- y H I S T O R I C C E R A M I C T Y P O L O G Y

WITH

P R I N C I P A L D A T E S OF M A N U F A C T U R E

AND

D E S C R I P T I V E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S F O R IDENTIF ICAT ION

D E L D O T A R C H E O L O G Y S E R I E S 15

B Y

Ann R. Brown

DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Division of Highways

Location and Environmental Studies Office

J

US. Department of Transportation

Federal Highway Administration

Delaware Department of Impor ta t ion

Tt. P. 3flwh ::, Jr. Direi ls.

Divini'n •: i Highways

•\W2

HISTORIC CERAMIC T Y P O L O G Y

WITH

PRINCIPAL DATES OF M A N U F A C T U R E

A N D

DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS FOR IDENTTFICATION

DELDOT CONTRACT 79-101-02 A R C H E O L O G Y SERIES NO. 15

FHWA FEDERAL A I D PROJECT 1045(11)

Submitted T o

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF T R A N S P O R T A T I O N Federal Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

And

D ELAWARE D E P A R T M E N T O F STATE Division of His tor ica l and C u l t u r a l Af fa i r s

Bureau o f Archaeology and H i s t o r i c Preservation

BY

Ann R. Brown

DELAWA RE DEPARTMENT OF T R A N S P O R T A T I O N Divis ion of Highways

Locat ion and Environmental Studies Off ice

R. D . Bewick, J r . Divis ion of Highways

1982

CERAMIC TYPOLOGY - LONG VERSION

PORCELAIN

Charac te r i s t ics ;

Paste: hard, vitreous (non porous), w i l l not s t ick to tongue, w i l l ' not sctratch w i t h knife. Color; pale gray to wh i t e .

(General ly) 1) Hard Paste: cleans easily, does not discolor in soi l , indicates. Chinese origin. . .

(General ly) 2) Soft Paste: cleans less easily, tends to discolor in soi l , English in origin <5c later in date than Chinese.

Glaze: adheres wel l 6c does not f lake o f f . Unglazed less common; on dolls and statuary in 19th century.

Decora t ion : Hand-painted underglaze blue & polychrome, over-glaze enamel indicat ive of Chinese porcelain. Transfer-printed underglaze blue indicat ive of English porcelain.

F o r m : Generally quite thin . Bone china is translucent. Industrial porcelain (sinks, to i le t s , etc.) quite th ick &c heavy.

Types of Vessels: tea & table wares, statuary, dolls, t o i l e t wares.

N O T E : During the 17th century & early 18th century porcelain was expensive and uncommon in the American colonies. But by the la te 18th century porcelain becomes one of the most common ceramic types found though of poorer qual i ty .

The Navigation Act of 1651 res t r ic ted almost ent i re ly the amount of Chinese porcelain reaching the colonies during the 17th century.

The Bri t ish Embargo in effect to 1775 prevented much European Porcelain from reaching America .

Chinese ciphers on bases are of poor dating value. (Hume)

c. 1574-1644 Late Ming Chinese Porcelain: underglaze blue. Many w i t h the gray core typical of the Swatow province. (South)*

c. 1660-1800 Overglaze Chinese Trade ("Oriental Lowestoft") made expressly for European market. Some wi th elaborate European engraving type motifs Ac w i t h chain or spear-head borders in red or gold. Overglaze deteriorates in soil Ac often al l tha t remains is a m a t t trace visible at an oblique angle. (South)

c. 1700-1780 Underglaze Blue wi th overglaze red Ac gilding. Of ten in very busy patterns inspired by Japanese " Imar i" porcelain. (Hume)

•Source of date.

1750-1800 "Farnille Rose" decoration of large pink peonies high-lighted in whi te w i th drab green leaves. On American sites usually found on tureens & large dishes. (Hume)

c. 1750-1800 A r m o r i a l Wares: made in China in the shapes of European silver services Ac bearing a particular family's coat of arms. (Charleston)

c. 1790-1825 Deteriorated Chinese Trade: decoration l i m i t e d to thin swags, wiggly lines or dots & dashes in black, orange, pink Sz blue around r ims. Some wi th small f loral decoration in center . (South)

c. 1792- Blue Willow: 3 figures, 2 birds, house bridge & boat. Early ear ly 19th pieces wel l done. (Hume) century

c. 1800-1830 "Canton" Blue Willow: heavier body wi th grayish-green glaze. Border of dark blue hatching under l ighter blue band. (South)

Non Chinese Porce la in :

c. 1750- Polychrome English: copies Chinese & European variet ies . Large present var ie ty of decoration. (Fisher)

c. 1755-1775 English Hand-painted underglaze blue: softer paste, some marked. (Hume)

1800- Bone China introduced by Josiah Spode. No bluish caste like present Chinese porcelain. Translucent when held up to the l igh t . (Miller)

1825- Beginning American Porcelain: Wil l iam Ell is Tucker of Philadelphia made French type wares unt i l 1838. Thereafter the American porcelain industry got started. (Fisher)

STONEWARE

Charac te r i s t i c s : Paste: hard & non-porous; w i l l not stick to tongue or be scrtached with

knife . Color: gray, white , tan, some red or black. Glaze: often salt-glazed which gives surface a dimpled appearance.

Other glazes also used.

Decora t ion : various; incised, molded, spriged, pressed, stamped, dipped, slipped, hand-painted A: transfer-printed.

F o r m : th ick A: heavy to th in and delicate.

Types of Vessels: ki tchen, storage, tavern, to i l e t , table A: tea wares.

NOTE: The earliest stonewares originated in Europe and are refered to as Rhenish Wares. Later the English commanded the marke t wi th their w h i t e s3lt-glazed table wares. American stonewares copied Rhenish wares but were heavier <5c largely u t i l i ta r ian in type .

c. 1750-1800 "Famil le Rose" decoration of large pink peonies high-lighted in whi te w i t h drab green leaves. On American sites usually found on tureens Ac large dishes. (Hume)

c. 1750-1800 A r m o r i a l Wares: made in China in the shapes of European silver services Ac bearing a particular family's coat of arms. (Charleston)

c. 1790-1825 Deteriorated Chinese Trade: decoration l im i t ed to th in swags, wiggly lines or dots Ac dashes in black, orange, pink Ac blue around r ims. Some wi th small f loral decoration in center . (South)

c . 1792- Blue Willow: 3 figures, 2 birds, house bridge Ac boat. Early early 19th pieces wel l done. (Hume) century

c. 1800-1830 "Canton" Blue Willow: heavier body wi th grayish-green glaze. Border of dark blue hatching under l ighter blue band. (South)

N o n Chinese Porce la in :

c. 1750- Polychrome English: copies Chinese Ac European variet ies . Large present var ie ty of decoration. (Fisher)

c. 1755-1775 English Hand-painted underglaze blue: softer paste, some marked. (Hume)

1800- Bone China introduced by Josiah Spode. No bluish caste like present Chinese porcelain. Translucent when held up to the l igh t . (Miller)

1825- Beginning American Porcelain: Wil l iam Ell is Tucker of Philadelphia made French type wares unt i l 1838. Thereafter the American porcelain industry got started. (Fisher)

STONEWARE

Charac te r i s t i c s : Paste: hard Ac non-porous; w i l l not stick to tongue or be scrtached with

knife . Color: gray, white , tan, some red or black. Glaze: often salt-glazed which gives surface a dimpled appearance.

Other glazes also used.

Decora t ion : various; incised, molded, spriged, pressed, stamped, dipped, slipped, hand-painted Ac transfer-printed.

F o r m : th ick Ac heavy to th in and delicate.

Types of Vessels: ki tchen, storage, tavern, to i l e t , table Ac tea wares. i

NOTE: The earliest stonewares originated in Europe and are refered to as Rhenish Wares. Later the English commanded the marke t wi th their w h i t e salt-glazed table wares. American stonewares copied Rhenish wares but were heavier Ac largely u t i l i ta r ian in type.

BROWN STONEWARE

c. 1540-1600* Rhenish Brown: elaborately sprig molded wi th armorial devices Ac scenes, glazed a r ich brown. Types: t a l l jugs, some wi th tubular spouts. (South)**

c. 1550-1625 Bellarmines: brown salt-glazed jugs wi th wel l molded bearded faces Ac usually w i t h one or more armorial medall ion on the body. (South)

c. 1620-1700 Deteriorated Bellarmines: molded features reduced to s tyl ized strokes,, features crude. Finally faces Ac medallions e l iminated ent irely. (South)

Fulham Brown Salt-glazed mugs: (English) glazed a mot t l ed brown. Usually stamped below r im w i t h monarchial cipher (AR), (WR), (GR). These are not of dating significance.

However, many also incised w i t h name of tavern keeper Ac date <Jc sprig molded decorations. (South)

c. 1690-1775

c. 1700-1810 "Nottingham" (English) smooth shiny brown whi te slipped surface. Often

Types: glaze over incised free-hand w i t h names <5c dates tavern mugs, pitchers, Ac double handled loving cups. (South)

c. 1725 - ?

c. 1820-1900

American Brown Banded: tavern mugs, bottles, pitchers, Ac bowls made w i t h a brown band around the r i m . (Hume)

Brown Stoneware Bott les: for ink, beer, etc. Glazed brown usually over a gray paste. Various sizes 6c shapes. (South)

Blue Ac Gray Stoneware:

c. 1575-1725

c. 1725-1775

Westerwaid or Rhenish Gray: elaborate floral 6c geometric sprig molded designs wi th combed lines. Painted w i t h cobalt blue Ac/or manganese purple. Some salt glazed in gray or white. Some w i t h monarchial cipher (AR), or (GR) medallion. Types: tankards, bulbous jugs, chamber pots, e tc . D i f f i c u l t to date exactly. (Hume)

Debased Westerwaid: designs merely incised or stamped on A: outlined in cobalt blue Ac/or manganese purple. Monarchial ciphers s t i l l displayed ref lect ing date molds were made. Types: chamber pots, jugs, double handled storage jars Ac porringer type bowls. (Hume)

c 1730's American "Westerwaid": gray body w i t h painted cobalt blue decorations (Philadelphia). Most were large storage vessels or dairy 6c tavern wares. (Hume)

c. 1775-1900 American Blue 6c Gray: early to mid 19th century had size numbers 6c fac tory labels stamped on. Thicker than German stoneware, not incised or molded. Decorated in cobalt blue free-hand or stencil. Types: harvest bottles, cream pans, storage crocks, pinched neck cuspidors, e tc . (Hume)

O the r Stonewares:

c. 1690-1775

c. 1732-1750

c. 1750-1820

c. 1763-1775

Red Bodied Stoneware: dry bodied (unglazed) w i t h molded and spriged decorations. (South)

Ralph Shaw Brown Slipped: vessel exter ior decorated w i t h thin lines of white pipe clay over a glaze of chocolate brown or black. White slipped in ter ior . (South)

Black Basalts: dry bodied (unglazed) black stonewares. Wedgewood made "etruscan" vases. Others made thrown, cast, and engine turned tea wares. These wares were popular for use in times of mourning. (South)

Red Bodied Engine Turned: some of these were dry bodied, some glazed w i t h iron oxides of black of brown. (Hume)

Whi te Stonewares

c. 1725-1775

by 1730's

by mid 18th C.

17 Ws

White 51ip-dipped Salt-glazed: (English) gray paste dipped in white slip <5c salt glazed. Due to chipping, r ims, handles 6z spouts were coated w i t h a band of brown oxide slip for reinforcement. Types: small waisted cups, mugs 6c jugs. (Hume)

Molds developed to allow vessels to be cast in elaborate rel ief . Types: plates, teapots, tankards, etc. (Hume)

White Salt-glazed Stoneware become the typical English tableware.

White S a l t - ° i a z e d tableware: plate rims in "Dot, Diaper, 6c Basket" and "Barley" patterns. (Hume)

1750's Floral Relief: patterned rims popular on plates. (Hume)

,750's

post 1750-1770

1720-1730's

1744-1775

1765-1790

1755-1765

1750-1765

Frederick the Great: rims on plates w i t h eagle 4: molded inscriptions popular. (Hume)

"Bead 6c Reel" & "Rope" r im patterns manufactured. (Hume)

"Scratch Brown": white salt-glazed vessels wi th incised decoration f i l led wi th brown iron oxide coloring. (Hume)

"Scratch Blue": white salt-glazed vessels wi th incised decoration f i l led wi th cobalt blue. Much used on cups, saucers, pitchers, punch pots, 6c loving cups. (South)

Debased Scratch Blue: white salt glaze w i t h incised decoration but cobalt blue not confined to incised lines. Decorated wi th medallions of George I I I sometimes wi th por t ra i t . Post American Revolut ion, decorated w i t h the Great Seal. Other decorations as w e l l . Types: chamber pots, mugs, 6c pitchers. (Hume)

Transfer-Printed Stoneware: l imi ted use on round and octagonal plates. (South)

Li t t le r ' s Blue: whi te salt-glaze coated w i t h coblat blue creat ing a lustrous blue surface. Sometimes decorated wi th white enamel or o i l gilding. Types: teapots, pitchers, bowls. (South)

EARTHEN WARES

Earthenware T in Glazed

Character is t ics : Paste: quite soft and l ight , sticks to tongue, carves easily w i t h knife.

Color: yellowish buff to pinkish buff.

Glaze: t i n oxide mixed w i t h clear lead oxide resulting in a thick opaque surface. Chips easily. Colors: pale blue or pink or an off whi te .

Decorat ion: undecorated or monochrome or polychrome hand painted.

Fo rm: relat ively th i ck but l ight .

Types of Wares: table ic tea wares, decorative 6c commemorat ive plates, to i le t war^c;, apothecary jars 6c pots and ti les (tiles not covered here due to the;. |KjCf value as dated devices).

N O T E : English 6c Ncr'.hern European varieties are refered to an Del f t ; French varieties are cal led Faience; 6c Mediterranean types are known as Maiolica.

Bri t i sh embargoes between 1651-1775 l e v i e d to protect the developing Bri t i sh ceramic industry effectively l i m i t e d the amount of non-Bri t ish earthenwares reaching the colonies, w i t h the exception of t i l es . Faience 6c Maiolica are found on French 6c Spanish sites. But for Del . DOT's purposes, British Delft is the only v a r i e t y covered here.

1567 -

c. 1580-1640

c. 1600-1802

c. 1620-1775

c. 1640-1800

c. 1650-1665

c. 1650-1700

c. 1660-1700

c. 1665-1700

c. 1670-ear ly 18th C.

c. 1680-1735

Beginning of British delftware indus t ry (Hume)*

Decorated Apothecary jars 6c pots: cy l indr ica l •shape, polychrome - blue, orange, purple 6c green combinations. (South) . .

Decorated Delftware in eleaborate I ta l i an te of Chinoiserie designs (South)

Undecorated Apothecary jars 6c po ts ; cy l indr i ca l shape, plain w h i t e t i n glaze, various sizes (South)

Plain White vessels entirely w i t h o u t decoration, both round 6c oc tagona l in shape (South)

Barre l Shaped Apothecary jars 6c po ts : decorated wi th ribbon scrol l i n b lue or blue out l ined panel identifying contents (Hume)

Chamber Pots: squat, w i th broad r i m . t inge to glaze (Hume)

Pink

Blue Dash Chargers: par t icular ly plates, r i m . Centers decorated

delft vessels, with blue dashes around

in f l o r a l <5c f ru i t patterns., Adam 6c Eve m o t i f , or royal por t ra i ts hand-painted in po lychrome colors. Prior to 1690, backs were clear g lazed rather than t in glazed (Hume)

Barrel Shaped Apothecary jars 6c pots : scroll coverted to angel with wings above descriptive panel (Hume)

Chinoiserie decorated Delf t popular i n a psudo Ming style with figures, rocks 6c birds. In blue 6c polychrome colors. (Hume)

Chamber Pots: became ta l ler w i t h gent ly f lar ing l ip folded over. Most undecorated but some had elaborate decoration in cobal t blue, Chinese motifs , sponged rims 6c s t r i ped handles (Hume)

c. 1700-1800 Everted Rim ointment jars: cup shaped rather

than cyl indr ica l . Undecorated (South)

c. 1700-1763 Tapered Barrel Shaped Apothecary jars 6c pots: often elaborately decorated. (Hume)

c. 1710-1742 Plates w i t h Inscriptions: inspirat ional or commemorat ive. Often occuring in series w i t h numbers on the front of the plate. (Hume)

c. 1710-1740 Mimosa Pattern: in underglaze blue 6c overglaze red. (South)

c. 1735-1800 Chamber Pots: became ta l ler , less pleasing in shape, l ip was reduced. Bluish t i n t to glaze. Wash basins may also be described this way. (Hume)

post 1750 Only larger tablewares (plates, mugs, punch bowls, etc.) in Delf t were s t i l l popular. Smaller tablewares chipped too easily 6c new forms of tablewares were becoming popular. (Hume)

Other Buf f Paste Earthenwares

c. 1675-1775 "Staffordshire"

1827-1922

1812-1900+ a m . manufact . l a t e 18th C. Eng. Manufact .

Characteristics: buff paste, soft.

Decoration: clear lead glaze over various types of designs in brown iron oxide: dots of brown around r i m , combed, coated w i t h black or brown slip w i t h t rai led design in whi te pipe clay. Also marblized, bat molded, & sgraf f i to . Like redware decorations w i t h , the distinguishing charac ter i s t ic being the buff paste.

Types of Vesels: mugs, posset cups, chamber pots, candle s t icks . (Hume)

Yellow-Ware (popularity range: 1830-1900)

Characteristics: yel lowish-buff paste, soft , t h i c k .

Decoration: . clear lead glaze results in a yellowish vessel, glaze tends to c rack le . May be undecorated, annular-banded w i t h white , ye l low, blue or brown sl ip . Also may have "mocha" decoration - dendr i t ic design combined w i t h bands of co lor .

Types of vessels: u t i l i t a r i a n ; kitchen & t o i l e t wares. (Garrow)

Rockingham also called Bennington (popularity range: 1840-1890)

Characteristics: yel lowish buff paste, soft .

Decoration: m o t t l ed effect achieved w i t h brown iron oxide <5c clear lead glaze. Reminiscent of Whieldon ware but decorat ion is unifacial rather than bifacial .

Types of vessels: u t i l i t a r i a n . (Garrow)

CREAMWARE

Charac te r i s t ics :

Paste: Cream colored, soft, sticks t o tongue and powders easily when scratched wi th knife.

Glaze: Clear lead glaze resulting in cream-colored ware. No t deep, spauls off easily. Glaze appears yellow-green in gathers. Early creamware decorated in colored glazes.

Decorat ion; Various: hand-painted underglaze 6c overglaze, monochrome and ~ polychrome; transfer-printed underglaze; slip, annular, and

molded decorations. Also plain, undecorated la te .

Fo rm: Thin and l ight , deep foot on bowls.

Types of Vessels: Tea and table-wares, ki tchen and to i le t -wares .

N O T E : Dates given represent the commencement of manufacture in England of a part icular type. A lag-time must be allowed between this date and the appearance of that type in Amer ica . Hume does not find any Creamware in American inventories prior to 1769.

1750-

1750-1775

1750-1775

1750-1765

1759

Creamware manufacture begins in earnest. (Hume)*

Clouded-wares or Tortoise shell-wares or Whieldon wares: mot t led glaze decoration in purple, blue, brown, ye l low, green 4c gray combinations, bifacially decorated. (Hume)

Whieldon wares: wares cast 4c molded in rustic, rococo, 4c naturalist ic forms, and decorated in polychrome colors. (Hume)

Li t t l e r ' s Blue: teapots coated w i t h a deep blue-giaze. (South)

Green Glazed Creamwares: developed by Josiah Wedgewood. Not popular and short­l ived . (Hume)

W h i e l d o n w a r e r i m :

D o t

B e a d & R e e l

B a r l e y

1762

1766-1790

post 1766 1820

c. 1765 1790

1765-1810

ea r ly 1770's

.1770-

"Plain" Creamware: clear, lead glazed. This technique of manufacture perfected by 3 Wedgewood by 1762. (Hume)

Queen's ware r im popular. (Hume).

Royal Pattern r im popular. (Hume)

Feather-edge r im popular. (Hume)

Overglaze enamelled Creamware, hand painted,(South)

Shell-edge r i m . Hand-painted in underglaze blue, red, green and sometimes purple. Pattern rare in Creamware. (Hume) Transfer-printed Creamware in various

IS [ 5 colors; red, black, brown, and purple.. (Hume)

1775- Chinoiserie m o t i f popular. (Hume) 1800

17g2 Brown slip coated Creamware manufacture begun. Wares usually had hand-painted areas also. (Hume)

pre 17g3_ Plain rims manufactured in Creamware ear ly (Hume) 1800's

1720- Annular Creamwares: H o r i z o n t a l bands of 1815 color on bowls; black, green, l i gh t brown,

<5c pale blue. Sometimes f u l l engine turned grooves. (South)

1785 1790 Finger-painted wares: usually on Annular 1820 Creamwares. Di f fe ren t colored slips swirled

together in bands to produce a marblized effect . Usually in greens and browns. (South)

c. 1790- "Lustre-ware" Use of gold in glaze to produce 1800 pink lustre, or plat inum i n glaze to produce

silver lustre f in ish . (Fisher) post 1820- Undecorated Creamware: types o f vessels

produced l i m i t e d to k i t chen bowls, chamber pots, and bed-pans. (Hume)

P E A R L W A R E

Charac te r i s t ics :

Paste: cream colored, soft, s t icks to tongue, powders when scratched wi th knife.

Glaze: not deep, tends to spaul o f f . Color from grayish blue-green, to grayish blue, to pale -blue, t o almost whi te . Blue specks sometimes appear in the glaze.

Decorat ion: various from hand-painted underglaze blue <!c polychrome colors, to transfer-printed red , brown, black <5c blue. Also polychrome stenciled.

Fo rm: early - thin l ike creamware, becoming thicker la ter . Most common form the shell edged p la te .

Types of Vessels: tea <5c table wares, k i tchen ic to i le t wares.

1779 By this date Josiah Wedgewood perfected "Pearlware".

' ' c. 1780-1795 Shell edged embossed plate r ims , w e l l painted in blue or green. (Hume)*

c. 1780-1810 Chinoisere pattern popular in hand-painted underglaze blue. (Hume)

c. 1780-1830 Undecorated pearlware manufactured . (South)

c. 1787-1840 Transfer-Print decoration appears on pearlware in blue, red, brown Ac black . (Hume 6c South)

c. 1790-1820 Finger-Painted or Marbled Wares slips of d i f ferent colors swirled toge ther . Usually green Ac light brown predominate. (South)

c. 1790-1840 Lustre-ware: use of gold in glaze t o produce pink lustre or platinum t o . produce s i lver lustre . (South)

c- 1790-1815 Polychrome decoration begins in f l o r a l 6c geometric patterns. Colors i n soft paste l hues. (South)

c. 1795-1820 Annular-wares: thick bands of color f i l l i n g engine turned grooves. Colors: browns, green, blue, black etc. (Hume)

c. 1795-1840 Blue Willow Transfer-print: must have the fol lowing elements: house, bridge, boat, 3 figures 6c 2 birds. (South)

c. 1795-1890 "Mocha-wares" brown fern- l ike decorat ion on annular wares. (South)

c. 1800-1820 Finger-Painted Annular wares: zones of marblized colors on annular ware . (Hume)

c. 1800-1820 Fish Scale. Feather, Floral Garlands Ac human Ac animal figures embossed on r i m s . (South)

c. 1800-1830 Shell edged embossed plates poorly painted w i t h brush just drawn around edge. (South)

c. 1800-1840 Pastoral Scenes popular in both Chinoisere Ac English themes. (Hume)

c. 1820-1840 Polychrome Stecil f loral decorations in bright blue, orange, green, Ac pinkish red . (South)

c: 1820 Pearlware on its way out as "Whiteware", "Stone China" 6c "Ironstone" make their appearances. (Hume)

WHITEWARE

Charac te r i s t i c s :

Paste: o f f -whi te color. Soft but harder than either pearlware or creamware. Sticks to tongue, can be marked w i t h knife , powders l i t t l e .

Glaze: clear resulting in a "white ware". Early whiteware t in ted blue l ike pearlware. Glaze deeper than pearlware. Tends to crackle .

Decora t ion : various, see below.

F o r m : usually thicker 6c heavier than pearlware. But can also be th in .

Types of Vessels: table 6c tea wares, ki tchen 6c t o i l e t wares.

N O T E : Creamware blends into Pearlware 6c Pearlware blends into Whiteware, resul t ing in d i f f i cu l ty in identifying ceramics in the t rans i t ion zones. Whiteware was never "invented", i t simply evolved, probably in response t o changes in tastes (Mi l le r ) . I t is s t i l l made today. Most Whitewares bear maker's marks 6c dates & can be dated wi th the aide of a book describing marker's markes. The t e r m "Pearl" often appears in these marks but does not indicate that they are what archaeologists t e r m "Pearlware".

c. 1820-1830 Transitional - pearlware evolves into whiteware. I t may be suggested that these d i f f icu l t sherds be termed pear l /whi teware <Jc assigned the date indicated,

c. 1830-1860 Dipped - catcah-ail catagory tha t includes banded, annular, <5c mocha wares. Colors from bright blues to subdued earth tones. (Garrow)*

:. 1830-1860 Edged wares w i t h shell embossed rims as in creamware 6c pearl­ware, 7 painted wi th a blue or green band. Distinguishable f rom earlier wares by the paste, and the increased thickness of the ware. (Mil ler , Garrow)

:. 1830-1860+ Transfer-Printed: blue very popular in f i rs t half of 19th C. Predominately oriental or cottage scenes wi th r i m bands of f l o r a l or geometric designs. Also printed in red, brown, black, & green. S t i l l made today. (Mil ler , Garrow)

:. 1830-1871 Sponged: decoration applied w i t h a sponge resulting in splotched appearance in red, blue, green, yellow 6c polychrome. Most only part ia l ly decorated but some entirely decorated. Sometimes combined wi th hand-painted or transfer-printed decoration. (Garrow)

' c. 1830-1900+ Hand-Painted blue 6c polychrome: decorat ion small & less well painted than earlier wares. Blue declines in popularity through t ime . Stencils also used. (Garrow)

1844-1860 Flow Blue: transfer-print where color bleeds. Some of this is just poorly done transfer-printing 6c is not real ly "flow blue". Flow blue was a deliberate design technique. Flow technique also applied in purple somewhat later . (Garrow)

• IRONSTONES - .

Stone China, Grani te Ware

Charac te r i s t i c s :

Paste: harder than Whiteware, sticks to tongue s l igh t ly or not at a l l , w i l l not scratch w i t h knife. Heavier 6c t h i cke r than Whiteware. Paste is t in ted blue, gray, or stark w h i t e .

Glaze: deeper than Whiteware, adheres we l l to paste.

N O T E : By the age of Ironstones, most pieces were marked 6c can be dated f a i r l y acqurately w i t h a book describing makers marks 6c dates.

1840-1885+Ironstone, Stone China, & Granite Ware development parallels that of Whiteware w i t h s imilar design motifs popular, especially transfer-pr in ted decorations. Ironstones were also cast i n molded forms. (Garrow)*

1850-1855+Blue Tinted Molded undecorated Ironstone popular. Blue color derived f rom the paste, not the glaze. (Mil ler , Garrow)

RED WARE

Ref ined 6c Unref ined

Charac te r i s t ics :

Paste: red colored, ranging from red-orange to dark purplish-red. Usually low f i red resulting in a soft porous paste.

Glazes: on one or both surfaces, also unglazed.

Clear Lead: results in a bright ginger brown color on red paste, 6c various intensities of yellow over whi te slip decoration.

Manganese w i t h clear lead: produces a mo t t l ed or speckled brown effec t . The more manganese added the darker the brown.

Iron Oxides: result in shades of brown or black.

Cooper Oxides: produce shades of green.

Metal l ic Lustre: on red paste produces a copper-lustre vessel.

Decoration:

Slipped: a white slip coated over the red paste.

vf ra i led : a white clay slip t ra i led over the red paste in patterns of thick lines.

Combed: combination of whi te slip A: brown slip combed over red paste in re la t ively t h i n lines.

Sgraffito: decoration scratched through whi te clay slip producing designs in fine lines.

Form: usually th i ck A: heavy especially in u t i l i t a r i a n vessels.

Types of Vessels: mostly u t i l i t a r i an ; k i tchen, storage, tavern , and to i le t wares, also table A: tea wares.

NOTE: Redwares were local ly produced from the mid 17th century on A: are very similar to each other through t i m e A: space. Furthermore, loca l redwares copied English Ac European types. Therefore they are very hard to date. Usually, only the more d i s t inc t ive English Ac European redwares can be dated w i t h any confidence.

DATES FOR THE MORE DISTINCTIVE ENGLISH Ac EUROPEAN REDWARES

c. 1580-1625 Wanfield Slipware: redware decorated w i t h a combination of trai led Ac sgraff i to techniques. Some w i t h figures in Elizabethan garb w i t h copper oxide coloring. Type: deep dishes w i t h short ve r t i ca l rims Ac t w o hor izon ta l loop handles. (South)*

c. 1612-1700 Wrothram 51ipware: applied sprig-molded decoration in busy patterns Ac sometimes dates. Dark glazed. Types: " t y g " mugs w i t h one or more sets of double handles. (South)

c. 1630-1660 Metropoli tan Slipware: Trai led designs in white pipe clay under a clear glaze, result ing in a ginger brown body Ac yellow design. Some wi th dates Ac mottos. (South)

c. 1650-1740 North Devon Sgraffito: designs incised Ac into 20th C. through white slip over pink paste Ac lead

glazed resulting in a r ich yel low surface w i t h f loral Ac geometric designs in l i gh t brown. Types: plates, mugs, pitchers. (Hume)

C: 1680-1720

c. 1670-1795

l a t e 17th C. -1775

c . 1720-1775

c. 1725-1750

c . 17*5-1790

c. 1790-1840

North Devon Gravel Tempered: pink paste w i t h a gray core, heavily gravel tempered. Glazed in l ight brown or apple green. Types: cream pans, jugs, storage jars. (Hume)

Combined Slipware: white Ac brown slip "combed" over a red paste 4: lead glazed, resulting in a yellow color. (South)

Dry^Bodied Redwares: thin, h igh- f i red red paste, unglazed with sprig molded decorat ion. Some engine turned, Ac some glazed. Types: tea wares. (Hume)

Buckley or Agate ware: th ick heavy bodied ware made by combining red Ac buf f clays. When broken paste appears aga te - l ike . Some coated wi th thick black glaze, others w i t h clear red glaze resulting i n m o t t l e d reddish-brown vessels. Plate r ims of ten decorated w i t h pipe-clay rouletted bands. Types: cream pans, storage jars, pitchers, plates. (South) Astbury ware: fine high-fired redpaste, lead glazed resulting in l igh t b rown surface. Usually sprig molded birds, squirrels , flowers Ac royal arms in pipe clay. (South)

Jackfield: refined high-fired redware, paste f ired purple or gray Ac coated w i t h a deep black glaze. Sometimes o i l g i lded in f lo ra l designs. Thin. Types: pitchers Ac tea wares. (Hume)

Copper Lustre: gold metal l ic glaze over red paste resulting in a copper colored vessel. (South)

GENERAL DATES FOR LOCALLY PRODUCED A M E R I C A N REDWARES

2nd ha l f 17th C. "Metropoli tan" type trailed slipwares manufactured in New on . . England Ac widely distributed. (Hume)

M i d 18th C. Pennsylvania German manufactured slipwares in various Ear ly 19th C. designs, t rai led, combed, sgraff i to , e tc . Common in Delaware.

(Hume)

E n t i r e 19th C. Redwares locally produced, w i t h glaze on one or t w o surfaces, or unglazed. Undecorated u t i l i t a r i an wares. (Hume)

BIBLOGRAPHY

Ceramics in Amer i ca . Winterthur Conference Report , edited by Ian M.G. Quimby. 1972 Univers i ty Press of Virginia, Char lot tesvi l le

Fisher, Stanley W. 1974 Fine Porcelain <Jc Pottery. Galahad Books, New York

Garrow, Pa t r ick H . 1982 Achaeological Investigations on the Washington, D . C . C i v i c Center Site

Hi s to r i c Preservation Off ice , Department of Housing and Community Development, Washington, D.C.

Hume, Ivor Noe l 1978 A Guide to Ar t i f ac t s o f Colonial Amer i ca . Alf red A . Knopf , New York

K o v e l , Ralph M . <Jc Terry H . 1953 Dic t i ona ry of Marks - Pot tery 8c Porcelain. Crown Publishers, Inc., New

Y o r k

M i l l e r , George L . 1980 Classif icat ion 6c Economic Scaling of Nineteenth Cen tu ry Ceramics.

H i s to r i c a l Archaeology. Vol . 14 p. 1-40

South, Stanley 1977 Method 6c Theory in His tor ica l Archaeology. Academic Press,

New York

World Ceramics , A n Il lustrated History, edited by Robert 3. Char les ton . 1976 Cha r twe l l Books, Inc., Secaucus, New Jersey