Wireless Automobile Monitoring System

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Wireless Automobile Monitoring System

Department of ECE, PESIT 1

Wireless Automobile

Monitoring System

[Vaibhav Tiwari, Tejaswini, Shiva Kumar, Tanuj ]


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INTRODUCTION


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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. General Introduction :

In this project, we present a wireless automobile monitoring system using signals

transmitted by Zigbee, which is provided with lower power consumption, small volume,

high expansion, stylization and two way transmission, etc. Zigbee is generally used for

home care, digital home control, and industrial and security control. We have developed

an automobile monitoring system by Zigbee characteristic, which has embedded three

sensors, a temperature sensor, a float switch sensor and a water sensor to send signals to

the actuators present at the receiver to carry out the required action based on the signals

received from the transmitter of our automobile monitoring system. An LCD screen

displays the temperature within the car and indicates the fuel level. The automobile

monitoring system finds its application in cars and buses, by making the system wireless

we reduce the complexity of connecting more wires as the number of sensors increase.

1.2. Statement of Study:

The aim of the project is to design a system which can be used for the purpose of

controlling and monitoring the devicesin automobiles like fuel level, temperature, and air

conditioning.

1.3. Objectives of the study

The main objective of selecting this project is to gain knowledge and experience in

developing a real time application. Apart from this, to gain the knowledge of ATmega32

microcontroller, Zigbee technology and the way in which these can be used for this

system. ATmega32 is a popular microcontroller. There are number of AVR applications.

Microcontroller can be programmed to run only one specific application. It can be

programmed to accomplish the specific job faster. Zigbee was created to address the

market need for a cost-effective, standards-based wireless networking solution that


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supports low data-rates; low-power consumption-users expect battery to last months to

years, security, and reliability. ZigBee is the only standards-based technology that

addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring and control and sensory network

applications.

1.4 Methodology

Software Process:

The software process is the set of activities and associated results, which produced a

software product.

Example: Waterfall process model, Spiral model and Evolutionary model.

The Waterfall process model has been followed for the development of this project.

This model is the one of the best process models. There are several variations of this

model.

This process is best only when all the requirements are known in advance. This process is

easy to understand by system developers as well as users. And this process model is more

visible, as it produces deliverables at the end of end phase.

Visibility is one of the process characteristics that are looked for by project managers

while selecting a process model for any project.

Figure 1.1 Waterfall process model

Implementation

Testing

Design

Analysis


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The waterfall process model has five phases. They are as given below:

(1) Analysis

The systems services, constraints and goals are established by consultation with systemusers.

(2) Design

The systems design process partitions the requirements to either hardware or software

systems. It establishes overall system architecture. Software design involves representing

the software system functions in a form that may be transformed into one or more

executable programs.

(3) Implementation

During this stage, the software design is realized as a set of programs or program units.

(4) Testing

The individual program units or programs are tested. Then they are integrated and tested

as a complete system to ensure that the software requirements have been met. After

testing, the software system is delivered to the customer.


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DESIGN

CONSIDERATIONS


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Chapter 2

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

2.1. Block Diagram:

Transmitter Receiver

Figure 2.1 Block diagram of proposed system

ATMEGA32 ATMEGA32

POWER SUPPLY

WINDOW

SWITCH

BUTTONS

AC Control

Relays

LCD

TEMPERATURE

SENSOR

POWER SUPPLY

FLOAT SWITCH1

FLOAT SWITCH2

FLOAT SWITCH3

ZIGBEE ZIGBEE

Water Sensor

DC Motor


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2.2 Description

The microcontroller ATmega32 is the heart of the system which monitors all the

components. The power supply is used to energies the whole module. The power supply

can be in the form of wired or battery. In our project 12V battery is used as a power

supply. In this project we are implementing different features of automobiles. We are

implementing two Zigbee nodes. One node will continuously check the status of the

sensors and will send a command to another node to activate the required actuator based

on the signals received. The status of the system will be displayed on the LCD.

Transmitter:

The transmitter consists of the microcontroller ATmega32.The transmitter is connected to

the window switch buttons which indicate whether the window is closed or open. Three

float sensors are connected to the transmitter to indicate 3 different levels of fuel in the

tank. A temperature sensor indicates the temperature within the automobile. The

transmitter is connected to a Zigbee module that transmits the data to the receiver

microcontroller.

Receiver:

The receiver consists of the microcontroller ATmega32.The receiver is connected to a

Zigbee module that receives information signals sent from the transmitter

microcontroller. If all the switches are closed and the temperature read from the

temperature sensor is above the predefined level, the receiver activates the fan. The

signals sent regarding the positions of the float switch is indicated on the LCD screen.

When water falls on the water sensor, the DC motor connected to the wiper starts making

sweeps automatically.


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HARDWARE

COMPONENTS


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Chapter 3

HARDWARE COMPONENTS

The hardware components used in our project is listed below.

1. ATmega32 microcontroller

2. Power Supply

3. Relay

4. LM7805cV (Regulator)

5. Crystal Oscillator 4MHz

6. Zigbee Module

7. Temperature sensor LM35

8. Float Switch

9. Water sensor

3.1 ATmega32 microcontroller

The microcontroller is at the core of every embedded module. Hence, great care must be

exercised in choosing the right microcontroller without compromising on functionality.

Keeping in view many factors that governed the correct implementation of our project the

ATmega32 microcontroller from Atmel Corporations AVR microcontroller family was

chosen. Few crucial reasons may be cited so as to justify our choice of this

microcontroller. The first being, that all AVR microcontrollers are designed to deliver

more performance at lesser power consumption. It is compatible with popular protocols

like I2C and SPI. It also has advanced features like an on chip analog to digital converter,

six pulse width modulation channels, and data retention is supported up to a hundred

years at 25 C. Also compilers for the ATmega32 are available free of cost from the

manufacturer. An added advantage is that the AVR series can be programmed using the

AVRGCC (GNU C compiler), thus making it an undisputed choice for even GNU/Linux


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based programmers. The Atmega48 microcontroller has execution speeds of up to one

MIPS per MHz of clock frequency. Elucidating the specifications of the CPU of the

AVR, it is an 8 bit microcontroller with advanced RISC architecture. The CPU is

designed for the stellar combination of parallelism and performance. Thus the CPU uses

the Harvard architecture (separate memories and buses for program and data). The CPU

also accommodates a 32 general purpose 8-bit registers.

3.1.1 Architecture

The ATmega32 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced

RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the

ATmega32 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system

designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core

combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32

registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two

independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle.

The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten

times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The architectural block diagram isas shown in the next page.


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Figure 3.1: Architectural Block Diagram of ATmega 32

3.1.2 AVR CPU Core

This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the

CPU core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to

access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts.

In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses Harvard architecture

with separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program

memory are executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being

executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept

enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is In-

System Reprogrammable Flash memory.

The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a

single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

operation. In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the

operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register Filein one clock


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cycle. Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect addresses register

pointers for Data Space addressingenabling efficient address calculations. One of these

address pointers can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash

program memory. These added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register,

described later in this section.

Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions,

able to directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-

bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction. The

Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture is as shown below:

Figure 3.2: Block diagram of the AVR central processing unit


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3.1.3 Pin Configurations

Figure 3.3: Pin configuration of the ATmega32 microcontroller

3.1.3.1: VCCDigital supply voltage

3.1.3.2: GNDGround

3.1.3.3: Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2-Port B is an 8 bit bi-directional

I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. Alternate functions of the pins of Port B are

functions related to SPI and the Pin Change Interrupt or PCINT.

3.1.3.4: Port C (PC6:0)-Port C is a 7-bit bi directional I/O port, with the PC6 pin being

used as a reset pin if the reset disable fuse (RSTDISBL) is not programmed. If PC6 is

used as a reset pin, then a low level lasting for more than 2.5 s at that pin will generate

the required reset condition. The alternate function for the pins of this port is that they act

as ADC input channels used here with the thermistor to aid in temperature measurements.

3.1.3.5: Port D (PD7:0)- Port D is an 8-bit bi directional I/O port and even its pins, like

those of port B and C have alternate functions. The pins of port D can also serve as


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transmitter and receiver pins for the internal USART of the microcontroller, they can also

add up as comparator inputs to the internal comparator circuit of the microcontroller.

3.1.3.6: AVCC-It is the supply voltage for the ADC, PC3 to PC0 and ADC 7:6. It is

externally connected to VCC and if the ADC is used it is connected to the VCC supply

voltage through a low pass filter.

3.1.3.7: AREF-It is the analog reference pin for the ADC.

3.1.4 Features

High Performance, Low Power AVR 8-Bit Microcontroller Advanced RISC Architecture

131 Powerful InstructionsMost Single Clock Cycle Execution

32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

Fully Static Operation

Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz

Non-volatile Program and Data Memories

4/8/16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash (ATmega48/88/32)

Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

True Read-While-Write Operation

256/512/512 Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48/88/32)

Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles

512/1K/1K Byte Internal SRAM (ATmega48/88/32)

Programming Lock for Software Security

Peripheral Features

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode

One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture

Mode.

Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

Six PWM Channels

8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and MLF package


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6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package

Programmable Serial USART

Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator Special Microcontroller Features

Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

Internal Calibrated Oscillator

External and Internal Interrupt Sources

Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and

Standby

I/O and Packages

23 Programmable I/O Lines

28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP and 32-pad MLF

Operating Voltage:

1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48V/88V/32V

2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega48/88/32

Temperature Range:

-40C to 85C

Speed Grade:

ATmega48V/88V/32V: 0 - 4 MHz

ATmega48/88/32: 0 - 10 MHz

Low Power Consumption

Active Mode:

1 MHz, 1.8V: 240A

32 kHz, 1.8V: 15A (including Oscillator)

Power-down Mode: 0.1A at 1.8V

3.1.5 Power modes

The Idle mode stops the CPU while the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial

Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system continue to function. In the Power-down mode,

the register contents are saved but the oscillator is frozen until an interrupt is raised or the

hardware is reset. In the Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer is running while the


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remaining peripheral components of the device are sleeping. For reduction of noise with

respect to the ADC, the CPU and all other I/O devices are halted and only the

asynchronous timer along with the ADC is running the standby mode can be useful for

quick start-ups. Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator,

disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset, asynchronous

timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode,

the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This

allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. Moving ahead, now a

brief discussion of the external interrupts has to be done.

3.1.6 Ports

The ports of the AVR have read-modify-write functionality when used as general digital

I/O ports, as stated in the datasheet of the device. The ports are bi-directional I/O ports

with optional internal pull-ups. Each port pin mainly has three register bits which are

DDxn, PORTxn and PINxn. DDxn is the data direction bit and indicates input or output at

a particular pin of any port.

If DDxn is set to one, the pin is used as output pin; else it is an input pin. If PORTxn is

written to a logic one, and if DDxn is set to zero that particular pins internal pull up

resistor is activated. The DDxn is accessed at the DDRx register, the PORTxn is in the

PORTx register and the PINxn is at the PINx register. Writing a logic one to PINxn will

toggle PORTxn. The alternate functions of the port pins and the port registers are

explained at the end as part of the datasheets. The pin value can be read at any time

through the PINxn register bit, irrespective of the DDxn pin setting.

3.1.7 Analog to digital converter

The Atmega48 is equipped with a successive approximation analog to digital converter

with a resolution of 10 bits. All the input channels of the ADC are connected to a

multiplexer.

The ADC channel is selected by selecting the corresponding bits as defined in the

ADMUX register of the microcontroller. The ADC output which is 10 bits long is stored

in the ADCH and ADCL registers of the microcontroller. For eight bit precision, reading

ADCH is sufficient. Further details of the ADC are provided with the datasheets.


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3.1.8 USART

A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (usually abbreviated UART and

pronounced is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter", a piece of computer

hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. A UART is usually an

individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a

computer or peripheral device serial port.

Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other

medium is much more cost effective than parallel transmission through multiple wires. A

UART is used to convert the transmitted information between its sequential and parallelform at each end of the link. Each UART contains a shift register which is the

fundamental method of conversion between serial and parallel forms.

The UART usually does not directly generate or receive the external signals used

between different items of equipment. Typically, separate interface devices are used to

convert the logic level signals of the UART to and from the external signaling levels.

Communication may be "full duplex" (both send and receive at the same time) or "half

duplex" (devices take turns transmitting and receiving).

3.1.8.1 Features

Asynchronous or Synchronous Operation

Full Duplex Operation (Independent Serial Receive and Transmit

Registers)

Master or Slave Clocked Synchronous Operation High Resolution Baud Rate Generator

Supports Serial Frames with 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 Data Bits and 1 or 2 Stop Bits

Odd or Even Parity Generation and Parity Check Supported by Hardware

Data Overrun Detection

Framing Error Detection

Noise Filtering Includes False Start Bit Detection and Digital Low Pass

Filter


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Three Separate Interrupts on TX Complete, TX Data Register Empty

3.2 Power Supply

Power supply is used to energize the equipments such as microcontroller, relay, level

converter, LCD and Zigbee module. The power supply is used to energize the whole

module. The power supply can be in the form of wired or battery. In our project 12V

battery is used as a power supply.

3.3 Relay

Relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays allow one circuit to switch a

second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. Relays can switch AC and

DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard

transistors. Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays

can switch many contacts at once.

Figure 3.4: Relay symbol

Figure 3.5: Circuit diagram of relay


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3.3.1 Advantages

Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.

Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors.

Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (>5A).

Relays can switch many contacts at once.

3.3.2 Disadvantages

Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many

times per second.

Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.

3.4LM7805C Voltage Regulator :

A voltage regulator based on an active device (such as a bipolar junction

transistor, field effect transistor or vacuum tube) operating in its "linear region" and

passive devices like zener diodes operated in their breakdown region.

The regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuously

adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain a constant output voltage.


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Figure.3.6. Voltage Regulators

Figure 3.7: circuit diagram of voltage regulator

Linear regulators exist in two basic forms: series regulators and shunt regulators.Series

regulators are the more common form. The series regulator works by providing a path

from the supply voltage to the load through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in

the "top half" of the voltage divider). The power dissipated by the regulating device is

equal to the power supply output current times the voltage drop in the regulating device.


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The shunt regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to ground

through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the "bottom half" of the voltage

divider). The current through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load and flows

uselessly to ground, making this form even less efficient than the series regulator. It is,

however, simpler, sometimes consisting of just a voltage-reference diode, and is used in

very low-powered circuits where the wasted current is too small to be of concern. This

form is very common for voltage reference circuits.

The "78xx" series (7805, 7812, etc.) regulate positive voltages while the "79xx" series

(7905, 7912, etc.) regulate negative voltages. Often, the last two digits of the device

number are the output voltage; e.g., a 7805 is a +5 V regulator, while a 7915 is a -15 V

regulator. The 78xx series ICs can supply up to 1.5 Amperes depending on the model.

3.4.1 Features

1. 5V, 3V, and 3.3V versions available

2. High accuracy output voltage

3. Guaranteed 100mA output current

4. Extremely low quiescent current

5. Low dropout voltage

6. Extremely tight load and line regulation

7. Very low temperature coefficient

8. Use as Regulator or Reference

9.

Needs minimum capacitance for stability

10. Current and Thermal Limiting

11.Stable with low-ESR output capacitors (10m to 6)

3.4Crystal Oscillator - 4MHz :

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of avibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise


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frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to provide a stable

clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio

transmitters and receivers.

The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator

circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators. A crystal is a solid in

which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered,

repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.

Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal, with

appropriate transducers, since all objects have natural resonant frequencies of vibration.

For example, steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often used in

mechanical filters before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape,

elasticity, and the speed of sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically

cut in the shape of a simple, rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used

in digital watches, are typically cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not

needing very precise timing, a low-cost ceramic resonator is often used in place of a

quartz crystal.

When the field is removed, the quartz will generate an electric field as it returns to its

previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves

like a circuit composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant

frequency.

Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in

such a way that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific

characteristics will depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is

cut (relative to its crystallographic axes. Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate,

which depends on its size, will not change much, either. This means that a quartz clock,

filter or oscillator will remain accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is

mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called a crystal oven, and can also be

mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external mechanical vibrations.

Quartz timing crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to

tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2109) crystals are manufactured annually.


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Most are small devices for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios,

computers, and cell phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement

equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.

Figure 3.8: A Crystal Oscillator.

3.6 ZIGBEE (TRANSRECIEVER)

ZigBee was created to address the market need for a cost-effective, standards-based

wireless networking solution that supports low data-rates, low-power consumption-users

expect battery to last months to years, security, and reliability. ZigBee is the only

standards-based technology that addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring

and control and sensory network applications.

The initial markets for the ZigBee Alliance include Consumer Electronics, Energy

Management and Efficiency, Health Care, Home Automation, Building Automation and

Industrial Automation.

It is wireless networking protocol aimed at automation and remote control applications.

The Zigbee mesh network connects sensors and controllers without being restricted by

distance or range limitations. ZigBee mesh networks let all participating devices

communicate with one another, and act as repeaters transferring data between devices.

These modules use the IEEE 802.15.4 networking protocol for fast point-to-multipoint or

peer-to-peer networking. They are designed for high-throughput applications requiring

low latency and predictable communication timing.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Crystal_oscillator_4MHz.jpg


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Figure 3.9: Zigbee Module

Advantages:

Zigbee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. First, the low cost

allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring

applications. Second, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries.

Third, the mesh networking provides high reliability and more extensive range.

3.7 Temperature Sensor LM35

Features

Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade)

Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor

0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C)

Rated for full -55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications

Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

Operates from 4 to 30 volts

Less than 60 A current drain

Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air

Low impedance output, 0.1 Ohm for 1 mA load
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_mesh_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network


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Description

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output

voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus

has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not

required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient

Centigrade scaling. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level.

The LM35's low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make

interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single

power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply,

it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over

a -55 to +150C temperature range.

Figure 3.10: Temperature Sensor LM35

3.8 Float Switch

Float switch is an electrical on-off switch which operate automatically when the liquid

level goes up or down with respect to a specified level. The signal thus available from the

float switch can be utilized for automatic control of pump or allied elements like solenoid,

lamp, relays etc., these magnetic float switches are available in a very wide range

according to operating and mounting methods to suit variety of individual application.

These are rugged, accurate and reliable operation. These floats are available in vertical

type, horizontal type in PVC, stainless steel, nylon material depends on application. The

principle behind magnetic float sensors involves the opening or closing of a mechanical


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switch, either through direct contact with the switch, or magnetic operation of a reed.

With magnetically actuated float sensors, switching occurs when a permanent magnet

sealed inside a float rises or falls to the actuation level. With a mechanically actuated

float, switching occurs as a result of the movement of a float against a miniature (micro)

switch. The choice of float material is also influenced by temperature-induced changes in

specific gravity and viscositychanges that directly affect buoyancy.

Float-type sensors can be designed so that a shield protects the float itself from turbulence

and wave motion. Float sensors operate well in a wide variety of liquids, including

corrosives. When used for organic solvents, however, one will need to verify that these

liquids are chemically compatible with the materials used to construct the sensor.

Magnetic float switches are popular for simplicity, dependability and low cost.

FEATURES

Leak proof body machined from bar stock

Choice of floats dependent on maximum pressure and

specific gravity

Weatherproof, designed to meet NEMA 4

Explosion-proof (listings included in specifications)

Installs directly and easily into tank with a thredolet or flange

(see application drawings)


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Electrical assembly can be easily replaced without removing

the unit from the installation so that the process does not have

to be shut down.

Horizontal installation or optional top mount verticalInstallation

APPLICATIONS

Direct pump control for maintaining level

Automatic tank dump operations

Control levels or provide alarms in sumps, scrubber systems,

hydro-pneumatic tanks, low pressure boilers

SPECIFICATIONS

Service: Liquids compatible with wetted materials.

Wetted Materials:

Float and Rod: 316 SS.

Body: Brass or 316 SS standard.

Magnet Keeper: 430 SS standard, 316 SS or Nickeloptional.

Temperature Limits: 4 to 275F (-20 to 135C) standard, MT high temperature

option 400F (205C) [MT option not UL, CSA, ATEX, or SAA].

Pressure Limit: Brass body 1000 psig (69 bar), 316 SS body 2000 psig

(138 bar). Standard float rated 100 psig (6.9 bar).

3.9 Water SensorThe Water sensor module works by having a series of exposed traces connected to ground

and interlaced between the grounded traces are the sensor traces. The sensor traces have a

weak pull-up resistor of 1 M. The resistor will pull the sensor trace value high until a

drop of water shorts the sensor trace to the grounded trace . In our applications, when the

water sensor detects water it informs the microcontroller to start the DC motor.


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SOFTWARE

REQUIREMENTS


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Chapter-4

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The software components used in our project is listed below.

1. CVAVR cross compiler

2. AVR studio programmer

3. Embedded C

4.1 Code Vision AVR Cross Compiler

1. CodeVisionAVR is a C cross-compiler, Integrated Development Environment and

Automatic Program Generator designed for the Atmel AVR family of

microcontrollers.

2. The program is designed to run under the Windows 95, 98, Me, NT 4, 2000 and

XP operating systems.

3. The C cross-compiler implements nearly all the elements of the ANSI C language,

as allowed by the AVR architecture, with some features added to take advantage

of specificity of the AVR architecture and the embedded system needs.

4.

The compiled COFF object files can be C source level debugged, with variable

watching, using the Atmel AVR Studio debugger.

The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has built-in AVR Chip In-System

Programmer software that enables to automatically transfer of the program to the

microcontroller chip after successful compilation/assembly. The In-System Programmer

software is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel STK500/AVRISP/AVRProg

(AVR910 application note), Kanda Systems STK200+/300, Dontronics DT006, Vogel

Elektronik VTEC-ISP, Futurlec JRAVR and MicroTronics ATCPU/Mega2000

programmers/development boards. For debugging embedded systems, which employ

serial communication, the IDE has a built-in Terminal. Besides the standard C libraries,

the CodeVisionAVR C compiler has dedicated libraries for:

1. Alphanumeric LCD modules

2. Philips I2C bus

3. National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor


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4. Philips PCF8563, PCF8583, Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 and DS1307

Real Time Clocks

5. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor 1 Wire protocol

6.

Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1820, DS18S20, DS18B20 Temperature Sensors7. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat

8. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS2430 and DS2433 EEPROMs

9. SPI

10.Power management

11.Delays

12.Gray code conversion

CodeVisionAVR also contains the CodeWizardAVR Automatic Program Generator that

allows you to write, in a matter of minutes, all the code needed for implementing the

following functions:

1. External memory access setup

2. Chip reset source identification

3. Input/Output Port initialization

4. External Interrupts initialization

5. Timers/Counters initialization

6. Watchdog Timer initialization

7. UART (USART) initialization and interrupt driven buffered serial communication

8. Analog Comparator initialization

9. ADC initialization

10.SPI Interface initialization

11.Two Wire Interface initialization

12.

CAN Interface initialization

13.I2C Bus, LM75 Temperature Sensor, DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat and

PCF8563, PCF8583, DS1302, DS1307 Real Time Clocks initialization

14.1 Wire Bus and DS1820, DS18S20 Temperature Sensors initialization

4.2 AVR Studio ProgrammerAVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for writing and

debugging AVR applications in Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/XP/VISTA environments.


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AVR Studio provides a project management tool, source file editor, simulator,

assembler and front-end for C/C++, programming, emulation and on-chip debugging.

AVR Studio supports the complete range of ATMEL AVR tools and each release willalways contain the latest updates for both the tools and support of new AVR

devices.AVR Studio 4 has a modular architecture which allows even more interaction

with 3rd party software vendors. GUI plug-ins and other modules can be written and

hooked to the system.

4.3 Embedded C

Embedded C is extensive and contains many advanced concepts. The range of modulescovers a full introduction to C, real-time and embedded systems concepts through to the

design and implementation of real time embedded or standalone systems based on real-

time operating systems and their device drivers. Real time Linux (RTLinux) is used as an

example of such a system. The modules include an introduction to the development of

Linux device drivers. Embedded C covers all of the important features of the C language

as well as a good grounding in the principles and practices of real-time systems

development including the POSIX threads (pthreads) specification.

The design of the modules is intended to provide an excellent working knowledge of the

C language and its application to serious real time or embedded systems. Those wanting

in-depth training specifically on RTLinux or Linux kernel internals should contact us to

discuss their requirements; this set of modules is geared more towards providing the

groundwork for approaching those domains rather than as in-depth training on a specific

approach. Embedded C contains essential information for anyone developing embedded

systems such as microcontrollers, real-time control systems, mobile device, PDAs andsimilar applications. This C course is based on many years experience of teaching C,

extensive industrial programming experience and also participation in the ANSI X3J11

and BSI standards bodies that produced the standard for C. We focus on the needs of day-

to-day users of the language with the emphasis being on practical use and delivery of

reliable software.


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TESTING


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Chapter-5

TESTING

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 5.1: Testing process

The most important phase in developing any software is testing. Before the

implementation of the package, testing has been carried out thoroughly to illuminate any

bug, which may be present.

Types of testing:

The software testing of the package has been done in four phases. These are Unit

Testing, Integration Testing , System Testing and Acceptance Testing.

5.1.1Unit Testing

In Unit Testing every model was tested independent of the other verified thatworking properly.

Unit testing focus verification efforts on the smallest unit of the software design

in the model. To check, whether each model in the software works properly. So that it

gives desired outputs to the given inputs .All the validation and conditions are tested in

the model level. This project work contains two modules. Each of the modules and sub-

modules are unit tested and the bugs were identified and rectified.


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5.1.2Integration Testing

Integration testing is done to verify if the package as a whole, after the integration of

all the modules is working properly. This phase of testing is mainly concerned withfinding out if the variables and data are sending correctly from one module to another.

In order to conduct the said test, the active program is compiled. This package has been

tested for various inputs. It was found that the package performs its function to meet the

requirements.

5.1.3System Testing

System testing involves putting all the modules together and checking the entire

software. It is useful in checking whether with the given input, the desired output is got as

a result. System testing will be largely functional in nature.

5.1.4Acceptance Testing

This is the final stage in the testing process. Before the system is accepted for the

operational use it may reveal errors and omissions in the system requirements definitions

because the real data exercises the system in different way from the test data. Acceptancetesting may also reveal requirements problem where the systems performance is

unacceptable.

Testing here is focused on the external behavior of the system and the internal logic of

the program is not emphasized. In this stage of testing the application was installed in the

system.


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FINAL RESULT


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Chapter-6

FINAL RESULTThe Automobile Monitoring System has been created consisting of a Transmitter and a

Receiver, transmitting data via Zigbee. The temperature is sensed continuously by the

temperature sensor ,while checking to see if the switches to the windows are closed, if the

temperature exceeds a predefined value, the fan is actuated at the receiver to be turned on.

Depending on the fuel level off the tank, the positions of the float switches are compared

and the corresponding fuel level is indicated on the LCD at the receiver. The water sensor

to be placed on the windscreen is connected to the receiver, when water is sensed on the

water sensor the DC motor is actuated to move the wiper. Below are photos of the actual

circuits implemented in our project.

Figure 6.1 Receiver


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Figure 6.2 Transmitter


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SNAP SHOTS


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Chapter-7

SNAP SHOTS

FLOAT SWITCH

TEMPERATURE SENSOR


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WATER SENSOR

ZIGBEE


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TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER


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FUTURE

ENCHANCEMENTS


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Chapter-8

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

The following modifications can be made to present circuit, which lead to still smarter

project.

1. The module can be equipped with a faster and more capable microcontroller to

integrate control of many more devices at the same time.

2. Another further intended development is to introduce time controlled devices

for better system performance.3. Voice alerts can be used to indicate the various controlling of devices their

status of operation.

4. If the numbers of relays are increased from the current relays, the number of

devices that can be controlled can also be increased.

5. The module can be equipped with other sensing equipment such as light and

heat sensors, accelerometers, strain gauges etc to monitor other real world

physical quantities.

6. Advanced AVR microcontrollers with bigger flash memories can be used to

create an increased number of functions and programs for better functionality

and for a user friendly interface.

7. We can include the touch sensors or pressure sensors in the system so that the

security is provided whenever criminals try to break in.


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CONCLUSION


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Chapter-9

CONCLUSION

As the saying goes Necessity is the mother of all inventions, a need for software

which would control process and devices was recognized. The design approach used

here has given satisfactory results and the microcontroller is sufficient for measuring

the required parameters. The power consumption has been kept as low as possible and

the measurements made by the device are quite reliable. Accordingly a highly

interactive user friendly module based embedded technology with microcontrollers was

developed to solve the problem. The module which is developed will make the job of

process easier. The user module has resulted in reducing work of human also makes

more comfortable. The module is, therefore functioning as a very good tool.

Incorporating the future enhancement as specified earlier would make the software a

perfect tool, which would help the user. The fully automated sensors help in increasing

human comfort. A limitation of this project is that Zigbee has a limit range around 100

feet it cannot be controlled above this range.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY


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Chapter-10

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Rappaport,Wireless Communication,Prentice-Hall, 2002.2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, The Microcontroller and

Embedded systems, Pearsons Education, 2003

3. David Tse and Pramod Viswanath., Fundamentals of wirelesscommunicationCambridge University Press, 2005.

4. Joachim Tisal, The GSM Network: The GPRS Evolution: One Step TowardsUMTS Wiley, John & Sons, May 2001.

5. Gunnar Heine, Matt Horrer GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology andImplementationArtech House, January 1999.

6. www.national.com/ds/lm/lm35.pdf

7. www.zigbee.org/en/documents/zigbeeoverview4.pdf
http://www.national.com/ds/lm/lm35.pdfhttp://www.zigbee.org/en/documents/zigbeeoverview4.pdfhttp://www.zigbee.org/en/documents/zigbeeoverview4.pdfhttp://www.zigbee.org/en/documents/zigbeeoverview4.pdfhttp://www.national.com/ds/lm/lm35.pdf

Documents

Wireless Automobile Monitoring System