Wireless Local Area Networks - adcommeng.comadcommeng.com/WLAN IWCE 20180226 4 x 3.pdf · Pop Quiz. How many Wireless LAN standards are there? a. ... WDS (Wireless Distribution

Bridging the Gap Between Operations and Technology

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Copyright 2018 ADCOMM Engineering Company

Wireless Local Area NetworksWhat you need to know

R. Scott Peabody, PEADCOMM Engineering

3/5/2018Page 1


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The Wireless LANs Space

3/5/2018Page 2

802.11ad

802.11a/ac802.11b/g/n

802.11ah

802.11af

WiGig

Wi-FiWi-Fi

HaLow

White-FiSuper-Fi


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5G projections

Billions and Billions

Page 3 3/5/2018

Wi-Fi

The total shipments of Wi-Fi devices surpassed fifteen billion in 2016. 4.9 Billion Wi-Fi devices were shipped in 2017.

2017: 7.55B World Population 2023: 8.0B

The number of smartphone users is forecasted to be 6.1 billion in 2020. In 2017, 2.6B (over one third) of the worlds population will own a smartphone.

LTE


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Wi-Fi: Two Things to Remember

1. Designed as Cable Alternative

2. Does not Understand IP

VS.

Seven Layer OSI Model

WiFi

Fixed - Limited Mobility!

3/5/2018Page 4


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Pop QuizHow many Wireless LAN standards are there?a. One : 802.11-2016b. Five: 802.11a/b/g/n/acc. Eight: 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/af/ahd. Thirty:

802.11a/b/c/d/e/g/h/i/j/k/m/n/p/r/s/u/w/x/y/z/aa/ac/ ad/ae/af/ah/ai/ax/ay

3/5/2018Page 5

a. There is only one official standard 802.11-2016. It incorporated all approved amendments as of November 2016 and replaced 802.11-2012 in December of 2016. The term standard is commonly used for the amendments which are designated by lower case letters.


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Wi-Fi Timeline

3/5/2018Page 6

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Dat

a R

ate

(Mbp

s)

Year

The Evolution of Wi-Fi

802.11(2Mbps)

802.11b(11Mbps)

802.11a,g(54Mbps)

802.11n(600Mbps)

802.11ac Wave 1(1.3Gbps)

433

150Mbps

150Mpbs

150Mbps

433

150Mbps

433

54Mbps

802.11ac Wave 2(3.5Gbps)

4 SS

2015

867


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802.11ac 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz chs. Many more bits per Hertz Multi-User MIMO

The Wi-Fi Path to Higher Speeds2.4 GHz 802.11b/g

20 MHz channel width 3 non-overlapping channels 802.11b: 11 Mbps 802.11g: 54 Mbps

5.8 GHz 802.11a

20 MHz channel width 20 non-overlapping channels More bits per Hertz 802.11a: 54 Mbps

3/5/2018Page 7

2.4 and 5.8 GHz 802.11n

20 or 40 MHz channels Still more bits per Hertz Up to 4 x 4 MIMO

5.8 GHz


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Channel Bonding

3/5/2018Page 8

802.11a

802.11n

802.11acWave 1

802.11acWave 2

20MHz

40MHz

80MHz

160MHz

802.11ad

2160MHz

More than 100 times more bandwidth

Channel bonding requires only one radio

802.11ah1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 MHz channels

902-928 MHz 150 kbps min. speed

Wi-Fi Alliance Certification in 2018

802.11af6 MHz channels

TV 2, 5, 6, 14-35 and 38-51 up to 26 Mbps

FCC grants use for 48 hours


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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

3/5/2018Page 9

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:QAM16_Demonstration.gif Chris Watts

16QAM

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:QAM16_Demonstration.gif


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Modulation and Range

3/5/2018Page 10

Modulation Bits PerformanceImprovement

LTE Wi-Fi wave

QPSK 2 -

16QAM 4 100%

64QAM 6 50%

256QAM 8 33%

1024QAM 10 25%

4096QAM 12 20%

Relative Range

867 780 520 260 65130

Single Channel Max. PHY Rate, Mbps (802.11ac)


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802.11ac Wave 1 vs. Wave 2

3/5/2018Page 11

Feature Wave 1 (2013) Wave 2 (2015)

PHY (link) Rate 1.3 Gbps 3.5 Gbps

Spatial Streams 3 4

Modulation 256QAM 256QAM

Channel Widths (MHz) 20,40,80 20,40,80,80+80,160

MIMO Single User Multi User

Wave 1 Timeline 2Q12 Chipsets Available 2Q13 Access Points Available 4Q13 802.11ac Ratified

Wave 2 Timeline 3Q14 Chipsets Available 2Q15 Access Points Available 2016 65% of all APs are

802.11ac capable


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What is MIMO?MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output 802.11n and 802.11ac can simultaneously use multiple

antennas Space-Time Block Coding (STBC): Sends outgoing data

redundantly through multiple antennas Spatial Multiplexing (SM): Split outgoing data into multiple

streams transmitted through multiple antennas Transmit Beamforming (TxBF): Directs an outgoing stream

toward the receiver to improve received signal strength

3/5/2018Page 12


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MIMO Antenna:Multiple Input Multiple Output

3/5/2018Page 13

1 1

SISO, 1X1

MISO, 2X1

11

2

SU-MIMO, 2X2

11

2 2

MU-MIMO

11

2 1

2

Base Portable

AccessPoint

Client orStation

Base

UE1

UE2


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Actual Field Results 2x2 MIMO

3/5/2018Page 14

Distance: 2.1 miles

TX/RX Rate: 130Mbps/117Mbps


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Multi User MIMO Wave 2

3/5/2018Page 15

MU-MIMO: Access Point feature only Reduces air link contention (switches reduce bus contention) Packets are queued and prioritized

1 SS

Multi User Frame

STA 3 (voice)

STA 2 (video)

STA 1 (data) STA 1 (data)

Up to 4 user devices


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Beam Steering and Beamforming

3/5/2018Page 16

Spatial Stream (SS)

Antenna Array

Steered SS

Benefit: Improves mid-range signal and

lowers interference for faster data rates


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Choices, Choices, Choices

Different types of Stations Different sources of power Different antennas Many vendors

3/5/2018Page 17


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Different Types of StationsMost Common Access Points base station for

the WLAN Connects to Ethernet and

WLAN Either contains a router or

connects to a router Client (sometimes called a Station)

Mobile: Notebook PC, Smartphone

Fixed: Printer, Desktop PC

Other Bridge Access Point

communicating with another access point and no clients

Repeater Base station without Ethernet connection

WDS (Wireless Distribution System) Base station acting as repeater and access point for clients at the same time

3/5/2018Page 18


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Different Sources of Power

3/5/2018Page 19

Power over Ethernet (PoE)

LocationEndspan: Midspan:

Remember Ethernet distance limit (100 m, 330 ft)

PowerSourcingEquipment(PSE)

PoweredDevice(PD)

Standard802.3af802.3at802.3bt

Max. Power15.4 W30.0 W60.0 W

Max. Power12.9 W25.5 W51.0 W

NamePoEPoE +4 pair PoE

Mode A uses data pairsMode B uses spare pairs4 pairs uses all pairs

Mode A or B determined by PSEMode A or B determined by PSEMode A and B

Wires 3/6 or 4/5

Wires 1/2 or 7/8

+

-

Switch/Router PoE Injector


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Different Types of Antennas

Omnidirectional: lower gain, 360 pattern Directional sector: higher gain, 90 or 120

pattern Directional dish: highest gain, narrow beam Beamforming array: dynamic pattern Tracking antenna: directional antenna with a

GPS based controller and positioner

3/5/2018Page 20


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Tracking Antenna and Radio

3/5/2018Page 21


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Different Cables and Connectors

Speed

CableSelection

Distance

EnvironmentAvailability

Cost

3/5/2018Page 22

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HgRrGONy-4Fs7M&tbnid=QCIxEKebQROWuM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sky-chaser.com/picnic03.htm&ei=_FzgUr2XAoT4kQfChYHIBg&bvm=bv.59568121,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGiCl44uCOVHn8ob16NyfvaF-26LQ&ust=1390521920193398http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HgRrGONy-4Fs7M&tbnid=QCIxEKebQROWuM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sky-chaser.com/picnic03.htm&ei=_FzgUr2XAoT4kQfChYHIBg&bvm=bv.59568121,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGiCl44uCOVHn8ob16NyfvaF-26LQ&ust=1390521920193398


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Speed and Distance

Speed [Mbits/s] Distance [m] Name Cable10 100 10BASE-T Cat 5

100 100 100BASE-TX Cat 51000 100 1000BASE-T Cat 5e

10 000 60 10GBASE-T Cat 610 000 100 10GBASE-T Cat 6a40 000 100 40GBASE-T Cat 8

Copper

Fiber Optic

Speed [Mbits/s]Multimode

Distance [m]Single-Mode Distance [m]

100 2000 40 0001000 1000 100 000

10 000 550 40 000

Page 23 3/5/2018

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=blbI2XdunqZORM&tbnid=WY_fQxD-rTg6CM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cable&ei=La7pUqeJEYHfoATLyYGoCw&bvm=bv.60444564,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNGW6RPWD3FJFd2XXJ7xakMnieTFZw&ust=1391132544204255http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=8WI8z3calQcusM&tbnid=YM6rRZBGqorwRM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://www.showmecables.com/product/SC-ST-50-125-Multimode-Duplex-Fiber-Patch-Cable-5-Meter.aspx&ei=hbDpUrTHOZH1oATi4YKwAQ&psig=AFQjCNH8UAdYoLM_xvd-TNEh840k6O5AFQ&ust=1391133189979791


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Environments

Office Industrial OutdoorManufacturing

More Complex

Environmental Factors

Marine

Less Complex

Page 24 3/5/2018

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HgRrGONy-4Fs7M&tbnid=QCIxEKebQROWuM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sky-chaser.com/picnic03.htm&ei=_FzgUr2XAoT4kQfChYHIBg&bvm=bv.59568121,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGiCl44uCOVHn8ob16NyfvaF-26LQ&ust=1390521920193398http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HgRrGONy-4Fs7M&tbnid=QCIxEKebQROWuM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sky-chaser.com/picnic03.htm&ei=_FzgUr2XAoT4kQfChYHIBg&bvm=bv.59568121,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGiCl44uCOVHn8ob16NyfvaF-26LQ&ust=1390521920193398


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Ethernet Cable Shields

Old Name New Name Cable Shield Pair ShieldUTP U/UTP None NoneFTP U/FTP None FoilFTP F/UTP Foil NoneFTP F/FTP Foil FoilSTP S/UTP Braid NoneSTP SF/UTP Foil and Braid NoneSTP S/FTP Braid Foil

TP - Twisted PairU - UnshieldedF - Shielded with Foil or Foil with Drain WireS - Shielded with Braid

Why do we shield cable? Electromagnetic Interference

(EMI) Radio Frequency Interference

(RFI) Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

Page 25 3/5/2018


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Ethernet Cable Jackets

Fire Rating Cable Marking Uses Permitted Substitutions Characteristics

Plenum CMPCommercial building air handling spaces

Fire-resistant, low smoke producing

Riser CMR Commercial building risers CMPFire-resistant, prevents carrying fire from floor to floor

General Purpose CMG, CM

Patch cords, workstations CMP, CMR

Resistant to spread of fire

Residential CMX Dwellings CMP, CMR, CMG, CM Resistant to flame spread

Unrated None Outdoor, direct burial, UV rated

Page 26 3/5/2018


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Ethernet ConnectorsUnshielded

RJ45 Plug EZ-RJ45 Plug

Internal Ground External Ground

CrimpersShielded

Page 27 3/5/2018

Cat 6A Plug

Cat 6A

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=QISf2KUIMYVK0M&tbnid=xlsOAnPkAe67UM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.platinumtools.com/products/100022.php&ei=yPPpUtuHHMbioATt9YGoCA&bvm=bv.60444564,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNGO4OzCbVK7YaTtKC9wNOIlzYDEXQ&ust=1391150351874572http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Aa0j6CseQBJISM&tbnid=4jRlm-Pme_UevM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.electriduct.com/Network-Connectors.html&ei=jPHpUsCrFYvnoASTxYD4BQ&bvm=bv.60444564,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNGHEwBso7KyQfmrSrz70WGKP0Brvw&ust=1391149798835049http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GAMynd8nt-NDWM&tbnid=luZZPfnyRWRyTM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.ak47.net/archive/topic.html?b%3D1%26f%3D5%26t%3D1518018&ei=9_HpUpjnNM3ZoATk4IDYBQ&bvm=bv.60444564,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNGHEwBso7KyQfmrSrz70WGKP0Brvw&ust=1391149798835049http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=AuUCFgK6Xate4M&tbnid=WcLODVOBUFuVFM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.homecontrols.com/Platinum-Tools-Shielded-EZ-RJ45-Cat5e-Connectors-PL10002&ei=wvLpUtq-CoyEogTP64KACQ&bvm=bv.60444564,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNGHEwBso7KyQfmrSrz70WGKP0Brvw&ust=1391149798835049


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Many Vendors

Enterprise Aerohive Networks, Aruba Networks, Cisco,

Entersys, Hewlett-Packard, Juniper Networks, Meraki, Meru Networks, Motorola Solutions, Ruckus Wireless

Outdoor/Wireless Internet Service Providers EnGenius, InscopeData, MikroTik, Pepwave,

Ubiquiti

Devices dont always interoperate

3/5/2018Page 28


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Lets Implement a System

Enterprise: Point to Multipoint Channel Re-use

Outdoor Point to Multipoint Point to Point

3/5/2018Page 29


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Enterprise

Point to Multipoint Many omnidirectional access points require

frequency planning

3/5/2018Page 30

7-to-1 Reuse pattern for 5GHz using 20MHz channels

3-to-1 Reuse pattern for 2GHz using 20MHz channels


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Outdoor Point to Multipoint

3/5/2018Page 31

DirectionalAccess Points

2.4GHz 5.8GHz


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Outdoor Point to Point

Roof mount Small inexpensive radio and antenna unit

3/5/2018Page 32


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WLAN: Another Threat to Security Security Measures

Hide SSID MAC ID filtering Static ip addressing

802.11 Encryption

3/5/2018Page 33

WEP (Wireless Encryption Protocol) Obsolete, dont use it

WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) Disables speeds above 54Mbps in 802.11n

WPA2 (WPA version 2) Recommended

WPA and WPA2 have two modes: Personal Requires Pre-Shared Key (PSK) Enterprise Requires Radius Server


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IP Performance Testing

3/5/2018Page 34

Our network is slow and we think its the wireless link. Maybe the dishes need to be aligned after the storm.

County NetworkSwitch Switch

0.7 miles

Problem: You designed and constructed the wireless links. How do you prove the link isnt the problem?

Case Study

Solution: Perform IP Performance Tests of the wireless paths.

Resolution: Replace switches; they were not switching so all County traffic was traversing the wireless link.


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IP Performance Testing

3/5/2018Page 35

Master Slave (loopback)

Network Under Test

RFC2544 ITU Y.1564

Origin Benchmarking network devices Provisioning services

Tests Throughput, Latency, Frame Loss,Burstability

Committed Information Rate (CIR), Excess Information Rate (EIR), Frame Transfer Delay (FTD), Frame Delay Variability (FDV), Frame Loss Ratio (FLR), Committed Burst Size (CBS), Excess Burst Size (EBS), Availability (AVAIL)

Advantages Easy setup, More industry experience Services and attributes are measured e.g. MPLS, CIR

Disadvantages No jitter test, long duration, cannot verify services and attributes

More difficult setup based on service and threshold

Service Outage Yes No


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Wi-Fi: Two Things to Remember

1. Designed as Cable Alternative

2. Does not Understand IP

VS.

Seven Layer OSI Model

WiFi

Fixed - Limited Mobility!

3/5/2018Page 36


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Questions?

Thank you!

R. Scott Peabody, [email protected]

3/5/2018Page 37

mailto:[email protected]


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Markets

Modems or Routers

Cellular Connections

3/5/2018Page 38

2G, 3G, LTE

Cellular Connectivity

Products


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3/5/2018Page 39

Modems or Routers

Markets/Applications

2G, 3G, LTE


Products

Products Based Approach

Products

Modems or Routers


2G, 3G, LTE


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3/5/2018Page 40

Modems or Routers


2G, 3G, LTE


Products


Products

Modems or Routers


2G, 3G, LTE

Markets Based Approach


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Cellular Routers and ModemsWhat you need to know

R. Scott Peabody, PEADCOMM Engineering

3/5/2018Page 41


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Cellular IP Connections

3/5/2018Page 42

Modems or Routers


3G & LTE


Products


Products

Modems or Routers


3G & LTE

Markets Based Approach


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Growing Markets

3/5/2018Page 43

Products

Modems or Routers


2G, 3G, LTE

Traditional markets: Alternative Connections for Wi-Fi and WAN Out of Band Management of Devices Telemetry/Control

New Markets

Internet of Things Mobile Branch Office


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Growing Markets

3/5/2018Page 44

Markets

Mobile

IoTBranchOffice


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Modems vs. RoutersCellular Modem Adds cellular data

capabilities to a single device i.e. PC

Requires external software for connection and security

Powered by external source

Cellular Routers Provides router capabilities

with Wide Area Network (WAN) connections via cellular data

Contains a cellular modem May contain Wi-Fi Supports multiple devices,

security protocols, traffic shaping, etc.

3/5/2018Page 45

Modems or Routers


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3G & LTE

Choose service provider and rate plan based on coverage, device/application, and bandwidth

FirstNet (AT&T) devices are becoming available if requested

3/5/2018Page 46

3G & LTE

Carrier ShutdownAT&T 2016Verizon 2019T-Mobile 2020Sprint 2021

2G is Shutting Down

System Broadband IoT2G 100 kbps -3G 1 Mbps -4G (LTE) 10 Mbps 100 kbps5G 100 Mbps 100 kbps

Comparison of Data Rates

Sheet1

SystemBroadbandIoT

2G100 kbps-

3G1 Mbps-

4G (LTE)10 Mbps100 kbps

5G100 Mbps100 kbps

CarrierShutdown

AT&T2016

Verizon2019

T-Mobile2020

Sprint2021

Sheet2

Sheet3

Sheet1

SystemBroadbandIoT

2G100 kbps-

3G1 Mbps-

4G (LTE)10 Mbps100 kbps

5G100 Mbps100 kbps

Sheet2

Sheet3


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Cellular Routers Products

Plus another 10-12 manufacturers of industrial cellular routers

3/5/2018Page 47

Products

2008 Sierra Wireless ends acquisition of Cradlepoint

January 2018 Digi acquires Accelerated


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Cellular Routers Products

3/5/2018Page 48

Products


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Questions?

Thank you!

R. Scott Peabody, [email protected]

3/5/2018Page 49

mailto:[email protected]

Wireless Local Area NetworksWhat you need to knowThe Wireless LANs SpaceBillions and BillionsWi-Fi: Two Things to Remember Pop QuizWi-Fi TimelineThe Wi-Fi Path to Higher SpeedsChannel BondingQuadrature Amplitude ModulationModulation and Range802.11ac Wave 1 vs. Wave 2What is MIMO?MIMO Antenna:Multiple Input Multiple OutputActual Field Results 2x2 MIMOMulti User MIMO Wave 2Beam Steering and BeamformingChoices, Choices, ChoicesDifferent Types of StationsDifferent Sources of PowerDifferent Types of AntennasTracking Antenna and RadioDifferent Cables and ConnectorsSpeed and DistanceEnvironmentsEthernet Cable ShieldsEthernet Cable JacketsEthernet ConnectorsMany VendorsLets Implement a SystemEnterprise Outdoor Point to MultipointOutdoor Point to PointWLAN: Another Threat to SecurityIP Performance TestingIP Performance TestingWi-Fi: Two Things to RememberQuestions?Cellular ConnectionsCellular ConnectionsCellular ConnectionsCellular Routers and ModemsWhat you need to knowCellular IP ConnectionsGrowing MarketsGrowing MarketsModems vs. Routers3G & LTECellular Routers ProductsCellular Routers ProductsQuestions?

Documents

Wireless Local Area Networks - adcommeng.comadcommeng.com/WLAN IWCE 20180226 4 x 3.pdf · Pop Quiz. How many Wireless LAN standards are there? a. ... WDS (Wireless Distribution