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Wind turbine electric generation simulation and optimizations
by
Koldo Sasal Diaz De Cerio
A dissertation submitted to the
Institute for Arts, Science and Technology
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Honours)
in
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies
May 2012
Supervised by: Dr. Y. Hu
~1~
Name: Koldo Sasal Supervisors Name: DR Yanting hu
Project Title: Wind turbine electric generation simulation and optimizations
Start Date: 4/11/2011
AIM: The main aim of this first report is to explain how a wind turbine works
collecting information from different ways as internet, books and my own
investigation with some technicians of my town.
OBJECTIVES:
Make a simulation with ANSYS of a flow through a wind turbine
The simulation have to be with ice on the blades and without ice.
To do a analize of the results of the simulation
Presentation Date: 4/5/2012
INDEX
Introduction, types of renewable energies Page 2
About wind power Page 23
About software ANSYS Page 35
Climate study in Scotland Page38
Simulation Page 40
Investigation about Ice in the blades Page 53
Conclusion Page 54
References Page 55
~2~
Introduction
Types of renewable energy
There are many types of renewable energy, some in full operation,
other developing and even some that are still theoretical phase.
The classification here is not exhaustive but representative of all energies that
have been used in our society, especially in the field of architecture.
This is a classification with respect to energy sources:
Originating in the Sun, Moon and Earth.
Solar
Wind
Hydraulics
Tidal
Geothermal
Organic
Biomass
biological
Figure
Sola
Sola
This
heati
redir
Curre
T
th
Orig
e 1: solar pane
r panels
r energy is
energy is
ing of the h
rected by m
ently the u
Thermal (s
hese syste
For dire
This is e
creating
And the
of heat r
example
rays from
ginatin
els
s used by th
being used
home (thro
mirrors) and
se of this e
olar), is on
ms are:
ect heating
essential to
reflective
use of ma
rays (infrar
e glass is u
m the heate
g in th
So
he Sun as
d since the
ough prope
d even for t
energy has
ne of the ol
g (window w
o optimize t
walls, mirro
terials that
red) and its
used in gree
ed objects
~3~
e Sun,
olar Ene
Energy So
early days
r orientatio
the genera
s focused o
ldest in the
wells, gree
the solar ra
ors or lens
t permit the
s insulation
enhouses
avoiding t
, Moon
ergy
ource Direc
s of human
on), natural
ation of hea
on the follow
eir use with
enhouses, s
adiation thr
ses.
e passage,
n to prevent
because it
he loss by
n and E
ct.
nity from its
l lighting (d
at by lense
wing syste
h wind and
solar ovens
rough prop
recruitmen
t heat loss
t avoids the
radiation.
Earth
s use as dir
direct or
s.
ems for use
biomass. W
s, ...)
per orientat
nt and rete
of livestoc
e loss of inf
rect
e:
Within
tion,
ention
ck. For
frared
This sys
Figure 2: g
Deferred
chimney
The key
material
medium
Among t
Solid
use i
comp
syste
used
Gels
abso
used
geoth
Fluid
evap
trans
colle
stem has be
greenhouse th
d by heati
ys ...)
in these s
s to store a
.
the elemen
d materials
s getting g
position an
em is the T
d to conditio
s are amon
orbing and
d in conjunc
hermal or w
ds from wa
poration an
sfer energy
ctors, vacu
een used f
hat use direct h
ng (solar t
ystems is t
an amount
nts that are
s (walls, flo
greater effe
nd design o
Trombe wa
on the hou
g the most
releasing t
ction with o
wind direct
ater at vario
d freeze (a
y from colle
uum, ...).
~4~
for home h
heating from t
thermal, Tr
the therma
t of energy
e often use
oors ...) is t
ects at lowe
of different
ll that used
se.
t widely us
the stored e
other renew
tly.
ous compo
ammonia, l
ection point
eating, coo
the sun
rombe wall
al inertia wh
and subse
d to get tha
the most w
er cost. Thi
elements.
d to heat a
ed therma
energy at a
wable ener
ounds to av
ithium brom
t to the pla
oking, fire,
s, walls, flo
hich is the
equently re
at moment
widely used
is is critica
A special t
greenhous
l gels are c
a given tem
rgy system
void proble
mide). The
ce of use (
etc..
oors, solar
ability of a
eturning it to
tum we hav
d and by pr
l orientatio
type of this
se wall is th
capable of
mperature.
s such as
ms of
ey are used
(flat therma
ll
o the
ve:
roper
on,
s
hen
Often
d to
al
P
v
F
Gase
gene
syste
other
the a
Photovolta
arious syst
Figure 3: photo
Photov
the con
materia
the mat
motoriz
on the s
Among
D
T
m
T
s
a
es such as
erates an u
em. This ef
r forms of e
air flow.
aic (solar)
tems, amo
ovoltaic panels
voltaic pan
version of
als with diffe
terial used
ed tracking
solar cell its
the differe
Doped silic
There are th
monocrysta
To increase
ilicon atom
s impuritie
s air throug
pward mov
ffect is ach
energy suc
is transform
ong them a
s installed in a
nels, panel
sunlight in
erent energ
efficiency
g systems
self using m
ent materia
con is the m
hree types
alline, polyc
e the voltag
ms by atoms
s. Depend
~5~
gh the heat
vement wh
hieved throu
ch as geoth
ming the su
re:
a roof
s that use
to electricit
gy efficienc
can be imp
and a grea
mirrors or l
ls used can
most comm
according
crystalline a
ge is doped
s of other e
ing on the
ing decrea
hich is prim
ugh solar c
hermal or b
un's energ
the photoe
ty), these c
cy and prod
proved by a
ater surface
lenses.
n be found
monly used
to their cry
and amorp
d silicon wh
elements. T
type of imp
ases its wei
marily used
chimneys.
biomass fo
y into elect
electric effe
can be of d
duction cos
a constant
e concentr
d:
d with a yie
ystallization
phous.
hich is to re
To these la
purity dope
ight thereb
as ventilat
Can also u
r condition
tricity throu
ect (which
different
st. Regard
orientation
ation of su
eld around
n
eplace som
atter are kn
e with whic
by
tion
use
ing
ugh
allows
less of
n with
nlight
12%.
me
nown
ch the
~6~
semiconductor pure or intrinsic semiconductor are two kinds of the N
type and P-type
Currently, as of June 2009, in the European Union will get a low cost
panel (1 € / watt) with an efficiency of over 16% Crystal Clear Project.
Organic polymers, this technology is under enfoldment but has
great potential because of its low price. Different teams and
universities who are working in their development, Lee Kwang-hee at
the Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju, Somenath Mitra at
the New Jersey Institute of Technology
GaInP2/GaAs/Ge efficiency is 29.9% using a system called Next
Triple Junction (XTJ) developed by Boeing-Spectrolab. This same
company claims to have obtained a new solar panel with 41.7%
efficiency at a cost of 3 € / watt but have not yet revealed the
materials used.
Alloys InN, InGaN Nitrites group III study by the Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratories.
Zinc-Manganese-Tellurium combined with atoms of oxygen, this
system can be wound to get up to 45% efficiency. Kin Man Yu and
Wladek Walukiewicz at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories.
Cadmium telluride can achieve yields of 12% for 1 € / Watt
developed by the company Abound Solar. This company does not
sell to individuals.
Titanium dioxide also known DSSC (Dye Sensitized Solar Cells)
also known as DSC or DYSC, can be described as a kind of "artificial
photosynthesis", in which an electrolyte, a layer of titanium dioxide
E
c
Figure
L
lig
m
p
g
A
Electric the
omplemen
e 4: Solar term
Solar th
the sola
turn gen
Wind-so
as a win
first by
the pres
Lighting (s
ght source
match, inclu
igment and
lass. Instru
And various
ermal syst
ntary system
mal power plan
hermal pow
ar rays to a
nerates ele
olar tower,
nd generat
heating the
ssure differ
solar) is the
e and contr
uding their
d a rutheni
uctions to b
s different c
tems, therm
ms genera
t
wer plant, a
a point whe
ectricity.
is to accel
tor. How to
e volume o
rence due
e most wid
ibute to a g
therapeuti
~7~
um, are pla
build it you
combinatio
mal system
te electricit
are large ar
ere the hea
lerate as m
o speed up
of air will pa
to height.
espread an
great savin
c effects.
aced inside
rself.
ons ...
ms consist
ty. They ar
reas of mir
at a fluid mo
much as po
the air usi
ass through
nd used. T
ng light give
e a sandwi
of solar thr
re of differe
rors (helios
oving a tur
ossible the
ng two sys
h the tower
The use of s
es us a qua
ich
rough
ent types:
stats) that
bine which
air to pass
stems toget
r and the o
sunlight as
ality hard to
orient
h in
s it off
ther,
other
s a
o
Figure
Figure
Wind
is pro
the s
This
syste
adva
ener
have
D
c
c
la
e 5: Room ligh
e 6: Production
d energy is
oduced by
sun, which
energy like
ems curren
antage to s
rgy and mu
e two large
Direct wind
lean the sp
onduction,
and.
ted from solar
n of wind energ
s used by th
the therma
h could so
e solar has
ntly used do
olar energy
uch of our e
groups de
d, very wid
paces (by i
...). Also t
r light. Free en
Wi
rgy
he wind as
al gradient
omewhat cl
s been use
o not vary,
y is its high
energy con
epending o
ely used in
mproving v
traditionally
~8~
nergy.
ind Ene
s a Source
t generated
lassifiable
ed since the
at least in
her perform
nversion sy
n their use
n architectu
ventilation
y been use
ergy
of Energy.
d on our pla
as indirect
e beginning
n concept, o
mance, sinc
ystems are
e:
ure for both
by evapora
ed for the th
. The wind
anet due to
solar ener
g of time so
of the ancie
ce this ene
kinetic. In
h the therm
ation, conv
hrust of shi
itself
o heating fr
rgy.
o that the
ents. An
ergy is kine
particular w
mal conditio
vection,
ips at sea a
rom
etic
we
oning,
and on
Fi
W
ty
a
Fi
Its m
impre
(from
Figure
igure 7: The p
Wind throu
ypes whose
a usable (fo
igure 8: Windm
main drawba
essive diffe
m total calm
e 9: River dam
power that mak
ugh interm
e function
or power ge
mills. The pow
ack is the l
erences in
m hurricane
m
kes move this
mediate sys
was to tran
eneration, t
wer obtained in
lack of con
wind spee
es), which r
Hy
~9~
boat is wind p
stems, usu
nsform the
to draw wa
n that case com
nsistency in
ed itself eve
requires th
ydropow
power. Direct w
ually by mi
kinetic ene
ater from w
mes from inter
n the wind
en in the sa
he creation
wer
wind.
ills of all
ergy of win
wells, ...)
rmediate syste
and some
ame seaso
of system
nd energy i
ems, the windm
on
n
mills.
The
its al
This
the n
Figure
Ther
D
lo
U
e
u
Fi
E
o
c
la
o
hydraulic e
titude.
goes back
nineteenth
e 10: Canal loc
re are seve
Direct use
oads and s
Use mecha
energy store
sed. From
igure 11: Millw
Electricity
of falling wa
onstruction
arge turbine
of large sum
energy is b
k a long wh
century be
ck
eral ways to
by commu
ships.
anic, was w
ed in wate
the old mi
wheel. This is a
generatio
ater to drive
n of reservo
es and equ
ms of mone
based on th
hile was wit
egan to tak
o use this e
unicating ve
widely used
r for conve
lls operate
a mechanical m
n, widely u
e a hydrau
oirs, dams
uipment to
ey, so it is n
~10~
he energy p
th the Indu
ke a great im
energy but
essels or lo
d in the ind
ersion into k
ed hydraulic
method to obta
used today
lic generat
, diversion
generate e
not compe
potential of
ustrial Revo
mportance
t we can cla
ocks to rais
dustrial rev
kinetic ene
c machines
ain power from
, using the
tors. Its dev
channels,
electricity.
titive in reg
f the water
olution and
e.
assify acco
se or lower
olution. Us
ergy and th
s hydraulic
m the river´s flo
potential e
velopment
and the in
This entail
gions wher
r due to
especially
ording to us
r heavy
se the pote
us can be
c devices.
ow
energy
requires th
nstallation o
s the inves
re coal and
y in
se:
ential
he
of
stment
d
o
m
Im
a
a
Figure
energy
The
harn
Figure
are a l
Ther
oldes
oil are chea
maintenanc
mportantly,
and agricult
a sharp cuto
e 12: Electrical
y that Las Veg
sea has be
ess its pow
e 13: Power of
lot of mass in
re are diffe
st used, wa
ap. Howeve
ce are requ
, the need
tural societ
off could ge
l power station
gas needs
een the foc
wer.
f the sea. The
movement.
rent types
aves and e
er, the weig
uired after r
for environ
ties that de
enerate a l
n in Hudson riv
Tid
cus of som
sea and the o
of energy t
even the th
~11~
ght of envir
running foc
nmental im
epend on th
lot of dama
ver, in Nevada
dal Ene
e of the ea
oceans has a lo
that can be
ermal grad
ronmental
cus attentio
pact studie
he normal f
age.
a (US). This po
ergy
arliest civiliz
ot of potential
e obtained
dient in oce
concerns a
on on this e
es of both t
flow of the
ower station gi
zations tha
energy kept in
from Sea
ean waters
and low
energy sou
the wildlife
river and t
ives all the ele
at soon beg
nside because
tides, one
.
urce.
, flora
that
ectrical
gan to
e there
of the
T
o
to
Fi
W
y
u
a
F
Tidal energ
of day, mov
o use this f
igure 14: Mach
The dir
can rais
variety o
platform
The gen
free into
Wave energ
ear, makin
sed are ba
and tides. T
Figure 15: wav
gy, is base
ving in that
feature:
hine that obtai
rect use th
se large ob
of jobs from
ms.
neration of
o the sea.
gy, waves
ng them ve
ased on the
There are m
ve colector of
d on the di
transition
ins energy from
at joining t
bjects and w
m refloating
f electricity
in some se
ry attractiv
e rhythmic
many types
energy
~12~
ifference in
a huge am
m the tidal.
the tide ow
weight. Thi
g of ships t
using turb
eas is a co
ve for use a
movement
s with differ
n height of
mount of wa
wn buoyanc
is principle
to load ship
ines, whet
onstant, es
as a Source
t of the sea
rent efficien
the sea at
ater. We ca
cy capacity
e has been
ps or other
her include
pecially at
e of Energy
a driven ma
ncies.
different ti
an find two
y of the bod
used for a
r objects on
ed in a dam
certain tim
y. All syste
ainly by wi
mes
ways
dies
a
n
m or
mes of
ems
nd
O
d
th
o
Fi
Ocean The
ifference b
his differen
of 20 ° C. T
igure 16: Proto
Open c
pressur
Closed
propane
steam d
the fluid
perform
differen
make a
depths
ermal Ener
between su
nce varies b
here are tw
otype of ocean
circuit whic
re and so m
loop fluid
e) which ev
drives a tur
d is again r
mance on a
ce in temp
n extra cha
to the cond
rgy, is conv
urface wate
between 20
wo systems
n thermal ener
ch directly
moving a tu
with a low
vaporate o
rbine, is co
ready for ev
7% due to
perature be
arge of ene
densate flu
~13~
verted into
er and wate
0 and 24 °
s:
rgy plant
use the se
urbine.
w boiling tem
n contact w
ondensed w
vaporation
o the low te
etween the
ergy used f
uids.
useful ene
er that is 10
C, is suffic
ea water ev
mperature
with hot wa
with cold wa
. The fund
emperature
cold and h
for pumpin
ergy the te
00 m deep
cient for its
vaporating
(ammonia
ater from th
ater from t
amental pr
e of the hot
hot. It is als
ng cold wat
mperature
p. In the tro
s use a diffe
the water a
, Freon,
he surface.
he depths
roblem is it
t and little
so necessa
ter from the
opics
erence
at low
. This
and
ts poor
ary to
e
Figure
can us
This
intern
are d
rock
hand
Thus
ener
Ener
D
ra
s
ti
p
h
e 17: Geyser. T
se.
is the ene
nal heat pr
deep under
trapping w
d from the h
s we can o
rgy uptake:
rgy captur
Direct use
ange from
anitary, Sp
me growth
pasteurizati
ousing am
The movemen
rgy from th
roduced by
rground are
water and s
high therm
bserve the
red by geo
of geothe
10 ° to 130
pa, crops in
h of fish and
on of milk
mong others
Geoth
nt of the groun
he earth, an
y our own p
eas with la
steam at hig
mal inertia w
e following c
othermal f
rmal wate
0 ° C and u
n greenhou
d crustacea
or even to
s.
~14~
hermal
d behind us m
nd this can
planet (usu
ayers and la
gh tempera
which has t
classificatio
ields
er, the temp
used direct
uses during
ans, for va
implemen
Energy
makes a lot of h
n be classif
ually throug
ayers of po
ature and p
the ground
on with res
perature of
tly for appli
g the snow
arious indus
t whole dis
y
heat, and this
fied into tw
gh geotherm
orous rock
pressure),
.
spect to the
f these wat
cations su
wfall, to redu
strial uses
strict heatin
heat is energy
o groups, t
mal reserv
impermea
and on the
e shape of
ters are in
ch as, that
uce the
such as
ng and indi
y that we
the
oirs
ble
e other
said
the
t of
vidual
Fi
G
b
e
b
d
Fi
igure 18: Warm
Geotherma
by geotherm
electricity. T
be reheated
epending o
igure 19: Elec
Reserv
piped d
turbine
Hot wa
"flash".
the prod
of wate
drives t
m thermal lake
al electrici
mal energy
The conden
d, keeping
on the tem
tricity producti
ve "dry" va
irectly into
generator.
ter tank, p
Water betw
duction we
r immediat
he turbines
e. Example of
ty in geoth
y provide th
nsed water
the pressu
mperature ri
ion in geotherm
apor produ
a steam p
produces m
ween 130 °
ell where, th
tely becom
s.
~15~
direct use of g
hermal res
he force tha
r is used su
ure of the re
ise:
mal reservoir
uces steam
plant "dry" t
mostly hot w
° and 330 °
hrough the
mes steam i
geothermal en
servoirs, h
at spins the
ubsequent
eserve. Th
m but very li
that provide
water is us
° C is brou
pressure o
in a "separ
nergy.
here the ste
e turbines t
ly injected
ere are thr
ittle water.
es the forc
ed in a cen
ght to the s
of the deep
rator". The
eam produ
to produce
into the we
ree types
The steam
ce to rotate
ntral
surface thr
p reservoir
steam the
uced
e
ell to
m is
the
rough
, part
n
Ener
U
th
u
o
p
5
Fi
U
e
w
e
p
Book te
heat to
electrici
passes
liquid w
binary li
the turb
reintrod
rgy collect
Use of clos
he heat of t
se in heat
of a geothe
pool of abou
50W.
igure 20: Use
Use of clos
energy main
warm. Can
exchangers
precondition
emperatur
quickly pro
ity in a pow
through a
which boils a
iquid turns
bine. The va
duced into t
ted by con
sed system
the earth it
pumps. Ha
rmal reserv
ut 150m an
of closed syst
sed system
nly by ther
be used fo
s, ...) and o
ning of the
res betwee
oduce enou
wer "binary
heat excha
at lower te
to vapor, t
apor is the
the cycle. I
nduction
ms of deep
tself. Later
as the adva
voir. For us
nd that for
tems of deep v
ms or ope
mal inertia
or capturing
open system
air itself).
~16~
en 110 °C
ugh steam
y". In a bina
anger whe
mperature
that as the
en reconden
In this clos
p vertical
this heate
antage of n
se in a hom
every mete
vertical pipes.
n pipes at
owns the
g both clos
ms through
and 160° C
but can be
ary system
re heat is t
s than wat
water vap
nsed and b
ed cycle, n
pipes for h
d liquid is u
not being n
me would b
er of depth
t shallow d
land and c
sed system
h the air (fo
C does not
e used to p
the geothe
transferred
ter. When h
por is expan
become liq
no air emis
heating the
used for di
necessary t
be necessa
h is obtaine
depths, the
can be used
s (heat pu
or condition
t have eno
produce
ermal wate
d to a secon
heated, the
nded by m
uid is
sions.
e liquid thro
rect heatin
to the exist
ary to creat
ed an avera
ese system
d both to c
mps, heat
ning or
ough
er
nd
e
oving
ough
ng or
tence
te a
age of
ms use
cool to
The
the y
intere
Figure
Biom
origin
Depe
Biom
direc
type
adva
is the
main adva
year withou
esting to b
e 21: Lava in H
mass energ
n, including
ending on
mass comb
ct combust
of applicat
anced in hig
e large volu
antage of ge
ut seasona
e able to p
Hawaii. Examp
gy is also d
g materials
n the use a
ustion untr
ion of biom
tion is one
gher efficie
ume neede
eothermal
l variations
predict syst
ple of the big h
O
B
efined as t
s processin
and origin
reated dom
mass (wood
that has b
ency furnac
ed to meet
~17~
energy is t
s depend o
tem behavi
heat inside the
Organ
Biomas
the set of o
ng from nat
of biomass
mestic and
d, pineappl
een used t
ce. The fun
energy ne
the consta
on somethin
ior.
earth.
ic
ss
organic ma
tural or arti
s can be d
industrial a
le, olive pit
traditionally
ndamental
eeds.
nt tempera
ng that ma
tter of vege
ificial.
istinguishe
application
ts, almond
y. Although
problem of
ature throug
akes it extre
etable or a
ed:
s that run o
shells, ...).
h it is now w
f this type
ghout
emely
animal
on
. This
well
of fuel
Figure
times.
B
fu
th
e 22: Wood bu
Biomass co
uels with h
hat make it
Pellets
a binde
lower vo
pneuma
The pel
but also
great po
crops th
There a
biomass
though
urning. Biomas
ombustion
igher energ
t susceptib
is a solid f
r. As virtue
olume and
atic system
lets are us
o being inve
otential of o
his use.
are currentl
s) with high
prices of th
ss burning. Hum
n treated b
gy content
ble to use in
fuel pellets
es versus u
can be tra
m.
sually done
estigated i
our country
ly burning
h yields an
hese facilit
~18~
mans obtain h
by various
, lower sto
n different f
s made by p
untreated b
ansported i
e with the w
n Spain by
y at this res
boilers or m
nd automat
ties remain
hot and energy
treatments
rage volum
fields:
pressing o
biomass ha
n tanker an
waste of pru
y the use of
sort, and e
mixed pelle
tion at the s
n high.
y from the fire
s is possibl
me or differ
ne's acting
as a higher
nd transfer
uning, fellin
f arable CE
even the cre
ets (pellets
same level
since prehisto
le to obtain
rent proper
g wood lign
r calorific va
r deposits b
ng or carpe
ENER to us
eation of e
and other
l as gas or
oric
n new
rties
nin as
alue,
by
entry
se the
energy
r
diesel
Figure 23:
Biofuel
degree
reflects
B
m
o
t
p
B
d
o
r
: Pellets. They
ls are an a
of uneven
two entire
Bioethano
manufactur
of high octa
raditional c
performanc
Biodiesel,
diesel. The
of common
rapeseed.
y has big heate
alternative t
developm
ly different
ol, its main
re of ETBE
ane that is
crops such
ce in ethyl a
its main ap
e technolog
n varieties o
~19~
er power in sm
to traditiona
ent in diffe
t lines, the
application
E (ethyl tert
incorporat
h as cereal,
alcohol.
pplication i
gies for pro
of conventi
mall size
al fuels in t
erent count
bioethanol
ns are aime
tiary butyl e
ted in the g
, corn and
s directed
ducing bio
ional speci
the transpo
ries. Unde
l and biodie
ed at repla
ether, oxyg
gasoline). o
beets, whi
to the repl
diesel, now
ies such as
ort area, w
r this head
esel.
cing gasol
genated ad
obtained fro
ch have hi
acement o
w leave the
s sunflowe
ith a
ding
ine or
dditive
om
gh
of
e use
r and
The bio
biodegr
allows f
the prod
Figure 25:
Bio-Syn
produce
and oxy
atmosp
water va
The ma
electrici
Figure 24: Pic
ogas is pro
radable wa
for direct us
duction of e
: Tank of prod
ngas is a s
ed by a gas
ygen at hig
here). The
apor.
ain use is g
ity and hea
cture of new b
oduced by t
aste using a
se in coge
electricity.
uction of bioga
synthesis g
sification p
gh tempera
e combustio
given powe
at from)
~20~
iofuels.
the action
anaerobic f
neration in
as.
gas (mixtur
process (rea
ture and p
on of this g
r generatio
of a certain
fermentatio
nstallations
re of carbo
action of b
ressure in
gas genera
on in cogen
n type of b
on process
use comb
n monoxid
iomass-pe
a reducing
tes carbon
neration pla
acteria on
ses. This al
ined cycle
e and hydr
ellets, with s
g
n dioxide an
ants (use o
lso
for
rogen)
steam
nd
of
Biolo
since
A cla
P
to
m
Figure 26
The con
CO2 em
environ
renewa
ogical ener
e the begin
assification
Plant is the
o save ene
many utilitie
6: Machine of
ncept of bio
missions eq
mental imp
ble energy
rgy, which d
nning of tim
may be pr
e use of livi
ergy or gen
es but the m
Bio-syngas pr
omass sho
quivalent to
pacts of the
y obtained f
Biolo
directly pro
me but not t
referentiall
ng plant el
erate the e
most used
~21~
roduction.
ould not be
o a fossil fu
e exploitati
from this e
ogical E
oduce the e
the sole cla
y the sourc
ements for
energy nee
are divided
included p
uel, in addi
ion of peat
energy sour
Energy
elements o
assified as
ce of this e
r carrying o
eded to per
d into two m
peat, that fo
tion, given
, cannot be
rce .
of life, has b
a renewab
energy:
out tasks th
rform them
main branc
or purpose
the
e considere
been availa
ble energy
hat allow u
m. There are
ches:
es of
ed
able
.
s
e
A
h
d
v
Lush g
the atm
architec
in home
Figure 27:
Algae a
digestio
of hydro
purificat
Figure 28:
Animal, at t
ousework
ifferent rele
arious sub
Figure 29: An
reen mass
osphere by
cture for bo
es with woo
: Lush green m
and microo
on of organ
ogen and o
tion.
: Algae that pr
this point b
or agricultu
evance tak
bstances, tu
nimal traction.
s that abso
y evaporat
oth urban p
odland, pe
mass.
organisms
nic waste co
other gases
roduces bioene
becomes re
ural. Curre
king other u
umors and
That kind of en
~22~
orbs the ex
tion and its
plans with p
rgolas, etc
s, many ty
omposting
s used in o
ergy
elevant ani
ently the req
uses as the
diseases,
nergy humans
xcess of so
s shadow. W
parks, gard
c..
pes able to
and bioga
other energ
imal work b
quirements
e use of an
therapy, e
s are using sin
lar radiatio
Widely use
dens, stree
o perform m
as generati
gy systems
both for tra
s of our soc
nimals in th
etc.
nce centuries.
on and coo
ed in
et trees, etc
many tasks
ng, genera
, water
ansport or d
ciety are ve
he detectio
l
c., As
s like
ation
doing
ery
n of
~23~
Humans as part of living beings on this planet is vital we integrate and interact with
the natural world around us both to raise awareness of its existence and for
our own survival.
About wind power
Definition:
Wind energy is the energy from wind, the kinetic energy generated by the
effect of air currents, and is transformed into other useful forms for human
activities.
Today, wind energy is mainly used to produce electricity through wind turbines. In
late 2007, worldwide capacity of wind generators was 94.1 gigawatts. In
2009, wind generated about 2% of global electricity consumption, equivalent
to the total electricity demand in Italy, the seventh largest economy in the world. In
Spain the wind energy produced 11% of electricity consumption in April 2008. And
13.8% in 2009. In the early hours of Sunday 8 November 2009, over 50% of
electricity generated in Spain mills wind, and the record-breaking total
production, with 11,546 megawatts.
Wind energy is an abundant, renewable, clean and helps reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases from power plants by replacing fossil fuel-based,
which makes it a kind of green energy. However, the main drawback is
its intermittency.
How
Figure
Wind
press
press
Wind
radia
the a
neigh
Cont
expa
from
air.
To ta
and s
entity
in his
maxi
whic
(10 k
25 m
Wind
wind
w to prod
e 30: Wind farm
d energy is
sure into a
sure gradie
ds are gene
ation, betwe
air masses
hboring are
tinents abs
ands, and is
the seas,
ake advant
seasonal w
y of the bu
storical dat
imum wind
h depends
km / h) and
m / s (90 km
d energy is
energy int
duce an
m
s related to
adjacent are
ent.
erated bec
een 1 and
over the o
eas located
sorb a mino
s therefore
oceans an
tage of win
winds, the v
rsts in sho
ta with a m
d speed. To
s on the win
d 4 m / s (1
m / h) speed
s used thro
to usable m
nd get en
the movem
eas of low
cause of the
2% of ene
oceans, sea
d on the co
or amount o
e lighter an
nd large lak
nd energy is
variation of
rt periods o
minimum of
o use wind
nd turbine
4, 4 km / h
d call "cut-
ugh the us
mechanica
~24~
nergy fro
ment of air
pressure,
e uneven h
ergy from th
as and lake
ontinental m
of sunlight
d rises. Th
kes is set in
s importan
f wind spee
of time, an
20 years.
power, yo
to be used
h) speed ca
-out speed"
se of wind m
l energy of
om the w
masses m
with speed
heating of t
he sun is c
es remain
masses.
, so that th
he cooler a
n motion to
t to know t
ed with hei
d maximum
It is also im
u need it re
d but usuall
all "cut-in s
".
machines (
f rotation, e
wind:
move from a
ds proportio
the earth's
onverted in
cold in rela
he air is on
ir and heav
o fill the voi
the diurnal
ight above
m values o
mportant to
eaches a m
ly begin be
peed", and
(or aero-) a
either to dir
areas of hi
onal to the
surface by
nto wind. B
ation to
the ground
vier than co
id left by th
and noctu
the ground
occurred
o know the
minimum s
etween 3 m
d not excee
able to tran
rectly actua
gh air
y solar
By day,
d
omes
he hot
rnal
d, the
peed
m / s
eding
nsform
ate the
oper
conv
conn
It is n
prop
gene
conc
A mi
actio
can b
gene
the w
mills
Figure
Hist
Wind
as a
as w
sail o
eight
powe
rating mach
version sys
nection to t
now primar
eller throug
erator that
centrations
ll is a mach
on of the wi
be connect
erate electr
windmill. W
have a rem
e 31: Scheme
tory:
d energy is
driving for
we observe.
or machine
ties of last
er grows in
hines, as fo
stem (comp
he network
rily used to
gh a mech
produces e
known as
hine that co
ind on a slo
ted to vario
ricity. When
When used
mote sourc
of the product
s not new, i
rce there si
. It originat
ery has ope
century wh
nexorably f
or the prod
prising an e
k) is known
o move turb
anical syst
electricity. T
wind farms
onverts win
oping blade
ous types o
n the shaft
to produce
ce.
tion of electrica
is one of th
ince ancien
tes from the
erated the
hen this typ
rom XXI ce
~25~
duction of e
electric gen
n as wind tu
bines. In th
tem rotates
To be insta
s.
nd into usa
es attache
of machine
t is connect
e electricity
al energy from
he oldest e
nt times an
e sun. Thu
mill to mov
pe of clean
entury, in s
electricity. I
nerator con
urbines.
hese wind e
s the rotor
aller profita
able energy
d to a com
ery to grind
ted to a loa
y is called w
m the wind pow
nergy with
nd in all tim
us, it has m
ve their bla
n energy su
some count
n the latter
ntrol system
energy and
of a gener
able, tend t
y, which co
mmon axis.
grain, pum
ad such as
wind turbin
wer
thermal en
mes has bee
moved to bo
des. But it
uffered a re
tries than i
r case, the
ms and
d drives a
ator, usual
to cluster a
omes from
The rotary
mp water o
s a pump, c
e generato
nergy. The
en used as
oats power
was not un
eal boost. W
n others, b
lly a
at
the
y axis
or
called
or. The
e wind
s such,
red by
ntil the
Wind
but
certa
in Eu
favor
amon
exce
The
The
the f
Afgh
made
to gr
Figure
In Eu
In Eu
and s
towe
wind
cons
of the
ainly in Spa
urope or th
rable cond
ng those w
eptional.
first mills
earliest ref
irst century
anistan, in
e rectangu
rind wheat
e 32: Old mill
urope
urope the f
spread acr
ers, which w
. The towe
sisted of a s
e mill and
ain there is
e United S
itions of wi
who can po
ference we
y CE. The f
the seven
ulares.8 ap
or removin
first windm
ross the co
were rotate
er mill was
stone towe
machinery
s a high gro
States to wo
ind there, e
oint to the G
e have is a
first mills w
nth century
paratus 6 t
ng water.
ills appeare
ontinent. Th
ed by hand
developed
er topped b
y top of it. T
~26~
owth, one o
orldwide. It
especially i
Gulf of Cad
windmill th
were built fo
. These we
to 8 mill ca
ed in the tw
hey were w
d around a
d in France
by a woode
These first
of the first c
ts growth in
in Andalus
diz, as the w
hat was us
or practica
ere mills ve
andles cove
welfth cent
wooden stru
central pol
during the
en structure
units had a
countries b
n wind farm
ia occupie
wind resou
ed to powe
l use in Sis
ertical shaft
ered with c
tury in Fran
uctures, kn
le to lift the
e fourteenth
e supported
a number o
behind Ger
ms is due to
s a leading
urce is
er an organ
stan,
ft with blade
cloths were
nce and En
nown as mi
eir blades in
h century.
d rotating s
of common
rmany
o the
g place
n in
es
e used
ngland
ill
nto the
It
shaft
n
chara
from
beam
trans
the s
Euro
wind
exam
Pum
In the
meta
area
mills
wate
Figure
Mod
Mode
evolv
acteristics.
four to eig
ms were co
smitting sha
structure. T
ope to grind
mills in the
mple, in the
mping Wind
e U.S., the
al candle w
s of North
contribute
er needs of
e 33: Pumping
ern turbin
ern turbine
ve.
. From the
ght blades,
overed with
aft, through
The horizon
d wheat fro
e adventure
e Netherlan
dmills
e developm
was the ma
America, o
ed to the ex
f the steam
Windmill
nes
es were dev
top of the
with a leng
h cloth or w
h a system
ntal axis wi
om the 118
es of Don Q
nds.
ment of pum
in factor th
otherwise i
xpansion o
m locomotiv
veloped in
~27~
mill stood a
gth betwee
wood. The e
m of gears,
indmills we
0s onward
Quixote. Th
mping wind
hat allowed
mpossible
f the railwa
ves.
early 1980
a horizonta
en 3 and 9
energy gen
machinery
ere used ex
ds. Just rem
here are st
mills, recog
agriculture
without ea
ay around t
0, although
al axis. Thi
meters. Th
nerated by
y mill locate
xtensively i
member the
till mills tha
gnizable by
e and lives
asy access
the world, s
h the desig
s axis dep
he wooden
the rotatio
ed at the ba
in Western
e now famo
at class, for
y their man
stock over v
to water. T
supplying t
ns continu
arting
n
on
ase of
n
ous
r
ny
vast
The
the
e to
Figure
Use
The w
wind
were
then
to ma
Cos
The
calcu
inclu
The
70%
insta
e 34: Modern w
e of wind
wind energ
turbines K
e small by t
, the size o
any places
st of win
unit cost o
ulation. For
de:
initial cost
. The avera
alled capac
wind turbines
d energy
gy industry
Kuriant man
today's sta
of the turbin
s.
d energ
f energy pr
r evaluatio
or initial in
age cost o
city and var
y
y in modern
nufacturers
ndards, wi
nes has gro
y
roduced in
n should ta
vestment,
f a wind fa
riable depe
~28~
n times beg
s, Vestas,
th capaciti
own enorm
wind powe
ake into ac
the cost of
rm is today
ending on t
gan in 1979
Nordtank,
es from 20
mously, and
er follows a
ccount vario
f wind affec
y about 1,2
the technol
9 with mas
and Bonus
0 to 30 kW
d productio
a fairly com
ous factors
cts approx
200 Euros
logy and th
ss productio
s. Those tu
each. Sinc
on has exp
mplex
s, among w
imately 60
per kW of
he brand th
on of
urbines
ce
anded
which
to
hat will
be in
magn
Shou
amor
The f
The
The
insta
chara
uses
98%
over
In Au
U $ S
Figure
each y
nstalled ("d
nets "...;
uld be cons
rtization of
financial co
operation a
overall ene
allation. Thi
acteristics
s the "powe
guarantee
20 years h
ugust 2011
S65 the MW
e 35: World tot
year in a logar
irect drive"
sidered the
f this cost;
osts;
and mainte
ergy produ
is is define
at the site
er curve" ce
ed by manu
has come t
tenders in
Wh.
tal Installed Ca
rithmic function
", "synchro
e life of the
enance cos
ced in a pe
ed in terms
has been
ertified by e
ufacturer. F
to respect
n Brazil and
apacity (MW).
n
~29~
nous", "asy
facility (ap
sts (variabl
eriod of one
of the cha
located. Th
each manu
For some o
99% of the
d Uruguay
This picture s
ynchronou
pproximate
le between
e year, ie t
racteristics
his calculat
ufacturer a
of the mach
e power cu
to purchas
show us that th
us", "genera
ely 20 years
n 1 and 3%
the so-calle
s of wind tu
tion is quite
nd usually
hines have
rves.
se 20 had
he wind turbine
ators perm
s) and the
% of investm
ed factor p
urbine and
e simple si
between 9
e been arou
lower costs
e production in
manent
ment);
lant
wind
ince it
95-
und for
s than
ncreased
~30~
Wind power in the UK
The small wind could generate electricity cheaper than the network in some rural
areas in the UK, according to research by the Carbon Trust. According to the
report, mini wind turbines could generate 1.5 terawatt hours (TWh) per year in the
UK, 0.4% of total consumption in the country, preventing the emission of 0.6 million
tones of CO2.
The UK ended 2008 with 4,015 MW installed with a token presence in its electricity
production, yet it is one of the countries of the world's most wind power capacity is
planned. The UK already has granted concessions to achieve the 32,000 MW wind
farms on its shores:
Dogger Bank, 9000 MW North Sea Forewind * (SSE Renewable, RWE Npower
Renewable, StatoilHydro & Statkraft)
Norfolk Bank, 7,200 MW; North Sea * Iberdrola Renewable (Scottish Power) &
Vattenfall
Irish Sea, 4,100 MW; Irish Sea; Centric
Hornsea, 4,000 MW North Sea * Mainstream Renewable, Siemens & Hochtief
Construction
Forth estuary, 3,400 MW; Scotland SeaGreen * (SSE Renewable and Fluor)
Bristol Channel, 1,500 MW South West Coast, RWE Npower Renewable
Moray Firth, 1,300 MW; Scotland * EDP Renewable & SeaEnergy
Isle of Wight (West), 900 MW, South Enerco New Energy
Hastings, 600 MW, South E.On Climate & Renewable
According to the British administration "offshore wind industry is a key route in the
UK towards a low CO2 emissions and should assume a value of about 75,000
million pounds (84,000 million) and sustain about 70,000 jobs until 2020. "
~31~
Advantages of wind energy
It is a type of renewable energy as it has its origin in atmospheric processes due to
the energy that reaches Earth from the Sun
It is a clean energy, producing no atmospheric emissions or polluting waste.
It does not require combustion to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), so it does not
contribute to the greenhouse effect and climate change.
Can be installed in areas unsuitable for other purposes, such as in desert areas
near the coast, steep slopes and arid for cultivation.
Can coexist with other land uses, such as grassland for livestock use or low
growing crops like wheat, corn, potatoes, beets, etc..
Create a high number of jobs in assembly plants and installation areas.
Installation is quick, between 4 months and 9 months
Inclusion in an inter-linked system allows, when wind conditions are suitable, save
fuel in power stations and / or water in the reservoirs of hydroelectric plants.
Their combined use with other types of energy, usually solar, housing permits self-
feeding, thus ending the need to connect to grids, autonomy can be achieved over
the 82 hours without power from either of the 2 systems.
The current situation can cover the energy demand in Spain by 30% due to
multiple location of wind farms on the territory, offsetting the low production of a
lack of wind production with high wind areas. Systems can stabilize power system
waveform produced in power generation by solving the problems that had the wind
as energy producers at the beginning of installation.
Possibility to build wind farms at sea, where the wind is stronger, more consistent
and the social impact is less, but increase the cost of installation and
maintenance. Offshore parks are a reality in the countries of northern Europe,
where wind power is becoming a very important factor.
~32~
Disadvantages of wind power
Technical aspects
Due to the lack of security in the presence of wind, wind can not be used as the
sole source of electrical energy. Therefore, to save the "valleys" in the production
of wind energy is indispensable support of conventional energy (coal or combined
cycle, for example, and more recently, clean coal). However, when they support
wind power, coal plants can not function at its best, which is situated about 90%
power. They need to stay well below this percentage, to substantially raise
production by the time they loosen the wind.Therefore, in the "backup" power
plants consume more fuel per kWh produced. Also, by raising and lowering its
output every time you change the wind speed, wears out the machinery. This
problem goes back to Spain to try to solve through an interconnection with France
to use the system to allow European and wind variability mattress.
In addition, variability in wind energy production has two important consequences:
To evacuate electricity from each wind farm (which are usually located well in
natural sections) is necessary to construct high voltage lines that are capable of
driving up electricity that is able to produce the installation. However, the average
driving voltage to be much lower. This means putting cables 4 times thicker, and
often taller towers to accommodate peak wind correctly.
It is necessary to meet the wind dips "instantly" (increasing the production of
thermal power plants), because it is so produced, and widespread power outages
do occur by low voltage. This problem could be solved through storage devices
power. But the electricity produced can not be stored: is instantly consumed or lost.
In addition, other problems are:
Technically, one of the major drawbacks of wind turbines is called voltage sag. In
view of these phenomena, the protections of the wind turbine with squirrel cage
motors are disconnected from the network to avoid being damaged and, therefore,
cause further disruptions in the network, in this case, lack of supply. This problem
is solved either by changing the electrical switchgear wind turbines, which is quite
costly, or through the use of synchronous motors is much easier but make sure the
~33~
network you are connecting is strong and stable .
One of the major drawbacks of this type of generation, is the intrinsic difficulty of
providing for the generation ahead. Since power systems are operated by
calculating the generation with a day in advance in view of expected consumption,
the randomness of wind poses serious problems. Recent advances in wind
forecasting has greatly improved the situation, but still a problem. Similarly, groups
of wind generation cannot be used as a swing knot.
Besides the obvious need for minimum speed in the wind to move the blades,
there is also an upper limit: a machine may be generating at full power, but if the
wind increases just enough to exceed the specifications of the wind turbine is must
disconnect the circuit of the network or to change the inclination of the blades to
stop rotating, since wind speeds with the structure can be damaged by the efforts
that appear on the shaft. The immediate consequence is an obvious decline in
electricity production, despite having plenty of wind, and another factor of
uncertainty when it comes to having energy in the consumer grid.
Although these problems seem only to wind power, are common to all natural
energies:
A solar panel will only produce power when there is enough sunlight.
A hydroelectric plant dam will only occur while the water conditions and rainfall
permit the release of water.
A tidal power can only occur while the water activity permits.
Enviromental aspects
Usually combined with power plants, leading to the existence of critics who do not
really save too much carbon dioxide emissions. However, one must bear in mind
that any form of energy production has the potential to cope with the demand and
production based on renewable energy is cleaner, so its contribution to the
electricity grid is clearly positive.
There are wind farms in Spain in protected areas as SPAs (Special Protection Area
for Birds) and SCI (Site of Community Importance) of the Natura 2000 network,
~34~
which is a contradiction. While the possible inclusion of some of these wind farms
in protected areas SPAs and SCIs have a reduced impact due to use natural
resources, when human expansion invades these areas, thereby altering them
without producing any good.
At the beginning of installation, the sites selected for it coincided with the routes of
migratory birds, or areas where birds take advantage of slope winds, making
conflicting wind turbines with birds and bats. Fortunately mortality levels are very
low compared to other causes such abuses (see chart). Although some
independent experts say the mortality is high. Currently the environmental impact
studies required for the recognition of the wind farm plan takes into consideration
the ornithological situation in the area. Furthermore, since wind turbines are of low
current rotational speed, the problem of collision with the birds are being reduced.
The landscape impact is an important note because of the horizontal arrangement
of the elements that compose it and the appearance of a vertical element such as
wind turbine. Produce the so-called disco effect: This effect appears when the sun
is behind the mill and the shadows of the blades regularly projecting over the
gardens and windows, flashing so that people called this phenomenon "disco
effect" . This, together with noise, can lead people to a high stress level, with
consideration for purposes of health. However, the improved design of wind
turbines has allowed it to reduce the noise produced.
The opening track operators and the presence of wind farms makes the human
presence is constant in previously little-traveled places. This also affects wildlife.
ANS
proce
the p
proce
of dy
of he
elect
simu
a wh
chem
Fea
Integ
Allow
leavi
YS is divid
essing (ge
pre-process
essor finite
ynamic and
eat transfer
tromagneti
ultaneously
hole. This s
mistry.
tures
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ws the asso
ng a single
Abo
ded into thr
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sor and po
e element f
d static stru
r and fluid d
c. Usually
y achieving
software is
Figure
ociation of
e platform.
out The
ree primary
eation and
ost-process
for solving
uctures (bo
dynamics,
the use of
mixing str
also used
36: Hub analis
different te
Besides it
~35~
e softw
y tools calle
meshing),
sor are prov
mechanica
oth for linea
and proble
these tools
ructures pro
in civil and
sed by ANSYS
echnologie
ts integratio
ware AN
ed module
processor
vided a gra
al problems
ar problems
ems of aco
s is used
oblems wit
d electrical
S
s to develo
on allows a
NSYS
s: pre-
and post-p
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s include: a
s and nonl
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th heattran
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processor.
erface. This
analysis
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ct without
n with
Both
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alysis
ems as
s and
~36~
the most advanced CAD software. Finally, the integration system can easily be
included in documentation systems of each company.
Modular
ANSYS allows customers to install a single application for solving a specific
problem. As the user advances in the solution, this may require more
complex analysis, until the validation process. The
different modules allow ANSYS to solve the problems in parts.
Extensible
ANSYS offers "vertical applications" or more specific adaptations as required by
the customer. These adaptations can automate processes that normally takes a
client to more complex applications that are tailored to specific industries.
Disadvantages
Most of the errors and weaknesses of ANSYS, rather than relying on the program
itself, are based on the finite element used by the program for analysis.
The solution given by the program is a complex mixture of discrete
calculations. And efforts, temperatures and other properties represent continuous
parameters. That said, the results obtained from ANSYS are
approximations that depend on the number of elements used.
The geometry of the object to be analyzed, can cause errors in the
solution because if the mesh made not maintain certain
predetermined range parameters such as angles of the edges, and size
relationships in the edges, the method can fail at a point which affects
the convergence of the system.
The density of elements used must be entered manually. This means the user
must run consecutively ANSYS increasing the number of elements
used to achieve convergence to vary less than the stopping criterion used. This
generates large computational cost and time by the user.
Due to the use of a discrete range as regards the properties of matter, it
~37~
should increase the number of points in the meshing of the object at the points at
which the gradient of the analyzed property is too large for more accurate results.
The element type as well as some properties are entered manually by the
user. Which generates human-like errors in the use of ANSYS, sometimes the
program does not display an alert on the ranges normally used.
Typical process of performing a calculation
Pre-processing
Establishment of the model, we construct the geometry of the problem,
creating lines, areas or volumes. On this model will be established element
mesh. This part of the pre-process is optional, since the location of the elements
of the mesh can come from other design applications.
Defines the materials to be used based on their constant. Every element must be
assigned a particular material.
Mesh generation, performing a discrete approximation problem based on points or
nodes. These nodes are connected to form finite elements that together form
the bulk material. The Maya may be generated manually or using automated
tools or controlled mesh.
Process
Application of loads, boundary conditions are applied at the nodes and
elements can handle values of strength, traction, displacement, time or rotación.7
Obtaining the solution, which is obtained when all the values of the problem are
known.
Post-processing
Visualization of results, for example as a drawing of the deformed geometry of the
problem.
List of results, just as data in a table.
Figure
Stud
The
sea.
The
the r
very
to ma
wind
can b
e 37: Image of
y of the wi
town chose
It is near t
annual ave
range of wo
windy day
ake resista
turbine be
break the m
Cli
f the Wick cast
nd made in
en I Wick i
he sea.
erage of th
orking of a
ys the mach
ance. This
ecause it m
machine.
mate S
tle
n the year
n the north
e wind say
wind mach
hine will ha
is normal b
makes a lot
~38~
Study in
2011.
h-east of Sc
ys us that w
hine is betw
ave to stop
because so
of vibratio
n Scotl
Figure 38:
cotland. Hi
we can inst
ween 6 Km
putting is
o many win
ns in the s
land
Wick in the m
is high is 3
tall a wind
m/h and 90
blades to c
nd is dange
tructure an
map
36 meters u
turbine bec
Km/h. Som
cut the win
erous for th
nd that vibr
up the
cause
me
d, not
he
rations
~39~
Month Monthly average (Km/h)
Maximum monthly
(Km/h) Minimum temperature (°c)
January 16.38 74.08 -4.6
February 25.29 118.34 -2.2
March 20.15 96.49 -2.9
April 16.75 87.04 0.3
May 21.05 88.9 0
June 16.62 59.45 2.7
July 15.55 64.82 2.7
August 18.38 107.23 4.6
September 19.1 81.3 4.9
October 23.65 103.53 1.9
November 24.56 131.31 1.1
December 26.55 135.2 -3.1
Average 20.03 95.64 ‐0.11
Table 1: Study of the weather in Wick
~40~
Simulation
The simulation has two parts:
1. Simulation of the wind turbine without ice in the blades with the tipical wind
in Wick (20Km/h)
2. Simulation of the wind turbine with ice in the blades with the tipical wind in
Wick (20Km/h)
Material Information:
The blade of the wind turbines are made of diferents materials, but I have choose the Fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin because is very resitent and very light.
Is mass density is 2200 N·s²/mm³ and is Dynamic Viscosity is 17.4 N*s/mm²
[Customer Defined] (Part1) -Fluid 3-D
Material Model Fluid
Material Source Fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin
Material Source File
Date Last Updated 2012/04/02-14:46:42
Material Description Customer defined material properties
Mass Density 2200 N·s²/mm/mm³
Dynamic Viscosity 17.4 N*s/mm² Table 2: Parametres of the material used to made the blades of the wind turbine
Air –
Mate
Mate
Date
Mate
Mass
Dyna
Table
First
top p
dates
Figure
The
wind
–Fluid 3-D
rial Model
rial Source
Last Updat
rial Descrip
s Density
amic Viscos
3: Parametres
we start d
part becaus
s.
e 39: Windturb
design tha
turbines th
D
Fluid
Autod
ed 2004/
ption 68 F,
1.207
sity 1.799
s of the air use
esigning th
se all the to
bine design in S
at I have ma
hat are wo
desk Simula
/09/30-16:00
1 atm
619155367
531653411
ed in the simul
he form of t
ower are ve
Solid works
ade of the
rking all ar
~41~
ation Materi
0:00
92e-012 N·s
56e-011 N*
lation
the wind tu
ery similar
wind turbin
round the w
ial Library
s²/mm/mm³
*s/mm²
urbine (for
and it doe
ne is based
world.
our study w
esn´t give u
d in the for
we only ne
us significa
rm that has
eed the
nt
s the
Now
of the
Figure
Now
the secon
e piece.
e 40 :Windturb
we put the
d step afte
bine meshed
e charge of
er the desig
f the wind o
~42~
gn in Solid
on the blad
works of th
des, the for
he wind tur
rce that the
rbine is the
e blades su
e mesh
upport.
Figure
We h
attac
e 41: Flow deta
have the re
ck face tha
ail of the wind
esults of the
n in the ba
turbine
e flow rate
ack face
~43~
, we can see that theere are morre charge i
n the
Figure
Here
turbu
and d
Now
study
As a
bette
and m
e 42: Detail of
e there are
ulence that
different sp
we are go
y only of th
lways, the
er than the
more flexib
the turbulence
a detail of
t we have i
peeds in th
oing to see
he blade.
first step is
triangle m
ble with the
e in the end of
the flow ra
n that part
hat part sho
in more de
s mesh the
esh. That k
e curves su
~44~
f the blade
ate on the t
of the blad
ow us the t
etail the flu
e piece. I u
kind of mes
urfaces.
tail of the b
de. Differen
turbulence.
uent in de b
se the squ
sh is bette
blade. Here
nt direction
.
blade, we a
uare mesh
r because
e we can s
ns of the w
are going to
because is
is more ex
ee the
ind
o do a
s
xactly
Figure
And
Figure
e 43: Picture o
now we ar
e 44: Picture o
f the mesh bla
re going to
f the mesh bla
ade front view
put the ch
ade
~45~
arge of thee wind in thhe attack fa
ace.
The
after
kinet
Figure
In the
that w
aero
result show
r that the ot
tic energy o
e 45: Direction
e following
we have d
dynamic o
w us that th
ther faces
of the wind
and quantity o
g picture we
ifferent par
f the blade
he velocity
of the blad
d goes to d
of the wind in
e have the
rts with mo
e.
~46~
of the wind
de stops the
e wind turb
the attack sec
flow rate a
ore flow tha
d is very h
e wind, tha
bine.
ction of the bla
all along th
an others. T
igh in the a
at is the mo
ade
e blade an
That is bec
attack face
oment that
nd we can s
cause of th
e and
the
see
e
Figure
Here
Figure
e 46: Flow rate
e we have a
e 47: Flow rate
e of the wind th
a detail of t
e through the a
hrough the bla
the flow ra
attack face of t
~47~
ade surface
te in the at
the blade
ttack face oof the blad
e
Now
of the
more
Figure
In the
along
wind
does
we have t
e blade is t
e displacem
e 48: Stress ra
e picture o
g the face,
to the tail,
sn’t have p
he stress o
the zone w
ment and m
ange of the bla
of the press
but in the
, making th
ressure for
of the blade
with more s
more vibrat
de
sure on the
tail is less.
hat pressur
rce, only ta
~48~
e with the w
stress beca
tions.
e blade we
. This is all
re on the fa
angential ve
wind charg
ause that zo
can see th
the face o
ace, and w
elocity.
ge. We can
one is alwa
hat the pres
of the blade
hen de air
n see that t
ays the par
ssure in co
e diverts th
is near the
he tail
rt with
onstant
he
e tail, it
Figure
The
typic
the ic
blade
The f
de bl
e 49: Fluid pres
second pa
cal tempera
ced surface
e.
first step is
lades diffe
ssure along th
art of the an
ature of Wic
e, we are g
s design th
rent.
he blade
nalysis is to
ck, so we m
going to ma
e wind turb
~49~
o put norm
meet ice in
ake the att
bine in solid
al wind fro
n the blade
tack face ir
d works. In
m Wick, bu
s. As we c
rregular to
n that case
ut with the
an´t design
simulate a
, we must
n all
n iced
make
Figure
Figure
e 50: Wind turb
e 51: Detail of
bine with ice in
the blade with
n the blades
h ice
~50~
Here
The
Figure
In tha
iced
have
e we see th
second ste
e 52: Windturb
at picture w
blades. Th
e ice in the
he detail of
ep is to me
bine with ice in
we can see
he direction
blade the
the irregul
esh the win
the blades me
e the direct
n of the flow
efficiency d
~51~
lar surface
dturbine.
eshed
tion of the f
w rate is de
decreases
in the atta
flow rate in
eviated out
a lot.
ack face of
n the wind t
tside the b
the blade.
turbine wit
lade, so if w
h the
we
Figuree 53: Detail of the flow rate inn the blade wi
~52~
ith ice
Ther
with
freez
the b
of the
detec
the w
a inte
from
incre
ice b
a pum
beca
Figure
Inve
re are a dis
the blades
ze and cau
blades is af
e wind. Th
cted the pr
wind turbine
ernal resist
the electri
eases the p
blades. This
mp to bring
ause it is m
e 54: Iced blad
estigat
sadvantage
s, and that
se ice. The
ffected. Po
is is seen i
roblem at lo
e and remo
tance, the
city produc
production
s solution i
g water to t
more expen
des. This pictur
tion abo
e, being in
low tempe
e ice sticks
oor aerodyn
in the effici
ow energy
ove the ice
electrical e
ced by the
of the elec
s more exp
the blades
sive.
re shows how
~53~
out the
an area of
ratures cau
s to the bla
namics doe
iency of wi
production
e. Other so
energy to g
wind turbin
ctricity. This
pensive, si
, and a hea
w the ice can af
e ice in
f bad weath
use the wa
des and m
es not take
nd turbines
n. The che
lution is to
get warm th
ne. There
s solution i
ince you ne
ater. The la
ffect to the aer
the bla
her, we hav
ater to the a
makes the a
e advantag
s. Compan
apest solut
get warm
he resistan
is another
s projectin
eed an ext
atter solutio
rodynamic of t
ades
ve a proble
atmospher
aerodynam
e of the ful
nies curren
tion is to st
the blades
nces could
r solution th
g hot wate
ernal wate
on is rarely
the windturbine
em
re to
mic of
ll force
tly
top
s with
come
hat
er to
er tank,
y used
es.
~54~
Conclusion
In this project I have investigated the practical renewable energies, and wind power
in special. There are a lot of problems to get energy from the earth, because
actually we found petrol in the deep of the sea, and is very difficult to obtain this. If
renewable energies wants to substitute the fossil fuels, we can obtain that energies
from all the places in the earth, as the fossil fuels are obtained. So, if we must put
our renewable energies stations in difficult places, with bad weather, we must solve
that engineering problem. In that project we study one of these problems, the ice in
the wind turbines blades. With this study I try to help the renewable energies to
substitute the fossil fuels all around the world.
The conclusion of that project is that the analysis without ice in the blades
compared with the analysis with ice in the blades show us that the efficiency of the
wind turbine ,and then the production of electricity, is much better when there are
no ice in the blades. Knowing that we must fight with the ice in the blades and we
must put it out of our wind turbines that are in cold zones of the planet.
Pd. In the end of the project, I couldn´t use the program fluent in the computers of
Glyndwr, so, as good engineer I searched other solution. That solution was a finite
elements program similar than ANSYS. The name of this element finite program is
Autodesck simulation multiphisics. This program is from the company that
develops Autocad.
~55~
References
Internet Pages:
http://www.ibea.es/eco-02-tipos.htm
www.worldscibooks.com
www.clima.tiempo.com.
Books:
Erich Hau. Wind Turbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics. Birkhäuser, 2006
Robert Gasch, J. Twele. Wind Power Plants: Fundamentals, Design, Construction and Operation. Solarpraxis AG, 2002. Olimpo Anaya-Lara, Nick Jenkins, Janaka Ekanayake, Phill Cartwright. Wind
Energy Generation: Modelling and Control. John Wiley and Sons, 2009. Godfrey Boyle, Open University. Renewable Energy. Oxford University Press,
2004 Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett, Janet Ramage, Open University. Energy Systems
and Sustainability. Oxford University Press. 2003. Bryan J. Mac Donald. Practical Stress Analysis With Finite Elements. Alexandre Ern,Jean-Luc Guermond. Theory and Practice of Finite Elements.
Wind turbine electric generation simulation and optimizations
ITI Mecanica.
Supervisor: Pablo Sanchis
Koldo Sasal Diaz de Cerio.
Introduction
• This project is about a simulation of a wind turbine under different environmental conditions.
Project´s Objectives
• Climate study of a bad weather place
• Simulation With a finite elements software
• Simulation has to be with iced blades and normal blades
• Discussion of the results and possible solution of the problems
Climate study in Wick
The bad weather town chosen is Wick.
Wick is perfect for my wind turbine, because the winter months are very hard, and the annual wind average is high
Description of the simulation
First step in the simulation, is design the wind turbine. In that case is made with solid works
MeshingSecond step Is meshing the wind turbine with a finite elements program
Wind forcesThird step is to put the wind forces on the wind turbine. The forces have to be the same as in a normal windy day in Wick
Detail of the end of the blade. Turbulences in that zone
Flow rate throw the blade
The colours show the flow rate through the blade. In the red zones there are a lot o air mass flowing.
Iced blade
Is very difficult to make an iced surface with a cad software, so I have made a rough surface in the attack face to simulate the ice.
Blade design
This is the iced blade designed in solid works. The form is very similar to a iced surface
Iced blade meshed
As the other wind turbine this one has to be meshed with the finite elements software.
Flow rate of the iced blade
In the iced blade there are less flow rate than the normal blade, so, we lost efficiency
Results
We have a problem when is winter and the blades is ice, because we lost efficiency and it means money
Solutions of the problems
• 1: Stop the machine and put out the blades
• 2: Install a pump and a heater and throw hot water to the blades to quit the ice (expensive)
• 3: Resistances that get the blades hotter and convert the ice in water
Conclusion
• The best solution for the iced blades is the resistances inside the blades, using the electrical power from the wind turbine production.
• Before spend a lot of money making a wind farm only looking for hard annual wind average we have to think how it can be more effective.
Thanks for your attention
I hope you enjoyed
Any question?