1

Women, Careers and Culture

China & India: Developing Nations

2

3

Career determinants

Skills, interests,

and values

Motives

Career Anchors

Generational Aspiration

CULTURE

4

US is such a diverse place: Indian Americans are the third largest Asian American ethnic group today, following Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans

WORLD IS GOING GLOBAL

WHY DO WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT CULTURES AND THE DIFFERENCES?

5

Factors influencing girl’s career choices :

Family is one of the most influential contexts of socialization in childhood and adolescence (Dryler, 1998).

Women, Careers and Culture

6

CHINA

Total Population 1.3bn 1st (2010)

Male 51.27%; Female 48.73% (2010)

Literacy Rate (2010) Total population: 95.92% Male: 95.1% Female: 86.5%

Marriage Rate: 6.3/1,000 population (2006)

Divorce Rate: 1/5 couple, Total 1.7m (2009)

CHINA

46.7% women in workplace

37% women as breadwinner

Child care issues, 48% of women change career or scale back due to family and social factors

Eldercare issues/ Filial Piety (95%)

CHINESE WOMEN AT WORKPLACE

Gender Discrimination (45%):

Sexual Harassment (18%), In August 2005, China outlawed sexual harassment

70%, Men in Managerial & Administrative position

75% of women feel unsafe and uncomfortable traveling alone for business trips, society disapproval as well

CHINESE WOMEN AT WORKPLACE

Some firms don’t hire women, no contracts

Some neglect women additional benefits

Women are exposed to serious occupational safety hazards, outdated Equipment

Some factories terminate job to avoid medical expense during pregnancy

At present, 60 percent of companies have participated in China's birth insurance scheme for paying employers' birth-related medical fees

Women are more likely to get lower-level jobs and be unemployed than men

Preferred young women, cheap labor

Some factory dormitories require sharing room

In most cases the girls work six days a week from around 7:30am to 6:00pm, with an hour off for lunch and maybe 30 minutes break for dinner, Overtime begin at 6:00pm and runs past midnight during the busy season

Depending on the experience and overtime young women factory workers get paid between $70 and $250 a month.

Supplier for Apple, Dell, HP & NEC Computers

General employment strictly women, 18-35

Average wage $0.94/hr

12 hour shift, 1 -2 Days of rest

Dormitory rooms 6 -8 people

MSI Computer (Shenzhen)

Progress has been made, more women in technical and professional jobs

More managerial position held by women

Hu Xiaoloan, 46, oversees State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) $1 trillion,

21% of seats in national parliament are held by women, as opposed to just 16% in the U.S.

CHINESE WOMEN AT WORKPLACE

Zhang Yin, 53, $5.6bn

Wu Yajun, 46, $4.1bn

Chen Lihua, 69, $4bn

Oprah Winfrey, 57, $2.3bn

Ranking $BN (Top 20)

16

INDIA:

17

Child care issues Eldercare issues/ Daughterly guilt (94%) Gender Issues Cultural Constraints Sexual Harassment (26%)

INDIA: A Patriarchal setup

18

Caring for husband’s parents Working an average of 60 hours per week 36% of women are treated differently based on

gender 55% of women change career or scale back due to

family and social factors 70 per cent do not pursue a career Women feel unsafe and uncomfortable traveling

alone for business trips, society disapproval as well

INDIA’S FACTS

19

866 girls per 1,000 boys. Boys are still seen as the traditional keepers of the family name.

Honor killing Census 2011: Survey in Delhi, Noida

reveals male child preferred by 44%

Gender Discrimination and Biases:

Male Child still Preferr

ed

India lags far behind in man-woman equality despite its economic progress. The country has been ranked 114th among 134 countries by the World Economic Forum.

Discrimination against women starts in the womb. Female feticide is a reality and this stalks the Indian conscience.

20

MARRIAGE: An important InstitutionThe Patriarchal Joint Family system means the girl-child has to be ‘trained’ from birth to live with and serve another family.

21

STIGMAS AND TABOOS: Constraints Arranged marriages No Living In with boyfriend or fiancé No children before marriage, absolutely No. Divorce Should get married up to a certain age Single Mother Social context: Women’s reputation Can’t stay single Have to whose appropriate profession No widow-remarriage: Women don’t wear colored clothes

and are not invited in family ceremonies.Women in India are more vulnerable to this problem because of social and cultural reasons.

22

Career trade off. Leaving jobs and looking after house responsibilities and husband’s parents

Limited career options. Take jobs which are not very challenging. "A study on women graduates of the Indian Institute of

Management, Ahmadabad, showed that more that more than 70 per cent do not pursue a career."

mere 3 % TO 6% women occupy management in private companies across India

96% of women workers are in the unorganized sector Economic Independence

How these socio-cultural factors impact career decisions:

23

LIMITED CAREER OPTIONS: Coping with Career Genderization

Stereotyping about professions which women should choose.

Appropriate Not appropriateTeacher Defense, Police AcademyEngineer Heavy Vehicle DriverDoctor AstronautIT WaitressHR BartendersInteriors Designing ChefsAdministration/ PR Media: Glamorous

Choices women have

"There are some male stereotypes about certain kinds of job profiles

But with changing times women have started to rebel against the system that perpetuated these stereotypesor decided to conform to it.

24

Female drivers in Public Transpiration

USA India

Very few women in India choose this career and that too have started in recent years and it is a big deal and they are in news.

25

More education for women Open-mindedness of society, awareness Gender equality Gender sensitive policies, like flexi timings,

work from home, sabbaticals, etc. Gender Diversity Issues

CHANGING INDIA:FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CAREER ADVANCEMENT OF WOMAN:

Professor Helen HuangVice-Dean, Department of Biochemical EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering & TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072, P.R.China

Ms. Sara NikitaHead Media and Advocacy: Leprosy India,New Delhi, Indiahttp://www.leprosymission.org/

INTERVIEWS:

27

Kalpana Chawla: India-born space engineer the first Indian-American woman to be sent to space.

Kalpana Chawala was a member of the six-astronaut crew that flew the Columbia Flight STS-87 on November 19, 1997

Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi : is an Indian-born American executive and is the Chairman and CEO of PepsiCO Incorporated.

28

Kiran Bedi is an Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Services(IPS) officer. She became the first woman to join the IPS in 1972.

She has also founded two NGOs in India: Navjyoti for welfare and preventive policing in 1987 and the India Vision Foundation for prison reformation, drug abuse prevention and child welfare in 1994.

29

Flexi-timing and sabbaticals. Work from Home (IBM, etc.) project to help women who have dropped out for various reasons

back into organization. 50% Women in the company (Bharti Airtel) work-life flexibility option launching a major diversity initiative. ICICI Bank: runs campaigns on campuses to bust notions regarding

career options for women IBM gives placement agencies a higher fee if they bring in women

candidates. Companies working on vendors for child day care center facility.

Times are Changing:larger initiative to encourage diversity.

To understand the culture and diversity of a country and the workforce.

30

38% higher number of women in IT industry in India than their western counterparts.

President of India: Ms Pratibha Patil. Indira Gandhi was the third Prime Minister of the

Republic of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, a total of fifteen years. The world's longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2011

Times are Changing:larger initiative to encourage diversity.

31

Respecting cultural and local

traditional practices.

- Hindu married woman wears “Chudda” it for 6 months or so after their marriage. - Karwa Chauth: the fast for husband.

TAKE AWAYS:

32

Early Determinants of Women in the IT Workforce: A Model of Girls’ Career Choices, 2005. Available online at:

http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=mgmt_fac&seiredir=1#search=%22Family+is+one+of+the+most+influential+contexts+of+socialization+in+childhood+and+adolescence+%28Dryler,+1998%29.%22

http://www.indiafolks.com/history-and-culture/what-is-the-social-structure-of-india/ India at bottom in man-woman equality index , 10 November 2009 . Available online at:

http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india-at-bottom-in-man-woman-equality-index

Women in the Indian Workplace , Heather Robinson, 2010. Available online at: http://www.diversity-executive.com/article.php?article=854

Working world is getting better for Indian women, Neelima Mahajan, TNN, 2007, available online at: at:http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-03/india-business/27887167_1_women-employees-ibm-india-india-workforce

Perspectives on Women in Management in India, SHRM. Available online at: http://www.shrm.org/Research/.../09-0677_India_Women_Ldrshp_FNL.pdff

http://www.kiranbedi.com/ http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/ http://www.cnn.com/ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/

REFERENCES:

33

WANT TO KNOW MORE …..

KISS, BOW, OR SHAKE HANDS: Morrison & Conaway

Cultural Overviews, Tips on doing Business, Protocols, Negotiations…