Wolsey 2014.15.doc

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Key Questions

How did Wolsey rise to power under Henry VIII?

How did Wolsey maintain his position?

Wh did Wolse fall from ower in 1529?

Introduction (30 and use source A)

1) Why was Thomas Wolsey important? Be precise and specific

2) !plain the traditional reasons used to e!plain Wolsey"s fall#

How did Wolsey risetopower under HenryVIII?(30-31)

$) %rmstron& su&&ests that Wolsey rose 'ecause of a com'ination of(luc and sill"# *oo at pa&e 2 of these notes and show how Wolsey'ecame more powerful due to +a) luc +the situation, conte!t?) and +')his personal a'ilities# -ar with different colours#

Was Wolseys rise down to luc or sill? (31-!)

.) %nalyse the te!t on p# $1 and /ource 0 +p# $2) to comment further onWolsey"s luc# oes /ource 0 su&&est anythin& morethan luc?

5) %nalyse sources 'y answerin& 3uestion 2 in the /ills Builder#4se the biographical information'elow to ealuate the proenance#This proides you with a contextso that you can ealuate the source#

HowdidWolsey"aintainpowerint#eperiod1$1$-1$!%?(33)

His maintenance of power was based on $ ey principles:

1# 6olitical relationshipwith Henry VIII 2# Wealth

$# 7uthlessness

Cavendishwas Wolseys loyal household servant from 1522 and first biographer. He wrote the Life andDeath of Cardinal Wolsey !" years after Wolseys death in 155#. He was with Wolsey during his final

year.Vergil$ a sholar% who Henry &'' ommissioned to write a History of (ngland. )he later edition was

published in 1555 and provided an unfavourable view of Wolseys rule. *ut then he had an on+going feudwith Wolsey. He had been a favourite under Henry &''% but Henry &''' favoured another% ,ndrea ,mmonio.Wolsey appeared to ba- the new man. &ergil wrote to ome% ritiising Wolsey% undermining his hope ofgaining a ardinals hat. Wolsey imprisoned him in the )ower briefly as a result.
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How did Wolsey risetopower under HenryVIII?(30-31)

[Question 3] Arangeof factorsis always needed to explain an historical development. Beloware factors showin why !olsey rose to power. "dentify #s$ill% and #luc$% in the material below:

Wolsey"s character a'ilities

Able and ambitious

&stat 'xford aed &( ) clever

An efficient administrator

*ery industrious

An excellent spea$er

+lever political operator

He could #read% other people ,

8ew 0onte!t

&(-: a new $in/ Henry *""":

ambitious and eneretic whowished to follow new policies

He was unhappy with theaein/ cautious ministers tooattached to Henry *""%s ways

!olsey could sei0e

opportunities for promotion1

0ircumstance and positions

1.9:too$ holy orders

+haplain to Archbishop of +anterbury/ &(-2

ir 4ichard 5anfan/ deputy lieutenant of +alais/

brouht him to Henry *""%s attention

15;151$:!olsey wor$ed very hard to oranise

the expeditionary force of &2/--- to invade 9rance.He ensured that the loistics of the complexcampain wor$ed/ that the force was well)fed andsupplied. He sidelined political opponents. !olseydid all this despite havin advised againstthe war1

Whereas Wolsey wanted to do the dirty wor

Henry%s noblemen did not they also wanted a ood

time. ;ositions li$e u$e of 5orfol$ ) were larely honorary.

0ritically@ Henry wanted him in power despite

noble contempt at this low born servant.

151.:Bishop of =ournai and of 257andell@ 5;>55

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How Wolsey "aintained power& 1$1$-1$!%

1' Wolseys olitical elations#ip wit# Henry VIII (33-3*)

7a8 ey to !olsey%s proress was ainin the trustof the in. After the &(&39rench invasion/ Henry trusted !olsey completely.

7b8 !olsey would have to serve the in loyallyand efficiently#

=raditionally/ historians view !olsey as theAlter Rex@the second $in/ a man with power atcourt/ Henry havin a limited role in overnment. Here !olsey is master/ Henry the puppet#

4sin& the te!t on pa&e $. /ource A@ e!plain how modernassessments of the relationship 'etween Henry and Wolseydifferfrom the traditional iew#

6roide e!amples of the disa&reements that undermined the relationship 'etween

Wolsey and Henry VIII 'ut e!plain why that relationship was so lon&>lastin

%nswer 3uestions 1 and 2 in the /ills Builder on p# $$

7andell@ 5>96endrill@ 22>25
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!' Wealt# (3$-3+)

!plain the si&nificance of Wolsey"s low 'irth +use Definitions'o!)#

What was the impact of Wolsey"s hu&e personal wealth? How did he use that

wealth?

Where did he &et his wealth from?

3' Wolseys rut#lessness (3,)

Why is Wolsey seen as ruthless@ when such a iew is clearly e!a&&erated?

Why do youthin that Wolsey was perceied as ruthless?

0ut the -ini case study a'out the !ecution of Bucin&ham@ 1521@ into +a)

Bucin&ham"s responsi'ility +') the Cin&"s responsi'ility and +c) Wolsey"s role

1' Assess t#e iews .ien /elow' W#ic# iews do you a.ree

wit#nota.ree wit#? (3)

2plain your answer'Dor Ver&il@ Hall@ /elton and Aiustinian@Wolseywas the other king. He madedecisions without consulting the king. ThusWolsey was a strong minister imposing hispolicy on a weak king.

6eter Awyn:sees Wolsey as a talentedman who had been entrusted by the king todeal with some very complex problems. Yethe was not in total control; he relied uponthe trust and goodwill of the King whoalways retained ultimate control of affairs.

Eohn Auyalso sees the HenryWolseyrelationship as a political partnership. TheKing trusted his chief minister to carry outthe royal will. Henry may not have known

about everything Wolsey did! but then hewas not interested. He was happy to revelin Wolsey"s achievement # but e$ually $uickto condemn his failures.

ric Iesoes further/ aruin for Henry%scentrality in the decision)ma$in processbut Henry was vulnerable to faction atcertain times. +ourtiers put pressure onHenry. 9or much of &(&()&(2/ !olsey hadHenry%s ear he was able to put ideas in hishead and then ma$e the $in believe that

hehad formulated the idea1 6nli$e wyn/"ves believes that an aristocratic factionhelped brin !olsey down in &(2

7andell@5>;

7andell@

55>5epartmentcould be used as an effective doorstop1 ?ou cannot read it all , nor would

you want to. ?ou should pic$ a feature of !olsey%s character or a particulararea of policy related to your existin studies and ma$e brief notes "9 wynis sayin somethin new.

!' Assess Wolseys c#aracter as analysed on pp' 3-3% (a//reiated

/elow)' Was Wolsey 5t#e "ost disappointin. "an w#o

eer #eld power in 2n.land?

3' 2plainin. Wolsey6 sources and issues

Assessin !olsey is difficult due to a lac$ of sources. He did not leave a private archive ,few letters and no diaries. &elying on contemporary comments means that we have toreconcile highly negative comments from enemies with excessive praise from his friends.Armstron said that these commentators naturally had reasons #to offer an interpretation of

the facts rather than the facts themselves.% [Armstron]

';="'5A

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Introduction (*1-!)6 re7or" or "aintain t#e status 8uo?

ome historians 'lame Wolseyfor failin to reform at home. =his is not ustified because:

+&Cth people did not want or expect reform: they did not want !olsey to reform systems

of overnment they believed that the status $uowas best. !olsey did $eep law andorder and this wasthe $ey purpose of overnment. 9or most/ that was enouh.

Henry *""" craved forei&n lory , domestic achievements would not raise the status and

prestie of the +rown. !olsey needed to focus more on forein policy to please Henry.

Aspects of domestic policy were important to forein policy. Efficient tax collection was

vital for adventurous forein policies and a stable domestic overnment.

=ne criticism of Wolseyis that he was tooenereticFhe was involved in everything/ in allmatters of state. =he in%s +ardinal too$ on too much domestic administration leadin to:

A 'aclo& of cases in the +ourt of tar +hamber by &(2

4nfinishedplans for reform

=he failure to achieve any lastin institutional reform since he merely used the existin

machinery of the law to complete his wor$.

9ustice (*!-*3)

1# WhatofficewasWolsey appointedtoin1515 and what was the si&nificance of this?

2# Howwhy did Wolsey 'rin& &reater Gustice to the

system? !plain and illustrate your answer#

$# In what ways were Wolsey"s dealin&s with the system:+a) 8ot necessarily Gust+') Tar&eted at the no'ility+c) %nd ultimately not a'out reform?

.# 0omment on Wolsey"s faourin& of the poor whiletar&etin& the abuseof aristocratic priile&e

2nclosure (*3)

6ro'lem: nclosure: this is when land was fenced off for profitable sheep)rearin."t was said to cause poverty and depopulation , floc$s of sheep replaced villaes.

6ro'lem: failure of state action: 3 statutes had been passed before!olsey hadbecome term:enclosure continued and rural poverty continued to increase.28 Wolsey was een moreunpopularwith the rulin classes.38 152$: 6arliamentary session:!olsey had to accept all existingenclosures. This

roed that Wolse was not alwa s to im ose his authorit on the no'ilit #

:ourt o7 ;tar

6endrill@ 2297andell@ 2>.
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%# What was the impact of the Hunne %ffair@ 1515? +2;@ ..)

Hunne/ a clericalismwith the controversy dominatinparliament and allowed the +atholic +hurch to crumble under Henry%s later attac$s.

"n fact this was not true/ and most remained loyal to the )atholic )hurch.

Howeer/ within *ondon/ the Affair did have a bi neative impact ) temporarily

"t reinforced !olsey%s view that parliaments were more trouble than they wereworth/ so another was not called till &(23.

B# What was the impact of Driar Henry /tandish"s attac on 'enefit of the cler&y? +.)

Benefit of the cler&yallowed the clery to be tried in more lenient ecclesiastical courtsratherthan toughersecular courts. Educated laymenabused the practice/ ainin immunity fromseculartrial. ;arliamentary action in &(&2 and &(&( ave oxyen to the issue and so increasedanti)clericalism. !olsey had to swear to Henry personally that royal authoritywas superior toecclesiastical power/ that an ecclesiastical practice was not underminin his secular courts.

Cey 6oint:the anti>clericalism&enerated in1515probably accounts forthe delay in holdin another parliament until &(23. !olsey simply hadtocall it then to et the money to fund Henry%s forein policyhe also had tocompromise over enclosure in order to et the extra cash.

0# cclesiastical !traa&ance +.)

!olseydid exploit his ecclesiastical positiontosecureenormouswealth. As *egate a *aterehe was able to set up pro'ate courts7churchcourts dealin with la men"s wills whose fees enhanced his wealth.

=#e A"ica/le >rant& 1$!$

The situation:Battle of ;avia: the 9rench army was annihilated. 9rancis " was held captiveby +harles*/ theHoly4omanEmperor. Henrysaw this as an opportunity to invade 9rance.

The pro'lem: =he coffers were empty.The solution: !olsey demanded a non>parliamentary ta!called the Amicable rant. "t

tareted clery and laity on a slidin scale.The pro'lem: "t was too soon after the forced loansand parliamentary ta!esof &(23)(

Bi&&er pro'lem:

7efusal to pay:re'ellionerupted across uffol$ and indeed/ much of East Anlia.

1;@;;; menmarched on*aenham@ 7a cloth)ma$in centre8/ hihlihtin the extent and

intensity of the opposition.

"t was a popular re'ellion its spontaneity also reflected the deree of hostility.

His enemies/ the >u$es of uffol$ and 5orfol$/ did not start it and indeed/ did their best

to re)establish law and order. But they would increase their importance at court.0onse3uences

=he rant was abandoned in Iay &(2( !olsey raised no new taxes after this.

Henry dou'ted his minister for the first timeFand so denied all $nowlede of the rant1 !olsey%s opponents scented blood for the first time/ but still had to waitL[!hy@]

!ith the cash one/ the Drench inasion was called offand !olsey now allied with

So rigorous revelling!n a prelate specially"So #old and #ragging$nd was so #asely #orn"So lordly o his loo&s

$nd so disdain'ul(So at a maggot)red o a lesh-lye.

John Skelton, Speak,Parrot 1522

Pendrill, 49-51
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www.luminarium.orMrenlitMs$elton.htm

9

(*$-*,)

!olsey/ as

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2# %nswer the 3uestion a'oe usin& the te!t on pp# 52>$#

10

1# %nalyse /ource +52): what aspect of Wolsey"s character@outlined in the source@ may hae created enemies for him?

Was t#ere a no/le conspiracy a.ainst Wolsey? ($!-3)

W#y did Henry VIII lose 7ait# in Wolsey?

Amicable rant 7see previous notes8

9orein ;olicy , the alliance with 9rance

9ailure to secure his divorce from +atherine of Araon

2# Was there a no'le conspiracy a&ainst Wolsey? 52>$#

How does t#e reisionist iew di77er 7ro" t#e traditional?

;o"e /ac.round6 t#e =raditional View o7 Wolsey ($1-$!)

!olsey is seen as an unpopular royal favourite always fihtin to retainhis hold over the in. =he hostile nobility ained revene on !olseywhen he lost the in%s favour over the divorce. =he traditional view isthat there was a long-termconspiracy aainst !olsey that becamevery obvious durin &(2K)2. =his suests that Henry was Fuite wea$and easily manipulated by !olsey and others.

=#e eisionist View o7 Wolsey

=his plays down his unpopularity at court. wyn arues that !olseydid not try to alienate the nobility or directly harm ambitious youn menin order to preserve his influence over the $in. He arues that !olsey

was too capable a politician to offend anyone needlessly and so createenemies. =here was nolon)standin conspiratorial roup , only ashort>term opportunistfaction led by the >u$es of 5orfol$ and uffol$.=hey acted on Henry%s dissatisfaction with !olsey over the reat Iatter.

-ae Cey 6oints

In contrast to:

Wolseys

4all

See later

6riy 0ham'er and 0ouncil

1# What was the role of the 6riy 0ouncil and the 6riy 0ham'er?

2# How far did Wolsey institute a pur&e to ostracise potential political rials in the6riy 0ham'er in 1519# How far mi&ht this hae dama&ed his political position?

$# What were the ltham =rdinances of 152 and what is their si&nificance in termsof Wolsey"s treatment of the no'ility and his hold on power?

0onclusion and Cey Te!t: (The Cin&"s 0ardinal"7andell@

1>2
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Key Questions

0an Henry"s early forei&n policy 'e considered a success?

How far did Wolsey achiee his aims in forei&n policy in the years 151.>1529?

To what e!tent was Henry isolated and ulnera'le in uropean %ffairs 15$;>

15.;?

o the years 1521>.; in forei&n policy merit their reputation as ones of

e! ensie failure?

4or a list o7 ey eents in 7orei.n policy& see pp' $-$%

Answer t#e 8uestion 1 and !on source A on p' $%

4rancis I6 4rance

Drancis I 7House of ,alois8 becamein of 9rance. 9rance was thelarest $indom in Europe with &Cmpeople. Additional lands 7such as

Burundy and Brittany8 wereacFuired throuh con3uestordiplomacy#

%im:he wished to uphold -renchhonour and glory abroad. He hadinherited from *ouis // a conflict in/taly against the Habsburgs

:#arles V(Ha/s/ur.)6 Holy o"an

2"pire

"t was a collection of D-- semi)autonomous statesin the heart of Europe/ rouhly where ermany is.Althouh ruled over by an Emperor/ power was inreality/ decentralised. Each state had aprincewith

much political power while the C( "mperial 9ree+ities were all independent of the Emperor.

=he office of Holy 4oman Emperor brouht with it

%ims: Wage war in /taly

0efeat the /nfidel Turk

in the 1editerranean

&epel the 2rotestant

&eformation in 3urope.

:#arles I6 ;pain

pain emered from theunitin of Araon and+astile. pain was verydiverse in climate/ lanuaeand culture. "t had C.Km andwas devoutly +atholic and

had defeated the Ioors ofrenada so defendin the"berian peninsula for+hristendom.

=#e apacy

'piritualHe was spiritual leader of the +atholic +hurch and heaimed to defend +atholic interests in Europe. o the ;opecalled for successive +atholic crusades aainst the Iuslim'ttoman Empire.Temporal=he ;ope was a maor landowner in central "taly/ rulinover the papal states. ;ope Nulius "" had a court to rival anyprince. He wanted to expand papal territory throuhconFuest/ hence the name the #warrior pope". =heHabsburg4,aloisconflict in northern "taly threatened papal

interests. =he papacy had to choose its allies carefully toavoid domination. &(2G saw an unpaid "mperial army sac$4ome and $ept +lement *"" prisoner. =his was a $eyobstacle to Henry ettin his divorce throuh 4ome. Hisfailure set Enland on course for the Henrician 4eformation
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W#at was ac#ieed /y t#e 4renc# ca"pai.ns o7 1$11-1*?

Henry"s %im:pursue his claim to the title of in of 9rance/ passeddown throuh Enlish $ins since the +&(th.

-ethod:he had his Anlo)panish alliance throuh marriae9erdinand was a crucial ally in the invasion of 9rance he $new heneeded an ally iven Enland%s limited resources when set aainst theH4 Empire or 9rance.

War a.ainst 4rance (+!)

Henry and peace

Henry was limited by his father%s councillors 7Warham and 5ishop -ox8who wished to avoid war. =his would preserve Enlish security whileallowin forei&n countriesto loo$ for an alliancethat would move thebalance of power in their favour. =his led to a peace treaty with 9rancein &(&-1 ?et Henry wanted war.

Henry isolated"n &(-K/ ;ope Nulius put himself at the head of the Holy *ea&ue79r.p. Empire and ;apacy8 to attac$ *enice. Henry%s diplomacy failed toet him in the orset%s troops wererecalled. =o add to this/ in 151$: naval defeat at Brest capped aninominious first entry into European affairs. Enland%s first continentalcampain had been a disaster.

=#e attle o7 t#e ;purs& 1$13 (+!-3)

Henry was simply more determined to attain lory in 9rance1 Henrylearnt from his mista$es he needed to act independently of anyuntrustworthy allies if Englishaims were to be met.

analytical

co""ent successor 7ailure?

http://www.hrp.org.u&/*esources/)attle%20o%20the

%20S urs
http://www.hrp.org.uk/Resources/Battle%20of%20the%20Spurs%20FACTSHEET.pdfhttp://www.hrp.org.uk/Resources/Battle%20of%20the%20Spurs%20FACTSHEET.pdfhttp://www.hrp.org.uk/Resources/Battle%20of%20the%20Spurs%20FACTSHEET.pdfhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://farm1.static.flickr.com/40/95500870_2ffde2a5b5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cats.picturesarehere.com/37/closeup-picture-of-a-cats-eyes&usg=__7qzKSq8kGM9AWWrcAisIctaLZiU=&h=496&w=500&sz=212&hl=en&start=14&um=1&tbnid=i4OJtE5c0A6dZM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcats%2527%2Beyes%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rlz%3D1G1GGLQ_ENUK286%26sa%3DGhttp://www.hrp.org.uk/Resources/Battle%20of%20the%20Spurs%20FACTSHEET.pdfhttp://www.hrp.org.uk/Resources/Battle%20of%20the%20Spurs%20FACTSHEET.pdf

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=he campain sei0ed Therouanne7iven to mperor -a!imilian I8aennd Tournaiwith little 9rench resistance. =ournai was arrisonedby Henry at reat cost until &(&K.

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Enland and 9rench ambitionsNanuary &(&(/ 9rancis " became in on ebate over the uidin principles of !olsey%s forein policies.

Traditional View: Wolsey tried tomaintain the 'alance of power in urope:

=o ensure that no one side became

dominated European affairs.How? upport those states loo$in to limitthe power of the dominant force.

But lton"s iew:

But %#D# 6ollard ar&ues thatWolsey"s main principle was

to follow papal policy:

He was a loyal papal servantand so always souht to defend

the interests of the curia 7centralovernin body of the 4++hurch8. "t has been aruedthat !olsey followed such apolicy because he wished tobecome ;ope one day.

EE# /caris'ric reGected this pro>papal interpretation:

/tee Aunn: the modern interpretation: the fle!i'ility of Wolsey"s policies:

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!olsey was able to redeem himself for the previous failures.

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Wolseys4orei.n olicy&1$!0-1$!$6=#e 4ield o7 t#e :lot# o7 >old&1$!0 (+-%)

"n Nune &(2-/ Henryand 9rancis met atthe 9ield of the +lothof old/ near +alais.3--- notables at a

sumptuous feast ofchivalric paeantry.Both spent onmarvellous royalpavilions/ both tryinto display their4enaissance+redentials. Noustinwent on and evenan unplanned wrestlin match between the two $ins.

/i&nificance 1525

Wolsey the 2eacemaker! pinion and War=his was not &(&3 and the conFuest of 9rance was not popular 7how did it really seren&lish interests?8/ especially as it would need increased ta!ation.

6ction: skirmishes

&. 1522: arl of /urreyled a raidin party from +alais into 5ormandy and ;icardy.

2. 152$: =pportunity to undermine Drancis"s power:+harles/ >u$e of Bourbon rebelledbecause he believed that he had been denied his rihtful territorial inheritance. A 3)proner attac$ 7Enland/ Empire and Bourbon8 was planned. A force costin JD--/---was sent under uffol$ under)supplied and in 9rance in winter/ it fell apart.

3. &(23)2(: !olsey avoids action despite +harles%s demands/ and tried to release Enlandfrom its obli ations under the =reat of Bru es.

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=#e attle o7 aia& 1$!$

=#e attle o7 aia and t#e

@iplo"atic eolution& 1$!$

&. Henry and )harles+harles victory over 9rancis at;avia chaned everythin:

9rench army was destroyed

9rancis " himself ta$en;risoner

+harles was now much

troner and could dowithout Enland. +harlesreected their call for the9rench crown and evencalled off his marriae toIary

=he Anlo)"mperial alliance

was at an end.

2. Henry and -rance: the Treaty of the 1ore! 89=9

Elton arued that !olsey%s attempt to ma$e a connection with 9rancerepresented a #diplomatic revolution%.

Henry ave up his claims to 9rance in return for an annual pension.

3. Henry and -rance: the Treaty of )ognac! 1ay 89=

9rancis did want +harles to dominate northern "taly/ and the treaty alined Enland/ 9rance

and several "talian states aainst Habsbur heemony 7i.e. +harles *%s domination8 in "taly.!olsey helped to construct the

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%nalyse /ources D@ A and H

%nswer the 3uestions on p#

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The options! 89@A: 2rotestant or )atholic

&. Henry and the C ArticlesHenry%s Act of ix Articles aain demonstrated his belief in orthodox +atholic doctrine. omemiht arue that these were desined to reassure +atholic Europe that he was movin towards

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accompanied the slow proress of the army. "n fact neither he nor +harles would truly helpeach other since they had attac$ed 9rance with Fuite different aendas. =hus Henry focusedon Boulone/ not ;aris/ and uffol$ captured it easily. +harles/ annoyed/ made peace with9rance. Boulone was arrisoned and the Enlish army sailed home. 9rance souht to reainBoulone and planned an invasion. $irmishes occurred in the channel and Henry%s Iary4ose san$ itself/ attemptin a sharp manoeuvre with its unports open. All this has been tooexpensive , the campain cost over J2m. "ncreased taxation and forced loans were not

enouh to pay for the campain , and Henry actually had to sell off crown lands ained withthe dissolution of the monasteries. A steady income from future rents was lost. He ained amillion by debasin the coinae , but this also increased inflation and reduced confidence inEnlish financial mar$ets.

%nalyse sources *@ - and 8#

%nswer the 3uestion that appears on p# ; usin& theadice proided for you#
http://groups.csail.mit.edu/graphics/classes/6.837/F98/Lecture23/idea.gif

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