Wireless in.doc 1

8/3/2019 Wireless in.doc 1

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A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

Wireless Technology

Under the guidance of

(Department of Computer Application)

Amrapali Institute of Management and

Computer Application

Submitted To:

Submitted By:

Shyam Singh

Department of computer

Application

1


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Introduction

Wirelesstelecommunications is the transfer of information between two or more points thatare not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television

remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio

communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios,

cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other

examples ofwireless technology include GPS units, Garage door openers or garage doors,

wireless computer mice, keyboards and Headset (telephone/computer), headphones, radio

receivers,satellite television,broadcast television and cordlesstelephones.

Wireless operations permits services, such as long range communications, that are impossible

or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the

telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmittersand receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some

form of energy (e.g. radio frequency (RF),acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information

without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long

distances.

Wireless services

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section

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Telemetry control and traffic control systems

Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices

Modulated laser light systems for point to point communications

Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) and SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio)

typically used by business, industrial and Public Safety entities. Consumer Two way radio including FRS Family Radio Service, GMRS (General

Mobile Radio Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios.

The Amateur RadioService (Ham radio).

Consumer and professional Marine VHF radios.

Air band and radio navigation equipment used by aviators and air traffic control

Cellular telephones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile

applications, both personal and business.

Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats

and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.

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Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards

and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless using technology such as

Wireless USBorBluetooth

Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell

phones.

Satellite television: Is broadcast from satellites in geostationary orbit. Typical servicesuse direct broadcast satellite to provide multipletelevisionchannels to viewers.

Wireless networks

Wireless networking (i.e. the various types of unlicensed 2.4 GHz WiFi devices) is used to

meet many needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect laptop users who travel from

location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks that connect via satellite. A

wireless transmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN segment that must

frequently change locations. The following situations justify the use of wireless technology:

To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling,

To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure,

To link portable or temporary workstations,

To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or

To remotely connect mobile users or networks.

Modes

radio frequency communication,

microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly

directional antennas, or short-range communication,

Infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from consumer IRdevices

such as remote controls or via Infrared Data Association (IrDA).

Applications may involvepoint-to-point communication,point-to-multipoint communication,

broadcasting,cellular networksand otherwireless networks.

Cordless

The term "wireless" should not be confused with the term "cordless", which is generally used

to refer to powered electrical or electronic devices that are able to operate from a portablepower source (e.g. a battery pack) without any cable or cord to limit the mobility of the

cordless device through a connection to the mains power supply.

Some cordless devices, such as cordless telephones, are also wireless in the sense that

information is transferred from the cordless telephone to the telephone's base unit via some

type of wireless communications link. This has caused some disparity in the usage of the

term "cordless", for example in Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications.

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History

Photo phone

The world's first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when Alexander GrahamBell and Charles Sumner Tainted invented and patented the photo phone, a telephone that

conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams (which are narrow

projections ofelectromagnetic waves). In that distant era when utilities did not yet exist to

provide electricity, and lasershad not even been conceived of in science fiction, there were

no practical applications for their invention, which was highly limited by the availability of

both sunlight and good weather. Similar to free space optical communication, the photo

phone also required a clear line of sight between its transmitter and its receiver. It would be

several decades before the photo phones principles found their first practical applications in

military communicationsand later in fiber-optic communications.

Early wireless work

David E. Hughes, eight years before Hertz's experiments, transmitted radio signals over a few

hundred yards by means of a clockwork keyed transmitter. As this was before Maxwell's

work was understood, Hughes' contemporaries dismissed his achievement as mere

"Induction". In 1885, T. A. Edison used a vibrator magnet for induction transmission. In

1888, Edison deployed a system of signaling on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. In 1891, Edison

obtained the wireless patent for this method using inductance (U.S. Patent 465,971).

In the history of wireless technology, the demonstration of the theory ofelectromagnetic

waves by Heinrich Hertz in 1888 was important.

[2][3]

The theory of electromagnetic waveswas predicted from the research ofJames Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday. Hertz

demonstrated that electromagnetic waves could be transmitted and caused to travel through

space at straight lines and that they were able to be received by an experimental apparatus.

The experiments were not followed up by Hertz. Jag dish Chandra Bose around this time

developed an early wireless detection device and helped increase the knowledge of millimeter

length electromagnetic waves. Practical applications of wireless radio communication and

radio remote control technology were implemented by later inventors, such asNikola Tesla.

Radio

The term "wireless" came into public use to refer to a radio receiver or transceiver (a dual

purpose receiver and transmitter device), establishing its usage in the field of wireless

telegraphy early on; now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in

cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet. It is also used in a general sense to refer to

any type of operation that is implemented without the use of wires, such as "wireless remote

control" or "wireless energy transfer", regardless of the specific technology (e.g. radio,

infrared, ultrasonic) used. Guglielmo Marconiand Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the

1909Nobel Prize for Physics for their contribution to wireless telegraphy.

Electromagnetic spectrum4
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Light, colors, AM and FM radio and electronic devices make use of the electromagnetic

spectrum. The frequencies of the radio spectrum that are available for use for communication

are treated as a public resource and are regulated by national organizations such as the

Federal Communications Commission in the USA, orOccam in the United Kingdom. This

determines which frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the

absence of such control or alternative arrangements such as a privatized electromagneticspectrum, chaos might result if, for example, airlines didn't have specific frequencies to work

under and an amateur radio operator were interfering with the pilot's ability to land an

aircraft. Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz.

Applications of wireless technology

Mobile telephones

One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a

cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of theend of 2010. These wireless phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone calls

from many locations worldwide. They can be used within range of the mobile telephone site

used to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these

instruments.

Wireless data communications

Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing. The variousavailable technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance, and in

some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch

between them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be

used, or a mobile VPNdeployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual

network. Supporting technologies include:

Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to

connect easily to the Internet. Standardized as IEEE 802.11Wi-Fi approaches speeds

of some types of wired Ethernet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in

private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. Some businesses charge

customers a monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it for free in aneffort to increase the sales of their goods.

Cellular data service offers effective coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from

the nearest cell site. Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier

technologies such as GSM, CDMAand GPRS, to 3Gnetworks such as W-CDMA,

EDGE orCDMA2000.

Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are

unavailable, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations. Satellite

communicationsare especially important fortransportation,aviation, maritimeand

military use.

Wireless energy transfer

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Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power

source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of

interconnecting wires.

Computer interface devices

Answering the call of customers frustrated with cord clutter, many manufactures of computer

peripherals turned to wireless technology to satisfy their consumer base. Originally these

units used bulky, highly limited transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard

and mouse, however more recent generations have used small, high quality devices, some

even incorporating Bluetooth. These systems have become so ubiquitous that some users

have begun complaining about a lack of wired peripherals. Wireless devices tend to have a

slightly slower response time than their wired counterparts, however the gap is decreasing.

Initial concerns about the security of wireless keyboards have also been addressed with the

maturation of the technology

What is Wireless Application Protocol?

The Wireless Application Protocol, often abbreviated to WAP, is the open-source

international standard communication environment for wireless devices. WAP is typically

accessed via mobile phones or Internet-connected Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). WAP

web browsers read Wireless Markup Language (WML) web documents, which are specially

programmed for use with mobile cellular devices. WAP was a huge breakthrough in mobile

data technology.

1. History of WAPo

o In 1997 the WAP Forum, now a member of the Open Mobile Alliance

(OMA), planned to restructure and standardize different mobile technologies.

The first version of WAP was released in 1998, outlining software for mobile

Internet. In 2000, WAP Push, added to the feature list allowed WAP addresses

to be transmitted across the SMS and GPRS phone networks. WAP 2.0,

released in 2002, remains the de facto standard for WAP technology.

Technical WAP Protocol Suite Breakdown

There are six parts that combine to make the WAP protocol suite: Wireless

Application Environment (WAE), Wireless Session Protocol (WSP), Wireless

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Transaction Protocol (WTP), Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS), Wireless

Datagram Protocol (WDP) and the wireless network itself.

The Success of WAP

In Europe during the late 1990's, with WAP first introduced, the mobile phone

network signals were very slow and so many users did not take advantage of the

technology. During the mid-2000's, however, WAP saw a resurgence in Europe,

especially in the UK. The US also saw WAP suffer as cellular providers charged

additionally for the WAP service and data transfer.

The Failure of WAP

WAP required a specialized programming language, WML, to display web pages, as

opposed to the Internet HTML standard. Many mobile phones differed in their

handling of WAP, as there were no standardized requirements or features formanufacturers to implement. There was also a lack of support from many software

developers for many years.

Wireless Markup Language (WML)

Websites designed for WAP browsing are programmed using the Wireless Markup

Language (WML). WML is based on, and acts very similarly to, Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML), although it optimizes performance for devices with slower

connections and limited screen display sizes. WML was not implemented into much

web development software until the mid-2000.

Wireless Application Protocol

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a technical standard for accessing information

over a mobile wireless network. A WAP browser is a web browserformobile devicessuch as

mobile phones(called "cellular phones" in some countries) that uses the protocol.

Before the introduction of WAP, mobile service providers had limited opportunities to offer

interactive data services, but needed interactivity to support Internet and Web applicationssuch as:

Emailby mobile phone

Tracking of stock-market prices

Sports results

News headlines

Music downloads

Technical specifications

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The WAP standard described a protocol suite allowing the interoperability of WAPequipment and software with different network technologies, such as GSM andIS-95 (also known as CDMA).

The bottom-most protocol in the suite, the WAP Datagram Protocol (WDP), functions as anadaptation layer that makes every data network look a bit like UDP to the upper layers by

providing unreliable transport of data with two 16-bit port numbers (origin and destination).

All the upper layers view WDP as one and the same protocol, which has several "technical

realizations" on top of other "data bearers" such as SMS, USSD, etc. On native IP bearers

such as GPRS, UMTS packet-radio service, or PPP on top of a circuit-switched data

connection, WDP is in fact exactly UDP.

WTLS, an optional layer, provides a public-key cryptography-based security mechanism

similar to TLS.

WTP provides transaction support (reliable request/response) adapted to the wireless world.

WTP supports more effectively than TCP the problem of packet loss, which occurs

commonly in 2G wireless technologies in most radio conditions, but is misinterpreted by

TCP as network congestion.

Finally, one can think ofWSP initially as a compressed version ofHTTP.

This protocol suite allows a terminal to transmit requests that have an HTTP or HTTPS

equivalent to a WAP gateway; the gateway translates requests into plain HTTP.

Wireless Application Environment (WAE)

The Wireless Application Environment (WAE) is the top most level in the Wireless

Application Protocol (WAP) suite, which combines both the WWW and Mobile Telephony

technologies. WAE provides the operators and service providers an interoperable

environment on which they can build applications and services for handheld client devices.

WAE includes the micro-browser that contains functionality for using not only WML and

WML Script as previously stated, but also Wireless Telephony Application, namely WTA

and WTAI -- telephony services and programming interfaces as well as content formats

including well-defined data formats, images, phone book records and calendar information..

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Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)

Wireless Session Protocol (WSP) is an open standard for maintaining high level session.

Wireless session is nothing but a normal Web browsing session that starts when the user

connects to one URL and ends when the user leaves that URL. By establishing the session

means that the session wide properties need only to be defined once at the beginning of thesession. This has the benefit of saving bandwidth due to the nature of the wireless

communication. The session establishing process will not have lengthy hand shaking

mechanisms.

WSP is based on HTTP with few enhancements. WSP provides the upper-level application

layerof WAP with a consistent interface for two session services. The first is a connection-

oriented service that operates above a transaction layer protocol WTP and the second is a

connectionless service that operates above a secure or non-secure datagram transport service.

Therefore, WSP exists for two reasons. First, in the connection-mode it enhances the HTTP

1.1's performance over wireless environment. Second, it provides a session layerso the whole

WAP environment resembles ISO OSI Reference Model.

Wireless transaction protocol

The Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP), a protocol in the Wireless Application Protocol

(WAP) suite, operates efficiently over either secure or non-secure wireless datagram

networks. It provides three different kinds of transaction services, namely, unreliable one-

way, reliable one-way and reliable two-way transactions. This layer also includes optional

user-to-user reliability by triggering the confirmation of each received message. To reducethe number of messages sent, the feature of delaying acknowledgements can be

Wireless Transport Layer Security

Wireless Transport Layer Security. WTLS is the security layer of the WAP, providingprivacy, data integrity and authentication for WAP services. WTLS, designed specifically for

the wireless environment, is needed because the client and the servermust be authenticated in

order for wireless transactions to remain secure and because the connection needs to be

encrypted. For example, a user making a transaction with a bank over a wireless device needs

to know that the connection is secure and private and not subject to a security breach duringtransfer (sometimes referred to as a man-in-the-middle attack). WTLS is needed because

mobile networks do not provide complete end-to-end security.

WTLS is based on the widely used TLS v1.0 security layer used in Internet. Because of the

nature of wireless transmissions, modifications were made to the TLS v1.0 in order to

accommodate for wireless' low bandwidth, datagram connection, limited processing power

and memory capacity, and cryptography exporting restrictions.

Wireless Datagram Protocol

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Wireless Datagram Protocol defines the movement of information from receiver to the

sender and resembles the User Datagram Protocol in the Internet protocol suite.

The Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP), a protocol in WAP architecture, covers the

Transport Layer Protocols in the Internet model. As a general transport service, WDP offers

to the upper layers an invisible interface independent of the underlying network technologyused. In consequence of the interface common to transport protocols, the upper layer

protocols of the WAP architecture can operate independent of the underlying wireless

network. By letting only the transport layer deal with physical network-dependent issues,

global interoperability can be acquired using mediating gateways

Protocol design lessons from WAP

The original WAP model provided a simple platform for access to web-like WML servicesand e-mail using mobile phones in Europe and the SE Asian regions. As of 2009 it continues

with a considerable user base. The later versions of WAP, primarily targeting the United

States market, were designed for a different requirement - to enable full web XHTML access

using mobile devices with a higher specification and cost, and with a higher degree of

software complexity.

Considerable discussion has addressed the question whether the WAP protocol design was

appropriate. Some have suggested that the bandwidth-sparing simple interface ofGopher

would be a better match for mobile phones and Personal digital assistants (PDAs).

The initial design of WAP specifically aimed at protocol independence across a range ofdifferent protocols (SMS, IP overPPP over a circuit switched bearer, IP over GPRS, etc.).

This has led to a protocol considerably more complex than an approach directly over IP

might have caused.

Most controversial, especially for many from the IP side, was the design of WAP over IP.

WAP's transmission layer protocol, WTP, uses its own retransmission mechanisms overUDP

to attempt to solve the problem of the inadequacy of TCP over

IP Wireless System Advantages

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IP Wireless Services for Small and MediumBusinesses

The small to medium business (SMB) customer requires services that range from typical

Internet data

access to business voice services. Most small businesses today have separate voice and data

access lines.Almost all SMB customers use native IP in their networks. Voice access lines are typically

analog POTS

lines or key telephone system (KTS) trunks. As businesses grow, they may require a digital

T1 trunk for

their private branch exchange (PBX). Data access is typically anything from dial to ISDN,

fractional T1

Frame Relay, and potentially up to a dedicated leased line T1 service . SMB access technologies include these:

Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)

KTS trunks Digital T1 PBX trunks Internet data access (Fast Ethernet)

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SMB service technologies include these: Internet access (IP service) Intranet access (VPN) Voice services (VoIP) Videoconferencing

- Service-level agreements for guaranteed data rates

Residential access offerings include these: POTS Internet data access

Residential service offerings include these: Internet access (IP service) Intranet access Voice services (VoIP)

-Videoconferencing

IP Point-to-Multipoint Architecture

Thepoint-to-multipoint (P2MP) system consists of a hub, or head end (HE), or a base station

(BS),1

which serves several sectors in the cell. Each sector consists of one radio communicatingwith many

customers.

The head end is an outdoor unit, or transverter, connected to a wireless modem card inside a

Cisco

UBR7246 or 7223 router.

At the customers premises is another transverter, which is connected to a wireless network

module in a

router.

Cisco P2MP objectives are these:

Integrated end-to-end solution (one box, one management and provisioning platform) Complete multiservice offering (Voice over IP, data, Video over IP) Scalability and flexibility (scalable head end and CPE offerings) Enabled for non-line-of-sight (substantially better coverage)Native IP packet transport Part of an overall standards-based strategy to provide many Cisco hosts and manyfrequency bands

on a global basis

The shared-bandwidth, or multipoint, product delivers 1 to 22 Mbps aggregate full-duplex,

shared-bandwidth, P2MP fixed-site data in the MMDS band for both residential and small

business

applications, as shown in Figure 20-9.

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The P2MP wireless router will be an integrated solution. At the base station (or head end, or

hub), it will

consist of a base universal router (UBR 7246 or UBR7223), a wireless modem card, an

outdoor unit

(ODU) for the appropriate frequency band, cables, and antenna subsystems, as shown in

Figure 20-10.At the small business customer premises, the system consists of a network module in a 3600-

family

router, with an outdoor unit (ODU) and antenna. This CPE equipment is simpler and,

therefore, less

expensive than the head end (HE) equipment. The 3600 family has a wide variety of

interfaces to match

all types of customer equipment.

At the SOHO or telecommuter customer premises, the system consists of a network module

in a 2600-

or 900-family router, with an outdoor unit (ODU) and an antenna. This CPE equipment is

simpler and,therefore, less expensive than the head end (HE) equipment. The 2600 and 900 families have

a wide

variety of interfaces to match all types of customer equipment.

Wireless Protocol Stack

The access wireless architecture consists of a base station system that serves a community of

subscribersystems. It is a point-to-multipoint architecture in the sense that the entire bandwidth on the

upstream

and downstream is shared among all the subscribers. The protocol stack implemented to

make all this

work is based on the DOCSIS standards developed by the Cable Labs consortium.

The current state of the art is the version by Cisco that includes a base station end (a

UBR7200 router);

the subscriber end is in the 3600 or a 900 router series. The base station end and the

subscriber end

operate as forwarding agents and also as end systems (hosts). As forwarding agents, these

systems can

also operate in bridging or routing mode. The principal function of the wireless system is to

transmit

Internet Protocol (IP) packets transparently between the base station and the subscriber

location. Certain

management functions also ride on IP that include, for example, spectrum management

functions and

the software downloading.

Both the subscriber end and the base station end of the wireless link are IP hosts on a

network, as shown

in Figure 20-16, and they fully support standard IP and Logical Link Control (LLC)protocols, as defined

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by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee standards. The IP and Address Resolution

Protocol

(ARP) protocols are supported over DIX and SNAP link layer framing. The minimum link

layer

minimum transmission unit (MTU) on transmit from the base station is 64 bytes; there is no

such limitfor the subscriber end. IEEE 802.2 support for TEST and XID messages is provided.

The primary function of the wireless system is to forward packets. As such, data forwarding

through the

base station consists of transparent bridging or network layer forwarding such as routing and

IP

switching. Data forwarding through the subscriber system is link layer transparent bridging as

with

Layer 3 routing based on IP. Forwarding rules are similar to [ISO/IEC10038], with

modifications as

described in DOCSIS specifications Section 3.1.2.2 and Section 3.1.2.3. Both the base station

end andthe subscriber end support DOCSIS-modified spanning-tree protocols and include the

capability to filter

802.1d bridge PDUs (BPDUs). The DOCSIS specification also assumes that the subscriber

units will not

be connected in a configuration that would create network loops.

Both the base station end and the subscriber end provide full support for Internet Group

Management

Protocol (IGMP) multicasting.

Above the network layer, the subscribers or end users can use the transparent IP capability as

a bearer

for higher-layer services. Use of these services will be transparent to the subscriber end and

the base

station end.

In addition to the transport of user data, several network management and operation

capabilities are

supported by the base station end and the subscriber end:

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), [RFC-1157], for network management Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), [RFC-1350], a file transfer protocol, fordownloading

software and configuration information, as modified by RFC 2349, TFTP Timeout Interval

andTransfer Size Options [RFC-2349]

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), [RFC-2131], a framework for passingconfiguration

information to hosts on a TCP/IP network

Time of Day Protocol [RFC-868], to obtain the time of day

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Documents

Wireless in.doc 1