule? Worked in harsh conditions for little or no payWorked in harsh conditions for little or no pay Racial segregation in housing, health care, and public Racial segregation in housing, health care, and public

accommodations became more pronounced.accommodations became more pronounced. Rise of Liberal ideas and nationalism Rise of Liberal ideas and nationalism

Labor demands and the widening disparity between the wealthy Labor demands and the widening disparity between the wealthy and the poor embittered many Africans, causing a growth in and the poor embittered many Africans, causing a growth in nationalist movements. nationalist movements.

World War II demands for labor and food exports, together with World War II demands for labor and food exports, together with Allied ideals of liberation and freedom, convinced many Allied ideals of liberation and freedom, convinced many Africans of the need for radical change.Africans of the need for radical change.

Indian NationalismIndian Nationalism Independence movement in IndiaIndependence movement in India By the late 1800s, western-educated By the late 1800s, western-educated

Indians were spearheading a Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. nationalist movement.

In 1885, nationalist leaders In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National organized the Indian National Congress. Congress.

What was the goal?What was the goal? eventual self-rule, but supported eventual self-rule, but supported

western-style modernization. western-style modernization. Hindu or Muslim movement?Hindu or Muslim movement? seen as primarily for the Hindu of seen as primarily for the Hindu of

the noble and middle classes. the noble and middle classes. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim

League to pursue their own goals, League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state. including a separate Muslim state.

By 1912 the Muslims were calling By 1912 the Muslims were calling for their own country! for their own country!

Mohandas Gandhi: Father of Mohandas Gandhi: Father of Resistance to British RuleResistance to British Rule

Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi (Mahatma (Mahatma “great soul”)“great soul”) becomes the leader becomes the leader in 1921.in 1921.

Why is he so important?Why is he so important? Transformed the cause of the Transformed the cause of the

Indian independence from an elite Indian independence from an elite movement to mass movement that movement to mass movement that appealed to majority of the Indian appealed to majority of the Indian population population

United Hindu population for United Hindu population for Indian independence Indian independence

Inspired the Civil Rights Inspired the Civil Rights Movement in the United states Movement in the United states

What was his plan? force change and an end to

British imperialism through a strict policy of non-violence, or passive resistance. 

Gandhi Leads The WayGandhi Leads The Way Examples of his civil

disobedience included boycotts such as the

Salt March (1930) and hunger strikes.  Why? What happened?

His famous “Walk to the Sea” to His famous “Walk to the Sea” to protest British salt monopoly protest British salt monopoly

Why did he fast?Why did he fast? represented both his ideology and represented both his ideology and

his manipulation of public relations his manipulation of public relations and political tactics. and political tactics.

How did he feel about the Hindu caste system? 

The rigid caste system separated religious and political classes from lower classes of laborers and outcasts with no hope at social mobility.

Why Was India Partitioned?Why Was India Partitioned? Britain was weakened after World War II. Britain was weakened after World War II. It will finally agree to Indian demand for independence. It will finally agree to Indian demand for independence. Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to

partition, or divide, the subcontinent. partition, or divide, the subcontinent. In August 1947, British officials created Hindu India and In August 1947, British officials created Hindu India and

Muslim Pakistan. Muslim Pakistan. As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence

erupted in Northern India. erupted in Northern India. Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million

people were killed before independence was achieved. people were killed before independence was achieved. Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim

tensions persisted, as it does today!tensions persisted, as it does today!

Partition of India, 1947Partition of India, 1947

Gandhi Assassinated!!!Gandhi Assassinated!!! Therefore, the strength and Therefore, the strength and

will of the common people will of the common people both achieved Indian both achieved Indian independence and tore independence and tore India apart.  India apart. 

Gandhi AssassinatedIn 1948In 1948

Cause of the Mexican Cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?Revolution of 1910?

Mexican RevolutionariesMexican Revolutionaries

EmilianoEmilianoZapataZapata

EmilianoEmilianoZapataZapata

Porfirio Porfirio DiazDiaz

Porfirio Porfirio DiazDiaz

Pancho Villa Pancho Villa Pancho Villa Pancho Villa

Mexican Revolution and Civil War 1911-1920Mexican Revolution and Civil War 1911-1920

Led by a series of ambitious but limited men, each representing Led by a series of ambitious but limited men, each representing a different segment of Mexican societya different segment of Mexican society

Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) led a peasant revolt South of Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) led a peasant revolt South of Mexico city while Francisco (Pancho) Villa organized an army in Mexico city while Francisco (Pancho) Villa organized an army in Northern Mexico. Were they successful?Northern Mexico. Were they successful?

Neither man was able to lead a national revolution. Zapata was Neither man was able to lead a national revolution. Zapata was defeated and killed by Constitutionalists in 1919, Villa defeated and killed by Constitutionalists in 1919, Villa assassinated in 1923. Both are honored and praised in Mexico assassinated in 1923. Both are honored and praised in Mexico today.today.

Constitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fightingConstitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fighting By 1934 under President Lazaro Cardenas the Mexican By 1934 under President Lazaro Cardenas the Mexican

Revolutionary Party removed generals from government, Revolutionary Party removed generals from government, redistributed land, replaced church run schools with redistributed land, replaced church run schools with government schools, and expropriated the foreign-owned oil government schools, and expropriated the foreign-owned oil companies that had dominated Mexico’s petroleum industry. companies that had dominated Mexico’s petroleum industry.

It laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico It laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico

Describe and discuss the world economy (and the World Describe and discuss the world economy (and the World Wars) as it affected the internal political situation in Brazil Wars) as it affected the internal political situation in Brazil

and Argentina.and Argentina. Before the First World WarBefore the First World War

Brazil produced most of the world’s coffee, cacao, and rubber Brazil produced most of the world’s coffee, cacao, and rubber Likewise, Argentina had wealth in the hands of large landowning farmers who Likewise, Argentina had wealth in the hands of large landowning farmers who

raised cattle, sheep, and wheat. raised cattle, sheep, and wheat. Both of these country’s elites had little interest in industrialization and allowed Both of these country’s elites had little interest in industrialization and allowed

outside interests (Great Britain, for example) to build and control infrastructure. outside interests (Great Britain, for example) to build and control infrastructure. The power elites were content to export agriculture and import manufactured The power elites were content to export agriculture and import manufactured

goods. goods. Effects of WWIEffects of WWI

However, competition from Asia crashed the rubber export business in 1912 However, competition from Asia crashed the rubber export business in 1912 and World War I stopped the flow of imports and lessened the flow of exports. and World War I stopped the flow of imports and lessened the flow of exports.

The Depression and the rise of military dictators The Depression and the rise of military dictators Agricultural exports fell by two thirds and authoritarian governments took power Agricultural exports fell by two thirds and authoritarian governments took power

at this time. at this time. Argentina had a coup in 1930 by the military. In 1943, another military coup Argentina had a coup in 1930 by the military. In 1943, another military coup

was staged by Juan Perón 1946.was staged by Juan Perón 1946. Perón became a champion of the downtrodden urban workers and his wife, Perón became a champion of the downtrodden urban workers and his wife,

Eva (Evita) Perón, became the champion of women, children, and the poor. Eva (Evita) Perón, became the champion of women, children, and the poor. Evita, until her death in 1952, was among the most powerful women in the Evita, until her death in 1952, was among the most powerful women in the worldworld

The Cold WarThe Cold War1945 - 19911945 - 1991

Hot – Warm - ColdHot – Warm - Cold

Hot War : this is actual warfareHot War : this is actual warfareWarm War : talks are still going on but Warm War : talks are still going on but

war plans are being put into operation war plans are being put into operation

Origins of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War

Cold WarCold War the state of hostility, the state of hostility,

without actual warfarewithout actual warfare Stimulated development Stimulated development

of emerging nationsof emerging nations Stimulated extraordinary Stimulated extraordinary

advance in weaponsadvance in weapons US VS Soviet UnionUS VS Soviet Union

Lasted until the Soviet Lasted until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991Union collapsed in 1991

Conflicting Postwar Goals! Conflicting Postwar Goals!

US wanted to spread US wanted to spread democracy and democracy and capitalism capitalism

Soviet Union wanted Soviet Union wanted security and to spread security and to spread communism communism

US Develops Major Cold War Policies US Develops Major Cold War Policies ContainmentContainment

US must resist Soviet attempts to US must resist Soviet attempts to spread communist throughout spread communist throughout worldworld

The Truman Doctrine (1947)The Truman Doctrine (1947) take leadership role in the worldtake leadership role in the world help countries resist communismhelp countries resist communism Offered military aid to Greece and Offered military aid to Greece and

Turkey to resist soviet military Turkey to resist soviet military pressurepressure

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery

Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.desperation, and chaos.

4.4. More than 20 billion of US aid to More than 20 billion of US aid to friendly Western European nationsfriendly Western European nations

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet Union The Soviet Union exploded its first A-exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.bomb in 1949.

} Now there were two Now there were two nuclear superpowers!nuclear superpowers!

North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949(NATO) 1949

Member nations Member nations pledged assistance to pledged assistance to each othereach other

Military assistance Military assistance consisting of U.S. and consisting of U.S. and Western European Western European countriescountries

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

Luxemburg, Netherlands, NorwayLuxemburg, Netherlands, Norway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West Germany1955: West Germany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

The Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact

1955 – Soviet 1955 – Soviet Response to NATOResponse to NATO

1.1. Military alliance Military alliance between the between the Soviet Union and Soviet Union and its satellite its satellite nations in E. nations in E. EuropeEurope

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakiCzechoslovakiaa

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America in spaceThe Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!—they have the technological edge!

The Nuclear Threat Grows / Arms Race/The Nuclear Threat Grows / Arms Race/Space RaceSpace Race

1952 – US tested hydrogen 1952 – US tested hydrogen bombbomb

1953 – Soviets tested a 1953 – Soviets tested a hydrogen bombhydrogen bomb

1957 – Soviet launches the 1957 – Soviet launches the first satellite into space first satellite into space (Sputnik)(Sputnik) Catalysts for the space raceCatalysts for the space race

1969- Two Americans Neil 1969- Two Americans Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin walk on the moon walk on the moon

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

Korean War “Forgotten War” Korean War “Forgotten War” 1950-19531950-1953 Communist supported North Korea Communist supported North Korea

China China

U.S. supported South KoreaU.S. supported South Korea By the end of May 1951, communist By the end of May 1951, communist

forces had been driven out of South forces had been driven out of South Korea.Korea.

The war had developed into a The war had developed into a stalematestalemate

1.1. Peace talks will continue on and off for Peace talks will continue on and off for ~2 years ~2 years

2.2. July 1951-July 1953July 1951-July 1953

July 27, 1953 – Armistice SignedJuly 27, 1953 – Armistice Signed Fearing WWIII, the Korean war was Fearing WWIII, the Korean war was

limited to the Korean peninsula limited to the Korean peninsula

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

China Falls to the Communists China Falls to the Communists

Communists (Mao Zedong) gained control Communists (Mao Zedong) gained control Creates the People’s Republic of ChinaCreates the People’s Republic of China 1958 Great Leap Forward Plan was to launch 1958 Great Leap Forward Plan was to launch

China into world industrial power by China into world industrial power by maximizing labor in village level industriesmaximizing labor in village level industries Economic disasterEconomic disaster

1966 Cultural Revolution – mass mobilization 1966 Cultural Revolution – mass mobilization of youth’s into the Red Guard Units and of youth’s into the Red Guard Units and instilled revolutionary fervor in a new instilled revolutionary fervor in a new generationgeneration Campaign to rid China of its liberal bourgeoisie Campaign to rid China of its liberal bourgeoisie

(revolutionary elders, authors, artists and religious (revolutionary elders, authors, artists and religious figures)figures)

New nations in South/SE AsiaNew nations in South/SE Asia India (secular) republic and Pakistan were India (secular) republic and Pakistan were

incredibly dissimilar.incredibly dissimilar.Pakistan became a military government, and Pakistan became a military government, and

sees Bangladesh break away in 1971.sees Bangladesh break away in 1971. India was able to maintain its unity since she India was able to maintain its unity since she

retained largerretained larger portions of education and industry. portions of education and industry.

African IndependenceAfrican IndependenceFrench were determined to hold Algeria, since French were determined to hold Algeria, since

many French lived there. Fought from 1954-many French lived there. Fought from 1954-1962, but Algeria won independence.1962, but Algeria won independence.

Some politicians led nationalist movements to Some politicians led nationalist movements to rid foreigners:rid foreigners:Ghana was the first colony in Africa to gain Ghana was the first colony in Africa to gain

independenceindependenceNelson Mandela as the leader of the African Nelson Mandela as the leader of the African

National Congress organized guerrilla resistance in National Congress organized guerrilla resistance in 1960; sent to jail for life in 1964; becomes the first 1960; sent to jail for life in 1964; becomes the first Black president in South Africa in 1994 Black president in South Africa in 1994

Latin American FreedomLatin American Freedom Europe was mostly out of the picture, but US Europe was mostly out of the picture, but US

and European economic domination increased.and European economic domination increased. Mexico still had rich v. poor, Guatemala tried to Mexico still had rich v. poor, Guatemala tried to

remove the United Fruit Company (1954), but remove the United Fruit Company (1954), but the CIA helped remove the president from the CIA helped remove the president from power, making Guatemala unstable for power, making Guatemala unstable for decades.decades.

In Cuba, Batista ruled a repressive regime, In Cuba, Batista ruled a repressive regime, while US business dominated. This resulted in while US business dominated. This resulted in a popular revolt, led by Fidel Castro, which a popular revolt, led by Fidel Castro, which overthrew Batista.overthrew Batista.

Fear of Communists at Home Fear of Communists at Home

The Loyalty Program -1947The Loyalty Program -1947

1.1. designed to review the designed to review the loyalty of federal loyalty of federal employeesemployees

House Un-American House Un-American Activities Committee Activities Committee (HUAC)(HUAC)

1.1. investigated government investigated government agencies, Hollywood etc.agencies, Hollywood etc.

Are you now or have you ever been Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party?a member of the Communist party? The Hollywood Ten The Hollywood Ten

1.1. served jail terms of 6 served jail terms of 6 months – 1 yearmonths – 1 year

Hollywood plays the Hollywood plays the “game”“game”

1.1. created a blacklistcreated a blacklist

2.2. steered clear of steered clear of controversial topicscontroversial topics

The McCarthy Witch Hunts The McCarthy Witch Hunts Senator Joseph McCarthy played Senator Joseph McCarthy played

on people’s fear of communismon people’s fear of communism TargetsTargets

1.1. Govt. personnelGovt. personnel

2.2. former Sec. of State George former Sec. of State George MarshallMarshall

3.3. US ArmyUS Army hearings began in late April 1954hearings began in late April 1954

1.1. TelevisedTelevised

2.2. Democrats wanted public to Democrats wanted public to “see” McCarthy “see” McCarthy

3.3. most Americans were horrifiedmost Americans were horrified

Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

CubaCuba There is little evidence to suggest that Castro’s intent was to There is little evidence to suggest that Castro’s intent was to

create a Communist government.create a Communist government. However, the U.S. invoked a blockade (Castro’s seizure of U.S. However, the U.S. invoked a blockade (Castro’s seizure of U.S.

citizens property), and Cuba then looked to the USSR for citizens property), and Cuba then looked to the USSR for economic aid. economic aid.

This, in essence, made Cuba an USSR dependent, also making This, in essence, made Cuba an USSR dependent, also making Cuba communist.Cuba communist.

April 1961: 1,500 Cuban exiles trained by the CIA work to April 1961: 1,500 Cuban exiles trained by the CIA work to overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs. Coup failed, since US air overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs. Coup failed, since US air support didn’t happen. support didn’t happen.

Cuban Missile Crises (1962)Cuban Missile Crises (1962) Soviet Union deployed Nuclear – tipped missiles to Cuba in Soviet Union deployed Nuclear – tipped missiles to Cuba in

response to U.S. deployment of nuclear missiles in Turkeyresponse to U.S. deployment of nuclear missiles in Turkey

Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

Vietnam WarVietnam War Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh

supported a guerilla movement against non-supported a guerilla movement against non-communist South Vietnam.communist South Vietnam.

JFK sent American military advisors to South JFK sent American military advisors to South Vietnam, and Lyndon Johnson sent full military Vietnam, and Lyndon Johnson sent full military deployment.deployment. After an apparent North Vietnamese attack in Gulf of After an apparent North Vietnamese attack in Gulf of

TonkinTonkin By the end of 1966, (365,000) troops were engaged in the By the end of 1966, (365,000) troops were engaged in the

warwar US ended involvement there in 1973, and South US ended involvement there in 1973, and South

Vietnam fell in 1975.Vietnam fell in 1975. Anti-war sentiment rose in US, and military felt Anti-war sentiment rose in US, and military felt

restrictions limited US success; restrictions designed restrictions limited US success; restrictions designed to keep China out of war.to keep China out of war.

IsraelIsrael 1947 UN voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into 1947 UN voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into

two states two states Was declared an independent Jewish State in 1948Was declared an independent Jewish State in 1948

Defeated armies sent by Arab states in 1948Defeated armies sent by Arab states in 1948

Six Day War of 1967Six Day War of 1967 Resulted in Israel’s acquisition of all of Jerusalem and the Resulted in Israel’s acquisition of all of Jerusalem and the

West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Sinai peninsulaWest Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Sinai peninsula

Egyptian-Israeli war in 1973 led directly to an Arab oil Egyptian-Israeli war in 1973 led directly to an Arab oil embargoembargo It was used as a punishment to the U.S. and Netherlands for It was used as a punishment to the U.S. and Netherlands for

their support of Israeltheir support of Israel

Challenges of DecolonizationChallenges of DecolonizationDozens of new nations were created Dozens of new nations were created

between 1945-1965.between 1945-1965.Most were created with little or no money, Most were created with little or no money,

so economic concerns took center stage.so economic concerns took center stage.There were also educational concerns:There were also educational concerns:

What language to teach…What language to teach…How to instill a sense of national unity to what How to instill a sense of national unity to what

was a colony…was a colony…How to provide satisfying jobs for graduates…How to provide satisfying jobs for graduates………which when faced with these issues, most which when faced with these issues, most

opted for authoritarian rule.opted for authoritarian rule.