DevelopmentGender

Issues

Development and Gender: Widespread Mentality

Gender issues considered as secondary, if not superfluous

Reflected also in governments ICT development policies

Womens needs and interests marginalized in information society, especially in developing countries

Gender issues considered as secondary, if not superfluous

Reflected also in governments ICT development policies

Womens needs and interests marginalized in information society, especially in developing countries

Achieve Universal Primary Education

Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Reduce Child Mortality

Improve Maternal Health

Combat Infectious Diseases

Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Develop Global Partnership for Development

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GENDERGENDERRELEVANCERELEVANCE

Development

GENDER

Development and Gender: Call for a New Mental Picture

GENDER

ISSUES

Socially-Inclusive

Development

GENDER:

Minor Special Group Interest

GENDER:

MainstreamComponent of National and International Development

GenderGender--Responsive ICT DevelopmentResponsive ICT Development: :

Toward a Framework of Toward a Framework of Citizen EngagementCitizen Engagement

ICT DEVELOPMENT

TECHNOLOGY

CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT

INFRASTRUCTURE

ACCESS TO INFO

EDUCATION &

TRAINING

SOCIAL NETWORK

PARTICIPATORY

DECISION-MAKING

RESPONSIVE

PROGRAMS & SERVICES

MDGs

Essential Questions

Development for whom?

Which groups are left out in its processes and outcomes?

UNDERDEVELOPED /DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

RURAL AREAS

WOMEN

URBAN POOR

ICT Development for Knowledge-Based Economy

Information and Communications Information and Communications

Technologies (Technologies (ICTsICTs))

Engine of knowledge-based economy Contribution to rapid/ cost-effectiveservices Increased level of transparency andaccountability Facilitate and expand socio-economicnetwork

UNEVEN ACCESS AND BENEFITS

DIGITAL DIVIDE

REGIONAL

DISTRIBUTION

GENDER

EQUALITY

RURAL

DEVELOPMENT

Regional Digital Divide: Regional Digital Divide:

Diffusion of Internet Diffusion of Internet

REGION Internet Users/10,000 inhabitants

Internet Hosts*/10,000 inhabitants

EUROPE 3333 229

AMERICA 2444 1440

ASIA 585 37

AFRICA 111 3

* Internet Host: computer with access to internet

* SOURCE: A Global Sourcebook on Gender and ICT for Development, KIT(Royal Tropical Institute)

ICT Divide: ICT Divide: Internet Users

* SOURCE: ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

GAP

ICT Divide: ICT Divide:

Fixed Telephone / Mobile PhoneFixed Telephone / Mobile Phone

* SOURCE: ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

Problems of Gender Digital Divide

(1) Lower level of ACCESS

(2) Lower level of ICT EDUCATION and TRAINING

(3) Lower level of CONTENTS based on womens needs

(4) Lower level of decision-making POWER in ICT development

Soci0-Economic Context of Gender Digital Divide

Low rate of literacy Low level of education Low level of bilingual/ English education

* over 50% of online contents are in English

Low level of income/ purchasing power Low level of managerial/executive positions Low level of training opportunities Lack of mobility

Predominance of patriarchy Gender socialization Under-representation (political/legislative etc)

Prevailing myth of technology as being neutral

Access to Technology Development of

Infrastructure

Affordable Services Employment Market/Labour regulations

Rights protection Social awareness Community networks

Challenging genderbias/stereotypes

Active Advocacy

Building ICT Infrastructure Training of Skills to Use ICT

Women as USERSUSERS of ICT Services

Economic empowerment Social Network Political advocacy

Women as Active Contributors Active Contributors of ICT Services

ACCESS to ICT EMPOWERMENTthrough ICT

CONSUMER/ END-USERS

PRODUCERS/ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN

PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION,

EVALUATION

20102010 UNDP GEM UNDP GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure(Gender Empowerment Measure))

RANK: Top 10 RANK: Bottom 10

1 NORWAY

2 AUSTRALIA

3 ICELAND

4 CANADA

5 IRELAND

6 NETHERLANDS

7 SWEDEN

8 FRANCE

9 SWITZERLAND

10 JAPAN

173 GUINEA-BISSAU

174 BURUNDI

175 CHAD

176 DEM REP CONGO

177 BURKINA FASO

178 MAIL

179 CENTRAL AF. REP

180 SIERRA LEON

181 AFGANISTAN

182 NIGER

15 SPAIN

20102010 UNDP GEM UNDP GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure(Gender Empowerment Measure))

ASIA

10 JAPAN

23 SINGAPORE

24 HONG KONG, CHINA

26 REPUBLIC OF KOREA

30 BRUNEI

87 THAILAND

92 CHINA

102 SRI LANKA

105 PHILIPPINES

111 INDONESIA

115 MONGOLIA

116 VIETNAM

132 BHUTAN

134 INDIA

137 CAMBODIA

138 MYANMAR

141 PAKISTAN

144 NEPAL

146 BANGLADESH

181 AFGANISTAN

Gender ICT StatisticsGender ICT Statistics

Country % Female Internet Users(among all internet users)

PHILIPPINES 58 %

MONGOLIA 56.0 %

THAILAND 52.6 %

UNITED STATES 52.0 %

NEW ZEALAND 51.5 %

CANANA 51.0 %

AUSTRALIA 50.7 %

HONG KONG, CHINA 50.0 %

SLOVENIA 50.0 %

KIRIBATI 50.0 %

GenderGender--Disaggregated ICT DataDisaggregated ICT Data

Need for reliable and comparable gender-specific indicators on ICTs

Not collected systematically by all countriesNeed for standardized scope of coverage and degree of detail

Quantitative study necessary for accurate monitoring and policyimprovement on digital divide

The level of womens access does not automatically correspond tothe general dissemination of ICTs

Gender Equality and Knowledge Society: WIGSTAT Indicator Framework

* SOURCE: WIGSTAT (Women in Global Science and Technology) GE/IS Indicators, www.wigstat

DIMENSION TOPIC AREAS

SOCIAL

STATUS

EQUITY/DISCRIMINATION

SEX RATIO AT BIRTH

PREVALENCE OF VIOLENCE

TIME USE/ WORKLOAD

ECONOMIC

STATUS

ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POP

EARNED INCOME RATIO

CATEGORY OF WORK

% OF POOREST WOMEN

ACCESS TO

RESOURCES

OWNERSHIP RIGHTS TO

PROPERTY

ACCESS TO CREDIT, LOANS,

VENTURE CAPITAL

% OF WOMEN USING INTERNET

TRANSPORTATION ACCESS

WOMENS

AGENCY

SEATS IN PARLIAMENT

POSITIONS IN MINISTRIES

POSITIONS IN POL. PARTIES/

NGO, PROFESSIONAL ORG

OPPORTUNITY

AND

CAPABILITY

ADULT LITERACY RATE

ENROLMENT IN SCHOOL

AVAILABILITY OF TRAINING

POLICY

ENVIRONMENT

GENDER-SPECIFIC POLICIES

GENDER-RELATED BUDGET

INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF

INTER-MINISTERIAL RELATIONS

DIMENSION TOPIC AREAS

WOMEN IN

DECISION-

MAKING

SHARES OF WOMEN AS

LEGISLATORS, SENIOR OFFICIALS

AND MANAGERS

SHARES OF BUSINESS WITH 35% OR

MORE IN DECISION-MAKING

PROCESSES

WOMEN IN

KNOWLEDGE

ECONOMY

% IN PROFESSIONAL AND

TECHNICAL POSITIONS

% IN ADMINISTRATIVE AND

MANAGERIAL POSITIONS

EMPLOYMENT BY ECONOMIC

ACTIVITY (OCCUPATION AND

STATUS)

COMPUTER SKILLS LEVEL

% IN ICT WORKFORCE

WOMEN IN S&T

INNOVATION

% OF SCIENCE/ENGINEERING AT

TERTIARY EDUCATION

% OF SCIENTISTS, RESEARCHERS

GENDER TRENDS IN BRAIN DRAIN

NUMBER OF WOMEN-RUN

ENTERPRISES

WOMEN AND

LIFELONG

LEARNING

(LOCAL/COMMUNITY) LEARNING

CENTRES

MANAGERS OF LEARNING

CENTRES

GenderGender--Responsive ICT Development:Responsive ICT Development:

Framework of Good Governance Framework of Good Governance

GOVERNMENT

INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS

PRIVATE SECTOR

NGOs/

ACADEMIAGOOD

GOVERNANCE

FEATURESFEATURES

Market-Driven

Weak ICT Infrastructure

Rural/Urban Disparity

Lack of Local Language Contents

National ICT Master plans, Specialized Government Bodies

International and Regional ICT cooperation

WOMEN ?

NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)

NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)

Attok

Badin

Gujrat

Mansehra

Pishin

Mardan

District CTLCs in the most remote areas of Pakistan

Hands-on computer training for underprivileged women

NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)

NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)

TARGET

FUNDED BY

Underprivileged women in the most remote areas of 8 districts

NCHD (established in 2002), Microsoft, local governments

Since 2002, 14 CTLCs established in all four provinces of Pakistan 8 more established with the support from UNESCO

Each CTLC equipped with computer labs with latest computer hardware & software

Training by professionals Curriculum: (1) Basic computer skills (2) Inculcate practical skills

(presentations, debates, social events, awareness activities)

Learners must pay token fee of Rs. 500 (USD 7), payable in 4 months Four-month session (three times a year)

NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)

NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)

2700 underserved women havesuccessfully completed the ICTcurriculum

307 graduates got ICT-related jobs 93 graduates already working got

increments in their salaries

FEATUREFEATURE

Graduates given the

employment optionemployment option

(Data entry of Universal Primary Education data transcription: project run by NCHD)

NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)

NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)

NCHD MICROSOFTLOCAL

GOVERNMENT

CTLCs

PPP (Public-Private Partnership)

The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System

The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System

Tianjin

Late 1990s: Asian financial crisis

Structural reform/ Unemployment

Laid-off/unemployed women

The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System

The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System

TARGET

FUNDED BY

Unemployed/laid-off women over the age 35

UNDP, AusAID, Chinese government

The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System

The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System

Microcredit Helped to start up more than 2000 small firms Helped 6000 women find jobs

Business Incubator

Nurtured more than 50 women-owned enterprises Offered ICT/ business training and consultation to over 20,000 women Won World Banks grant support (InfoDev ICT Initiative)

Website Dissemination of successful biz models On-line consulting and training in venture creation On-line info on government policies & regulations

MEDIA SPOTLIGHT

COMPETITION/INCENTIVE

NATIONAL TV

LOCAL TV

NEWSPAPER

ONLINE

CONTEST ON

VENTURE BIZ

PLANS

WINNERS

INCUBATOR

TENANTS

The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network SystemThe Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System

Active Community Network

On + Offline Training

Contents in Local Language

On-line Network: www.tjwbi.com

SUSTAINABILITY

Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:

e-Homemakers (www.ehomemakers.net)Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:

e-Homemakers (www.ehomemakers.net)

TianjinOn-line portal on home-based income earning

Initiated by voluntary mothersnetwork

Social network and advocacy

Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:

e-HomemakersEmpowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:

e-Homemakers

1998 A voluntary group of mothers forms a Mothersfor Mothers Network (MM)

1998-2000 MM organizes a series of 7 conferences onentrepreneurship and family issues

2001 MM submits a proposal to the Government tofund e-Homemakers project Government approved, with new funding

CREATION OF E-HOMEMAKERS

PORTAL

GRASSROOT

CIVIL SOCIETY

GOVT SUPPORT

EXPANSION of SERVICE

through

ICT

Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:

e-Homemakers (www.ehomemakers.net)Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:

e-Homemakers (www.ehomemakers.net)

THEMATIC AREASTHEMATIC AREAS

1 Provide a work-from-home solution to poor, urban immobile women

2 Equipping women with basic knowledge of computers and training them how to use internet

3 Provide information and support on issues like social prejudice and self-defeating mindset

15000 e-members continue providing

Mentorship Counseling Services Marketing and Work Sourcing Support

Towards GenderTowards Gender--Responsive ICT Responsive ICT

DevelopmentDevelopment::

TASKS AHEADTASKS AHEADActive and sustainable political will

Legal and regulatory framework /measures for gender-inclusive ICT programmes and services

Collaboration with non-governmental actors (NGOs, private sector, academia)

Reliable and comparable quantitative / gender-disaggregated data

Participatory planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation

GOVERNMENT

INTL ORG.

PRIVATE

SECTOR

NGOs/

ACADEMIA

ICT Infrastructure Education & Training

Gender-responsiveContents

Gender-responsive

ServicesEMPOWERMENT

(decision-making power/ social participation/ community

network)

ICT Development with Human FaceICT Development with Human Face

Information Society Knowledge Society Knowledge Society

Technology-Focused Development

CitizenCitizen--Engaged Engaged

DevelopmentDevelopment

Market-Driven ICT Socially Responsive Socially Responsive

ICTICT

Consumer/ End-user mode of ICT usage

Producer/ Planner Producer/ Planner mode of ICT developmentmode of ICT development

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