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Words of the Day AP Review #3. Define the following terms in your notebook: Experiment Hypothesis Population Random Selection Experimental Group. Answers. Experiment: research method that involved manipulation of an IV under controlled conditions; measures effect on DV - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Words of the DayAP Review #3
Define the following terms in your notebook:
•Experiment
•Hypothesis
•Population
•Random Selection
•Experimental Group
Answers• Experiment: research method that
involved manipulation of an IV under controlled conditions; measures effect on DV
• Hypothesis: Prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related
• Population: All of the individuals in the group in which the study applies
Answers
• Experimental Group: Subgroup of the sample in an experiment that receives the treatment or IV
• Random Sample: A method of choosing members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen for a sample
Social Relations
How do we relate to others?
Attraction Conflict and Prejudice Altruism and Peacemaking Aggression
I love you…no wait. I hate you. I love you…no wait. I hate you. I am not sure, but you are hot.I am not sure, but you are hot.
Throughout your life (and in particular Throughout your life (and in particular during high school) you will feel a lot of during high school) you will feel a lot of powerful emotions towards others.powerful emotions towards others.
Three of the big ones will be…Three of the big ones will be…
– Attraction Attraction
– LoveLove
– AggressionAggression
Attractionbeing drawn towards something
5 Factors of Attraction….
Proximity• The more you are around something, the more
likely you are to be attracted to it. …ever spent a week at camp??
Mere exposure effect• Repeated exposure to something breeds liking.• And the greater exposure the more likely you will
find similarity
Similarity• Birds of the same
feather do flock together.
• Similarity breeds content. In background, attitudes, and values
Reciprocal Liking
• You are more likely to like someone who likes you.
• Why?
• Except in elementary school!!!!
Liking through Association• Classical Conditioning can play a part in attraction.
• If I wanted ____ to like me and I knew she loved Godiva chocolate, I would start showing up every time she ate Godiva.
• Godiva is the UCS and the happy feeling is the UCR. At this point I am neutral but hope to become the CS when she associates me with chocolate.
• Once she experiences acquisition every time she sees me she will become happy (CR)
• So don’t try to pick someone up at the dentist – they may associate you with those negative stimuli
Physical Attractiveness
Matching Hypothesis
States that people tend to pick partners who are about equal in level of attractiveness to
themselves
The Hottie Factor• Physically attractiveness often predicts greater
success in certain areas of life – For example dating frequency (they date more).
• Research shows…they are perceived as…– Healthier– happier– more honest– have better personalities– greater job competence– and more successful than less attractive
counterparts.
What is beauty?• Some people say beauty is facial symmetry.
What is considered beautiful??Beauty and CultureBeauty and Culture
Are these cultures really that different?
LOVE•Passionate Love:
– an aroused state of INTENSE positive absorption of another.
•Compassionate Love: – the deep affectionate
attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
What makes compassionate love work?
•Equality
•Self-disclosure
Aggression
• Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
• Two types –Hostile – Instrumental
•Hostile – Aggression that has no clear
purpose– Rachel just felt angry one day and
kicked the ---- out of Sam = hostile
• Instrumental– Aggression that has a purpose– Rachel wanted Sam’s lunch money
and slapped him aside the head to get his cash = aggression has a goal = instrumental
• There are many theories to why aggression exists.
• How would the main theorists view aggression?
– Freud??• Defense mechanism
– Skinner??• A reinforced learned behavior
– Bandura??• Observational learning
The Biology of Aggression
• Genetics• Neural
Influences (aggression in the brain)
• Biochemical
The Psychology of Aggression
Frustration-Aggressive Principle:
• When one is frustrated they become aggressive
• the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger which generates aggression.
Goals can be:
•Sports or work
•Relationship
•Body Condition etc…
Hot Weather and Aggression
Can we learn to be aggressive or gentle?
They can be learned…through models...but…
Once learned they are difficult to change.
Bandura thought
so…
If this is true, turn on the cartoon channel and If this is true, turn on the cartoon channel and think about what we are teaching our kidsthink about what we are teaching our kids
Aggression and TV
Watches =
• By the time you are 18, you spend more time in front of TV than in school
•2/3 of all homes have 3 or more sets average 51 hours a week.
•By the time a child finishes elementary school they have witnessed 8000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on TV
•Over half of all deaths do NOT show the victim's pain
•As TV watching has grown exponentially, as does violent behavior- a strong positive correlation.
•How do you think TV has effected sexual aggression?
• Even though aggression gets most of the research… sometimes people do positive things towards each other – This is called pro-social
behavior (PSB)
• Altruism– Unselfish regard for the
welfare of others.
• However, there are some exceptions
• Kitty Genovese case.
Words of the DayReview #4
• Confounding Variables
• Placebo
• Quasi-Experiment
• Naturalistic Observation
• Survey
• Case Study
Answers• Confounding Variables- Factors that cause
differences between the experimental group and the control group- ex: experimental bias
• Placebo- Physical or psychological treatment given to the control group that resembles the treatment given in the study
• Quasi-Experiment- Measurement of DV when randomly assigned to groups of a randombly selected sample is not possible; can suggest cause and effect
Answers• Naturalistic Observation- Careful observation of
humans or other animals in real-life situations; provides behavior data; lacks experimental control
• Survey- Obtain large samples of abilities, beliefs, or behaviors through questions; can get distorted, response bias; ex: post facto- retrospective survey look at effect and seek cause
• Case Study- Intensive investigation of the behavior and mental processes to a specific person; provides detailed data
Kitty Genovese and the Bystander Kitty Genovese and the Bystander EffectEffect Stabbed and eventually murdered by a Stabbed and eventually murdered by a
man in NYC while more than 35 people man in NYC while more than 35 people watched or listenedwatched or listened
Bystander EffectBystander Effect bystanders less willing to help if there are bystanders less willing to help if there are
other bystanders aroundother bystanders around
WHY???WHY???
Diffusion of ResponsibilityDiffusion of Responsibility The presence of others may diffuse the sense The presence of others may diffuse the sense
of individual responsibilityof individual responsibility People tend to assume that someone else will People tend to assume that someone else will
take action so they need not to do sotake action so they need not to do so
Bystander Effect #2Bystander Effect #2Pluralistic IgnorancePluralistic Ignorance• People seem to decide what People seem to decide what
appropriate actions to take by looking appropriate actions to take by looking at other peopleat other people
Example: If we are sitting in the classroom Example: If we are sitting in the classroom and we hear a really loud noise and I look and we hear a really loud noise and I look at you guys and you guys do nothing…I at you guys and you guys do nothing…I think to myself “they must know what the think to myself “they must know what the noise is” and you look at me and think the noise is” and you look at me and think the same thing. And none of us do anything!!same thing. And none of us do anything!!
Social Exchange Theory
• The idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Social Responsibility Norm• A societal rule that tells people
they should help others who need help even if doing so is costly
Wrap Up
Answer the following questions in your notebook:
1.What is mere exposure effect?
2.Give an example of bystander effect.
3.What are the five factors of attraction?
4.How can TV and video games affect aggression in children?