WOC 1 view on the focus and scope regarding CO2 sequestration in WOC 1 (upstream sector) study area.

(according to the experience of CO2 problem study by WOC1 in the period 1994-2006)

Gas Proportion to total GW

Concentration Global Warming Potential

Time life

CO2 55 353 1 50 – 200

CH4 15 1,72 21 12

N20 4 0,31 310 120

O3 2 0,02   1 month

CFC 21 5 10-5 4000 - 11700 50 – 10000

  % ppmv (100 years) Years

SF6 3 3 10-5 23900 3200

Global warming potential of different gases

Production 10-13% (3-4% - flares)

Processing 2%

Transport

75-80%

Others 5-9%

Greenhouse gas emissions along gas chain (methane emissions are less than 1% of total)

Only a small number of fields have CO2 content in excess of

the maximum permitted for entry on the different transmission systems (2 or 3 %).

The largest content of CO2 (as well as H2S) among producing fields is in gas of Astrakhan field (south Russia) – 20 – 26 % strongly limiting gas production volumes.

CO2 problem in gas industry upstream sector

Where and how to store CO2?

CO2 injected into suitable, depleted oil reservoirs can

enhance oil recovery by 10-15% of the original oil in place in the reservoir.

Weyburn project (Canada)

At the conclusion of the project, some 19 million tonnes of CO2 will have been sequestered in the reservoir and some

200 million supplementary oil barrels will have been produced.

CO2 injection for EOR

Solvent scrubbing (absorption) - Mono-ethanolamine (MEA)

Adsorption - zeolithes and activated carbon

Cryogenics and membrane – no (study in progress)

CO2 capture technologies

Transmission of CO2

Pipelines – local (first tens of kilometers)

Liquefaction – projects (for marine transport and disposal)

Solid – only hydrate studies

Underground and underwater sequestration of CO2

Best media: depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers and unminable coal seams.

Storage of CO2 in the deep ocean has also been

proposed.

Storage Option

Global Capacity Advantages Disadvantages

Gt CO2 % of emissions

to 2050

Oceans > 1 000 > 50 Time Scale Environment

Coal > 15 > 1 ECBMR(Methane recovery)

Low volume

Depleted O&G

reservoirs

920 45 EOR Technology -

Sites

Legislation Decommissioning

Aquifers 400- 10 000

20 - 500 High volumes Long term behaviour Legislation

GWP and problems related to the different CO2

sequestration techniques

Requirements:

•Well known geology (and hence little exploration to be done)

•Reservoirs with proven traps

•Potential to some re-use of existing production equipment to transport and inject CO2.

Depleted oil and gas reservoirs

Requirements:

•deep underground

•contain saline water (to form carbonates)

•unsuitable for supplying potable water

•cap rock of very low permeability

Deep saline reservoirs

Unminable coal seams

Requirements:

•Permeable coal layer

•Impermeable cap

•Displacement of methane

The need for research

-          The cost of capture which represents about 75% of a total of 40 to 60 USD/t

of CO2,

-          The need to prove the reliability of storage,

-          The existence of a specific market.

C arbon (m ethane) recovery

Tra

nsp

ort

C arbon utiliza tion (C O production and co llecting)

C arbon in jection to sea depth

C arbon deposition as C O hydrate on a sea floor

C O conversion to C H during

m icrobia l processing

C arbon d issolution in sea w ater

C arbon deposition on sea floor as carbonate

m inera ls

Transport2

2

2

4

New technological concepts in oceans

New technological concepts (1)

CO2 hydrate

hydrated sediments

underhydrate gas

small unmanned gas productionplatforms (“FLOWERS”)

CH4 consumers

CO2 producers

gas treatmentunit (“HIVE”)

CH4

free

CO2

free

CH4 hydrate

CO2 hydrate

hydrate carriers (“BEES”)

“Flowers and bees” (Russia, 1998)

New technological concepts (2)

Mitsui Corp. (Japan, 2005)

The analyses of the expected impacts of CO2 emissions reduction measures on:

(i) economic activity,

(ii) energy prices,

(iii) trade flows,

(iv) Industrial competitiveness (new technologies). These impacts depend very heavily on future prices for carbon allowance which are typically projected to stay between 10-30 €/t CO2.

(v) More ambitious emissions reduction targets may be pursued after 2012, pushing CO2 prices much higher.

The conclusions from Energy Charter Secretariat (2006)