Grandcamp Maisy

Grandcamp Maisy is a small port to the west of Pointe du Hoc.The Germans installed two batteries at this location. The first was called La Martine, manned by the 8/AR 1716. They were equipped with four cannon of Czech origin of thetype FH14/19, with a caliber of 100 mm. These guns had a range of just under 10 Kms.Three of the cannons were housed in type H669 casemates withthe fourth still in the open at the time of D-day.The second position five hundred meters to the east was namedLa Perruque had guns of a larger caliber. Six French howitzers type F414 (155 mm), these guns datedfrom the end of World War One. Three had been placed in the open, but three personnel bunkerswere built on the site. Two type H622 and one type H655. These French howitzers had a range of 11 Kms. The Regiment based here was 9/AR 1716.Both sites were protected by mine fields, anti tank ditches andanti aircraft emplacements.Until recently the site was overgrown had been subject to landfilljust after the liberation. This was before any historians hadchance to look at the site. All that has now changed, Gary Sternean Englishman has purchased some of the site with the intentionof turning it into a museum. From his research it is obvious thatthe site is many times larger that was originally thought. It maywell be that when all the site is cleared and all the bunkers thatare buried are rediscovered, that this site is largest on the AtlantikWall in Normandy.The sheer size of the site posses many questions as to why it doesnot feature more prominently in German records, and why thesite did not have more attention paid to it by the Allies. It wasbombed, but not hit to any extent before D-day, and on D-dayH.M.S. Hawkins claims to have put the guns out of action. Thethree casemates show no sign of damage from the front, onlysuperficial damage from the east. This was the direction thebattery was attacked on June 9th. H.M.S. Hawkins also claims tohave put the battery at St. Martin de Varreville out of action, it isa well known fact that the guns were notthere on the morning of D-day, and hadbeen moved further north.As Gary finds more I will update this page.

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Pointe du Hoc

This Batterie which overlooked both the Omaha and Utah landingbeaches was equipped with six 155 mm type K418 guns.These guns would have had a range of approximately 22 kms and couldhave inflicted damage to the Allied ships atboth the American landing beaches. Only two of the Casemates were finished byD-day, but the guns not installed.. These were of the type H671.The Fire Control Post Type H636 was finishedand operational, and equipped with a telemeterto give accurate firing co-ordinates to the guns.The other four gun emplacements wereconcrete bases in the open.During the winter of 1943 three Casemates ofthe type H679 were started, but not completed.In April 1944 the Allies bombed the site anddestroyed one gun. Rommel decided to move theremaining guns further inland.Also installed on the site were two 20 mm Flak30 guns as well as numerous machine gun posts.The Regiment stationed here at the time of D-daywere the 2/HKAR 1260.On the next headland, Pointe du Percee theKriegsmarine had a radar station code namedImme, which also had its own Flak 30 andmachine gun posts.In many American documents during and afterthe war Point du Hoc is often misspelt at Pointe du Hoe.

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The Taking of Pointe du Hoc

The Pointe du Hoc today retains much of its battlefield character becauseof the destruction left by the rain of bombsand shells the Allies unleashed to neutralise thisrocky point. The much feared battery was bombed three timesbefore D Day, then hit from the air again thatmorning. The battleships Texas and Arkansas battered the areawith their 14 and 12-inch guns just after dawn. Later in the morning, the destroyer Satterlee saturatedthe position with her 5-inch guns in direct support ofthe Rangers. This concentration of fire left craters and ruinedCasemates which sixty years have yet to erase.

From the barbed-wire fence along the cliff top, youcan look down the hundred-foot cliff to the east beachwhere three companies of the 2nd Ranger Battalion,commanded by LieutenantColonel James E. Rudder, landed on D Day. Their mission was to scale the cliff, then silence the six 155 mm howitzers thought to threaten thelanding operations on both American beaches.On the morning of D-day the Rangers (3 Companiesof 2nd Battalion) set off in ten British crewed landingcraft, but three sank on the approach to the beach. Thetide here pulls to the east, and the boats drifted offcourse, and they landed at Pointe de la Percée, just tothe east.Because of this they landed some quarter of a mile tothe right of the gun emplacement.The method of scaling the cliffs had been practisedusing specially equipped DUKWs with firemen’sladders. The beach was under fire and had many large craters,caused by shells from the battleship “Texas” whichwas supporting the assault. The rocket fired ropes had also become wet and veryfew reached the top of the cliffs.Rommel, in anticipation of an attack here, had orderedthe cliffs to be mined and trip wire placed along thecliff top.The Germans also dropped grenades over the cliffs todeter the Rangers from scaling thecliffs.

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The Taking of Pointe du Hoc cont.2

Air support was called for and medium bombers succeeded in makingthe defenders take to their underground bunkers.This enabled the Rangers to gain a foothold on thecliffs, and the British and American destroyersTalybont and Satterlee moved as near to the cliffsas possible to give supporting fire.By the time the Rangers had regrouped on thecliffs very few defenders remained, but they took alot of dislodging from the bunkers.Later that morning, a patrol found the 155sunguarded and spiked them. Colonel Rudder thenset up a defensive perimeter andwaited for reinforcements.“Located Pointe du Hoc,” hemanaged to signal V Corps thatafternoon, “mission accomplishedneed ammunition andreinforcement many casualties.”Those reinforcements were to havecome from Rangers of the 2nd and5th battalions waitingoffshore. Because Rudder’s assaultwas late, the Rangers assumed thatit had failed andlanded instead on OmahaBeach. It took them twodays to fight their wayoverland to Rudder’s relief.By then, his force had beenreduced to about ninetyeffective men. Rudder received theDistinguished ServiceCross for continuing to leadhis men, although twicewounded.The photographer assignedto the Rangers had hiscamera and film ruined bythe sea water.,All the photographs thatyou see of the assault weretaken later in the week.In March 2001 there was a landslip which made the Fire Control Post unsafe.The rest of the site is still open to visitors.

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WN71 & WN72 Omaha Beach

These positions to west of Omaha controlled the exit from the beach,named by the Americans “Draw 1”.The National Guard who arrived in the first waves had no immediate answer and sufferedvery high causalities for very little or no gains in the first few hours.Traces of WN71 can still be found on top of the cliffs of the mortar and machine gunpositions. There was also a Fire Control Post situated close to the white house that is visibletoday.

The main armament of WN72 was placed just abovethe beach with the inclusion of a 88 mm cannonhoused in a type H667 casemate. The gun is still in situ although it has been pushedfurther into the casemate. To the west was also a casemate which can still beseen, it housed a 50 mm gun that could cover boththe west and east from its position.Above the casino was a double Tobruk housing twoheavy machine guns.The coast road housed an anti tank ditch and wasalso mined. Its position during the occupation was alittle further inland and was just a sand track.

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WN64 & WN65 Omaha Beach

La Vallee du Ruquet is situated in the centre of Omaha beach and themain armament of WN64 was a 50 mm cannon housed in a type H667casemate that was only completed in late April 1944.Also installed here were two mortars housed in tobruks, and coveringthe road further up the hill was an old 75 mm gun hidden in thewoods.The casemate is the centrepiece of many photos taken late on D-dayand subsequent days.

On the other sideof the valley and slightly further up the hill was WN64 which was equipped with a capturedRussian cannon of 76.2 mm, ammunition for which must have been extremely difficult tofind.

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WN60 Omaha Beach

WN60 is the most eastern fortification overlooking Omaha Beach, some60 meters above the beach.About forty soldiers would be needed to man this position.The main armament was 75mm gun housed in the open.It would seem that two similar guns were planned for the eastof the site, but these were not in position by D-day.The four mortars installed on the site proved a real threat onD-day.There was also a small Fire control Post which gave anexceptional view of the eastern sector of the beach.At the south eastern corner was a Tobruk on which wasinstalled a Renault tank turret from a R35 tank captured by theGermans in 1940.This position was not as impregnable as the Germans mighthave hoped. Under the position is a shelf where the advancingAmericans sheltered, and finally took the position by climbingthe cliffs to the east and taking the position from the rear.This was the first German position to fall to the Americans at09:00 on the morning of D-day.It is interesting to compare the fall of WN60 to that of itsneighbour WN62, just to the west.On WN60 the Americans took thirty one of the fortyWehrmacht solderies defending the position..On WN62 which fell some hours later. Of the thirty threeGerman’s on the position, only three survived the battle.

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Longues Sur Mer (Le Chaos) Battery

This battery was only just ready for action on D-day, construction havingstarted in September 1943.It comprised four gun emplacements type272, and a two story observation post type262. which at the time of the invasion hadnot been completed. The cliff face in from of the post still hadto be cleared, this was done for themaking of the film “The Longest Day”. The battery was also equipped with antiaircraft guns and searchlights.The site is unique in having its guns stillin situ. The guns are 152 mm, made by Skoda,rapid firing naval guns and were intendedto be fitted to ships.These guns had a range of 13 miles andhad been built in 1928 and were the mostmodern on the Atlantic Wall.They were protected by 10 mm of steelaround the gun, and with a well trainedcrew they could fire six shells per minute.Each Casemate needed 600 cubic meters ofconcrete and over 100 tons of steel in itsconstruction.The guns that protected the Atlantic Wallwere commandeered by the Germans frommany of the countries overrun by them,French, Russian, Czechoslovakia, Polish &Swedish guns of 28 different calibres.The guns also varied in age many coming fromthe first world war, in many Casemates you canstill see the caliber of the gun painted on thewall.Spare parts were scarce and had to bemanufactured when required, and this oftenmeant that one gun was out of service beingrobbed to keep the others in action..There was no radar connection to the site, allthe sightings were made from the observationpost.The square hole still visible in all theCasemates would have had plants in them tohelp camouflage the guns from the air.

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The Taking of the Longues Sur Mer Battery

On the night before D-day, Bomber Command dropped 1,500 tons ofbombs onto the site, most falling on the village nearby.On D-day when the allied attack began at dawn, the threeserviceable guns here began to fire at the Allied fleet.Two British ships the Bulolo and the Ajax brought their 6inch guns into action, firing over 100 rounds at the battery.Within twenty minutes the battery was silenced, two of theguns damaged, HMS Ajax claiming the prize.Later in the afternoon the third gun fired on the FrenchCruiser Georges Leyques and a duel followed. The gunswere then silenced and the battery was taken by the 231stbrigade the next day, over 180 prisoners being taken.

It was estimated that the battery fired over 150 rounds at thefleet, doing no damage.The problem for the battery was that the bombing haddestroyed the telephone cables linking the observation towerwith the gun emplacements. They had a back up system of signal flags but the smokefrom the guns made them impossible to see.The gun crews finally took their own visual sightings andused the traditional technique of "creeping fire"Not one Allied ship was damaged by these guns, the crewshad not received adequate training, firstly because of lackof ammunition and also lack of time. They had spent many hours working for the Todtorganisation finishing off the Casemates.

Four hundred meters to the east is the site of theadvanced RAF Airstrip B11 that was used fromJune 21st until the 4th of September. 125 Wingoperated from here and included several foreignpilots including the French Ace Pierre Closterman who had 33 kills to his name.

The first Casemate you see as you enter the site isbadly damaged.This was not due to Allied action on D-day but abreech explosion and later when the site was usedas a storage facility for the RAF site. The ammunition exploded killing fourservicemen.The gun and its barrel can be seen in front of theCasemate.

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Montfleury (Ver Sur Mer)

There were two German batteries at Ver sur Mer.Here at Montfleury (Wn35) four Russian guns typeK390/2 were housed in two H679 Casemates, whilst the other two were situated in the open.

The guns had a calibre of 122 mm and had beencaptured during operations on the Eastern Front.The Batterie was no where near completed byD-day and the unfinished state of the Casemates,type H669 can be seen

By D-day only one gun had been installedThe Casemates were of the later type ofconstruction. To save on steel, two walls of concrete blocks wereemployed and concrete was then poured betweenthe two wall to form the thick concrete wall aroundthe gun.

On D-day the Batterie was shelled by HMS Belfastwith her 6 inch guns for over two hours, scoringtwelve hits. The Batterie did not return fire.The Batterie surrendered to the Green Howard'slater in the day.

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Mare Fontaine (Ver sur Mer)

This gun position given the code number WN32 by the Germans, and the Regiment 3/HKAA 1260 were operating the site at the time ofD-day.The emplacement was furnished with four Czech gunsof 100 mm and housed in casemates of the H669 type.This position defended the beach area known as GoldBeach. The old Czech guns had a range of around 10 kms sothe beach was well within their limits.As with many of the structures on the Atlantic Wall thesite was still under construction at the time of D-day.These casemates were constructed with the latertechnique which involved the use of less steel. Steel of course was in very short supply and badlyneeded elsewhere.The newer construction methods did not quite give thesame protection., although evidence seems to show thateven a direct hit in most cases left the gun operational.

On D-day this Batterie was taken almost single handedby CSM Stan Hollis. He ran towards the emplacement firing his sten gun. When he reached the bunker he fired into the aperture.He then threw a grenade into the Casemate, killing twoand injuring several more. He started towards another Casemate but before hecould reach the entrance the garrison surrendered.A 500 LB bomb had hit one of the Casemates earlier,but had not inflicted much damage

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Colleville (Hillman)

The Germans concentrated quite a number of bunkers and casemates inthe area. The village was later to become known as CollevilleMontgomery after the famous British General.To the west of the village the Germans installed four Czech,100mm guns still mounted on their gun carriages. This made them difficult to aim accurately, even though theysat on concrete platforms. By the time of the landings they had constructed casematesof the H669 type. The site today is occupied by a market garden and one of thecasemates has been converted into a house. Britishintelligence code named this site “Morris”To the south is the strong point called “Hillman” by theBritish, the Germans knew it as Wn17. The main bunker at this point being two type H608. Thesewere used as a battalion headquarters, and there were aroundtwelve bunkers on this site, which included type H605bunkers, which were garages for two cannons. Oddly though on of the PaK garages has solid rock in frontof its entrance so could never be used for its plannedpurpose, but this was not unusual. Many bunkers built alongthe Atlantic Wall were never used for their intended use, butwere possibly built because the standard design could beadapted for some other use.The site was ringed with Tobruks as an inner defense ringand then mine fields and barbed wire placed around theperimeter.For the 1st Suffolk Regiment D-day had started quite well,they had landed on Sword beach at around 08:25 and hadmaid their way to a pre arranged assembly point about 1 kmfrom the beach.By 09:30 the battalion was at strength in the woods nearHermanville, clearing the village as the went. The area hadalso been cleared earlier by the 6th Airborne.They attacked the German Gun position “Morris” at around13:00 and moved onto attack “Hillman”.This attack was repelled by the Germans and a secondattack, using tanks from the Hussars was successful. Bynightfall the command post surrendered with forty Germans being taken prisoner.This delay in taking “Hillman” allowed the Germans time to reinforce their positions furtherinland and some historians claim that if “Hillman” could have been taken earlier in the day,Caen itself might have fallen in days rather than weeks.

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Chateau d’eau Ouistreham

The German gun site was placed here in 1943to protect the approaches to the Orne canaland the small port of Ouistreham, it could alsorange its guns towards the approaches toSword beach.

The captured French guns had been placed incasemates of the H669 type. The other two were still in openemplacements awaiting their casemates whichhad not been started by D-day.The French guns were made by Schnieder anddated from the first world war. Because of their antiquity and due to the factthat they were in need of service, the guns hadtheir range decreased from 18kms down to11kms. This was due to wear in the barrel whichcaused the gas that propelled the shell toescape past the shell and also allowed theshell to deviate from its true path. Decreasing its effective range was the onlysolution.

The strong point was known to the Germansas WN12 and to the British as Daimler. Most of the German strong points in this areawere named after British makes of cars.

Most of the outer defences have disappearedunder the urban sprawl, although one Tobrukcan still be found sitting in a field to the rearof the site.

The site is on private land and is difficult toaccess

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Ouistreham

This 52 feet high concrete tower is the only major part of theGerman Atlantic wall left in Ouistreham.It was designed as a flak tower designed to control antiaircraftdefence of the harbour and was the German HQ in charge of thebatteries covering the entrance of the River Orne and theOrne Canal.On June 6th the Franco-British commandoes attempted to take thetower but were beaten back by heavy machine gun fire andgrenades.It remained in German hands until June 9th when Lieutenant BobOrrell of 91st Field Company Royal Engineers together with threemen placed explosive charges against the armoured door. After several attempts it finally blew open, and the garrison of 2officers and 50 men then surrendered. In 1987 after some restoration work the tower became a museum,dedicated to the Atlantic Wall. Inside you can visit the generator room, the gas filter rooms, thegenerator and machine gun emplacements. The telephone exchange, radio communication room together withthe observation post are also open.The museum also includes many rarephotographs of the construction of theAtlantic Wall and also manydocuments relating to the observationtower.The Todt organisation which, at theheight of the war, employed over twomillion people is the focal point of theexhibition.The Atlantic Wall defended occupiedEurope from Norway to the Spanishborder and consisted of over 15,000fortifications.

In the film “The Longest Day” theFrench Commandoes shown stormingthe casino were in fact filmed at Porten Bessin. The ground here is veryflat and not on a hill as shown in thefilm.

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Franceville StP05

One of the most interesting beach defense sites in Normandy, it has avery curious selection of bunkers not normally found in large quantitiesin Normandy. It defends the eastern flank of the entrance tothe port of Ouistraham which leads to the Caen canal.The whole site seems to be grouped around an old Frenchfort, built in 1779. The Germans have mounted a tank turreton top of the old fort. There is also another bunker in the heart of the fort.The main guns were 3 x 47 mm Skoda guns, two in typeH506 casemates, one of which has an well preserved anti tankwall alongside. A type H612 gave enflide fire across the estuary. Two fire control posts are also close by and the real gem is a gun garage type H504 which included crew quarters. There are also many small bunkers littered across the site.Unfortunately all of the entrances to the bunkers have beenbricked up, possibly to discourage campers.

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Merville Battery

The German battery at Merville protected the entrance to the small portof Ouistreham and would have been able to fire on the many shipssupporting the attack on Sword beach.To neutralise the battery a hundred Lancaster Bombers dropped400 tons of bombs during the night of 5/6th June. Unfortunatelynot one of the four bunkers was damaged.The 9th Parachute Battalion had been given the task of taking thebattery some months before D-day. Lieutenant Colonel TerranceOtway was given the task of leading his men with the objective oftaking and putting the battery out of action before the maininvasion force landed.They built a mock up of the battery near Newbury in England andtrained for several months before D-day.They would parachute into Normandy split into two groups, thefirst landing just after midnight to scout the area to asses thedamage caused by the bombers.The main body of the Regiment dropped thirty minutes later fromAlbemarles aircraft, a plane that had a bad reputation for breakingup in the air.As at St Mere Eglise, many planes dropped the paratroopers offtarget and only 150 men arrived at the rendezvous area in time totake part in the attack, this was only 25% of the force that shouldhave been available.Most of the larger artillery pieces never arrived andOtway decided to attack with what forces he had.This amounted to one Vickers Gun and side arms andtwenty Bagalore Torpedoes.The three gliders bringing in the main party fared nobetter, the first broke its tow rope on take off. Thesecond landed several miles to the east. The third flewover the battery and landed a hundred yards to thesouth. This glider did attract fire from the battery andcaused a diversion. Otway and his men attacked,without the support of any Engineers or mine clearingequipment.Nearly half the attacking force were killed orinjured during the attack. The Germangarrison was decimated leaving only twentytwo prisoners. By now it was 05:30 and thebattery was secure, just thirty minutes beforethe British Battleship H.M.S. Arethusa wasscheduled to pound the site with her six inchguns.Whilst the attack was a success the guns found in the casemates were not what intelligencehad reported. They were in fact first world war horse drawn 100mm guns, not capable ofinterfering with the invasion of Sword beach.

Houlgate

The installation here was very similar to that at Mont Cainsy, with theexception that by D-day only two casemates of thetype H679 had been built to house the six 155 mmcaptured French guns..The Regiment based here was the 3/HKAA 1255,who stayed in underground bunkers linked bytunnels. The site on a cliff with a height of just over 300feet was conceived to protect the west entrance tothe river Seine. There was also a fire control post situated somedistance away on the D163. The fire control post has been turned into aorientation table.On the night before the landings the RAF visitedthe battery and dropped over 500 tons of bombs,although the site had been bombed before in Mayand two of the guns destroyed.On the morning of D-day the Royal Navy monitor,H.M.S. Roberts opened fire with her 15 inch gunson the battery, without much success. It was shelledagain with 15 inch guns by the H.M.S. Erebus inlate June.The battery shelled Sword beach along with thebattery at Mont Cainsy until finally silenced at theend of June. The two mobile guns were movedfrequently to avoid being hit by Allied fire.

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Vasouy

Situated on the west bank of the River Seineprotecting the port of L‘Havre, this batteriecomprised three guns and a Fire Control Post.The three guns were of 150 mm calibremanufactured by the German arms company Krupp.They were of the type L/45 which were one of themost modern types found on the Atlantik wall..They also used on motor torpedo boats, and coastalpatrol craft. The guns in a coastal batterie couldeither be used as a surface weapon or in an antiaircraft role.The guns were mounted in type M272 casematesand the Fire Control Post was of the M262 and hadtwo levels, the lower level being totally enclosed.Because the case mated guns face the sea they couldplay no part in the Allied battle for the liberation ofthe area. The guns were spiked by their crewsbefore they left for L‘Havre.One of the casemates has been destroyed by aninternal explosion, it could have been done causedby the departing German exploding the storedammunition for the guns.

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Escape Hatches In Casemates

The Germans put a lot of thought into the safety of their personnel whomight be trapped in a bunker in the case of attack.Firstly all the fortified doors were of the stable type. That meant if the Casemate was damaged and debris blocked the door then the upper half ofthe door could be opened and the crew escape.The other method which can be found in many personnel and ammunition bunkers is theescape hatch. This took the form of a metal door mounted in the wall and this had a wall of bricks looselyput into place.

In the event of the crew being trappedthey could push out the bricks and theearth above would fall into the spacebelow and the crew would climb upthe rungs embedded into theCasemate.

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Type 621 Personnel Bunker

Over a hundred of these Personnel bunkers built in Normandy.This type of bunker was designed to house fifteen men who were on shiftmanning the guns.The fittings found in this type of bunker are virtuallystandard throughout the German bunkers.As you enter the bunker you pass a machine gunfiring position, these were placed at each of the twoentry points, and would have denied access to anyinvader.The Germans were concerned about attack by gas,and provided shower points at each entrance.Hitler had been gassed during the first world warand a shower would wash off the oil based gasses Bunker Plansuch as mustard gas.The fortified doors would usually be of the stable doordesign. The top of the door could be opened independently of thelower half. This enabled the troops inside to escape if anattack by either aerial bombardment or cannon fire leftdebris against the bottom half of the door.Often an escape hatch was also fitted which also enabled atrapped person get out of the bunker. This took the form ofa metal door mounted in the wall and this had a wall ofbricks loosely put into place. In the event of the crew being trapped they could push outthe bricks and the earth above would fall into the spacebelow and the crew would climb up the rungs embedded intothe Casemate.Because of the fear of gas attack the pressure inside thebunker was kept at a slightly higher pressure that theoutside, Stable Doorthis would prevent gas entering the bunker.A valve was also fitted which equalised the pressure in case ashell burst in the near vicinity.

Many men diedbecause of apressure blast andthis simple devicehelped prevent thishappening.

Escape Hatch

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Type 621 Personnel Bunker cont.2

The stove fitted to these bunkers was manufactured by Hass &Sohn (model WT 80) was of an ingenious design that had asealed chimney, and in case of attack had a lower trap inwhich a grenade put down the chimney would explode and theforce of the explosion would go back up the chiming and notdamage the interior of the bunker.It was also important that the stove did not use the air frominside the bunker so an air inlet was also installed.

Some of these bunkers were equipped with speaking tubes asfitted to ships, so that they could communicate with the guncrews.This type of bunker was also fitted with a telephone to communicate with the control bunkerand also headquarters.Because this bunker was on Naval design, it was fitted with aperiscope so that that the crew could obtain a view of the Equalising Valveoutside world. The periscope could be withdrawn in the event of attack, andthe hole closed and locked from inside the bunker.Finally each bunker was fitted with an electric air filtrationsystem, in the event of a power failure this could be operatedby hand. Often a spare filter was positioned below the mainapparatus.The crew of fifteen and on occasions eighteen men wouldsleep in bunks suspended from the ceiling, and in manybunkers you can still see the hooks in both wall and ceiling. In the event of an air raid thebunks could be folded against the wall and many more people would be able to shelter in thebunker.

Heater andGrenade TrapIn many of this type of bunker a toilet and washbasin wasfitted in a small room to the rear of the bunker, but aplaces like Azeville where the men lived so close in thevillage the luxury of a toilet was deemed un

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Speaking Tube in Tobruk Machine Gun Post

Type 621PersonnelBunker cont.3

PeriscopeFittings, Internal and External

Telephone Post

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