Upload
shujat786
View
228
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
1/15
Wildlife conservation
Wildlife conservation is the preservation, protection, or restoration ofwildlife and
their environment, especially in relation to endangered and vulnerable species. All
living non-domesticated animals, even if bred, hatched or born in captivity, areconsidered wild animals. Wildlife represents all the non-cultivated and non-
domesticated animals living in their natural habitats. Our world has many unique
and rare animals, birds and reptiles. However the pressure of growing population in
different parts of the world has led to the increasing need of using land for human
habitations and agriculture. This has led to the reduced habitat of many wild
animals.
The wildlife of India is a mix of species of diverse origins.[1] The region's rich and diverse
wildlife is preserved in numerous national parks and wildlife sanctuaries across the country.[2]
Since India is home to a number of rare and threatened animal species, wildlife management in
the country is essential to preserve these species.[3] According to one study, India along with 17mega diverse countries is home to about 60-70% of the world's biodiversity.[4]
India, lying within the Indomalaya ecozone, is home to about 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% ofavian, 6.2% ofreptilian, and 6.0% offlowering plant species.[5] Many ecoregions, such as the
sholaforests, also exhibit extremely high rates ofendemism; overall, 33% of Indian plant species
are endemic.[6][7] India's forest cover ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands,Western Ghats, andNortheast India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these
extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; teak-dominated dry
deciduous forest of central and southern India; and thebabul-dominated thorn forest of thecentral Deccan and western Gangetic plain.[8] Important Indian trees include the medicinal neem,
widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies. Thepipal fig tree, shown on the seals ofMohenjo-daro, shaded the Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
Many Indian species are descendants oftaxa originating in Gondwana, to which India originallybelonged. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards, and collision with, the Laurasian
landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However, volcanism and climatic change 20
million years ago caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.[9] Soon thereafter,mammals entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes on either side of the
emerging Himalaya.[8] As a result, among Indian species, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of
birds are endemic, contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians.[5] Notable
endemics are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and the brown and carmine Beddome's toad of the Western
Ghats. India contains 172, or 2.9%, ofIUCN-designated threatened species.[10] These include theAsiatic lion, the Bengal tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which suffered a near-
extinction from ingesting the carrion ofdiclofenac-treated cattle.
In recent decades, human encroachment has posed a threat to India's wildlife; in response, thesystem ofnational parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially
expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tigerto safeguard
crucial habitat; further federal protections were promulgated in the 1980s. Along with over 500
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalaya_ecozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_robustahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_nilotica_indicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_fighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Trapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_beddomiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_White-rumped_Vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalaya_ecozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_robustahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_nilotica_indicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_fighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Trapshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-tritsch-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-unep-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_beddomiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_White-rumped_Vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
2/15
wildlife sanctuaries, India now hosts 15 biosphere reserves, four of which are part of the World
Network of Biosphere Reserves; 25 wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.
The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound impact on the region's popular culture.The common name for wilderness in India is Jungle, which was adopted by the British
colonialists to the English language. The word has been also made famous inThe Jungle Bookby Rudyard Kipling. India's wildlife has been the subject of numerous other tales and fables such
as thePanchatantra and theJataka tales.
Major threats to wildlife
Major threats to wildlife can be categorized as below:
Habitat loss: Fewer natural wildlife habitat areas remain each year. Moreover, the habitat
that remains has often been degraded to bear little resemblance to the natural wild areaswhich existed in the past.
Climate change: Because many types of plants and animals have specific habitat
requirements, climate change could cause disastrous loss of wildlife species. A slightdrop or rise in average rainfall will translate into large seasonal changes. Hibernating
mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insects are harmed and disturbed. Plants and wildlife
are sensitive to moisture change so, they will be harmed by any change in the moisturelevel.
Pesticides and toxic chemicals: Pesticides are deliberately spread to make the
environment toxic to certain plants, insects, and rodents, so it should not be surprisingthat other plants and wildlife are deliberately harmed at the same time. In addition many
chemical pollutants are toxic to wildlife, such as PCBs, mercury, petroleum by-products,solvents, antifreeze, etc.
Hunting and poaching: Unregulated hunting and poaching causes a major threat to
wildlife. Along with this, mismanagement of forest department and forest guards triggers
this problem.
Natural phenomena: Floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, lightning, forest fires Pollution: Pollutants released into the environment are ingested by a wide variety of
organisms.
Over-exploitation of resources: Exploitation of wild populations for food has resulted inpopulation crashes (over-fishing, for example).
Accidental deaths: Car hits, window collisions (birds), collisions with ships (whales).
Government involvement
The Wildlife Conservation Act was enacted by the Government of India in 1972. Soon after the
trend of policy makers enacting regulations on conservation a strategy was developed to allow
actors, both government and non-government, to follow a detailed "framework" to successfulconservation. The World Conservation Strategy was developed in 1980 by the "International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) with advice, cooperation and
financial assistance of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kiplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_taleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_taleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kiplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_taleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
3/15
Wildlife Fund and in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(Unesco)"[7] The strategy aims to "provide an intellectual framework and practical guidance forconservation actions."[7]This thorough guidebook covers everything from the intended "users" of
the strategy to its very priorities and even a map section containing areas that have large seafood
consumption therefore endangering the area to over fishing. The main sections are as follows:
The objectives of conservation and requirements for their achievement:
1. Maintenance of essential ecological processes and life-support systems.2. Preservation of genetic diversity.3. Sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems.4. Priority requirements: ecological processes and life support systems.5. Priority requirements: genetic diversity.6. Priority requirements: sustainable utilization.
Priorities for national action:
1. A framework for national and subnational conservation strategies.2. Policy making and the integration of conservation and development.3. Environmental planning and rational use allocation.4. Improving the capacity to manage: legislation and organization.5. Improving the capacity to manage: training and research.6. Building support for conservation: Participation and education.7. Conservation-based rural development.
Priorities for international action:
1. International action: law and assistance.2. Tropical forests and drylands.3. A global programme for the protection of genetic resource areas.4. The global commons5. Regional strategies for international river basins and seas.6. Towards sustainable development.
Map sections:
1. Tropical forests2. Deserts and areas subject to desertification.3. Priority biogeographical provinces of the land for the establishment of
protected areas.4. International river basins.5. Major consumers and exporters of seafood and gainers of large fisheries.
[edit] Non-government involvement
As major development agencies became discouraged with the public sector of environmentalconservation in the late 1980s, these agencies began to lean their support towards the private
sector or Non-Government Organizations.[8] In a World Bank Discussion Paper it is made
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-autogenerated3-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-autogenerated3-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-autogenerated3-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-jstor.org-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-autogenerated3-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-autogenerated3-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-jstor.org-78/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
4/15
apparent that the explosive emergence of nongovernmental organizations was widely known to
government policy makers. Seeing this rise in NGO support, U.S. Congress made amendments to
the Foreign Assistance Act in 1979 and 1986 earmarking U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID) funds forbiodiversity.[8] From 1990 moving through recent years
Environmental Conservation in the Non-Government Organizations sector has become
increasingly more focused on the political and economic impact of USAID given towards theEnvironment and Natural Resources.[9] After the terror attacks on the World Trade Centers on
September 11, 2001 and the start of Former President Bushs War on Terrormaintaining and
improving the quality of the environment and natural resources became a priority to preventinternational tensions according to the Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2002[9] and
section 117 of the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act.[9] Furthermore in 2002 U.S. Congress modified
the section on endangered species of the previously amended Foreign Assistance Act.
The amendments to the section also included modifications on the section concerning "PVOs andother Nongovernmental Organizations."[9] The section requires that PVOs and NGO's, "to the
fullest extent possible involve local people with all stages of design and implementation."[9]
These amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act and the recent rise in USAID funding towardsforeign environmental conservation have lead to several disagreements in terms of NGO's role inforeign development.
[edit] Active non-government organizations
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using
prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, ifappropriate. Editing
help is available. (May 2011)
The Nature Conservancy is a US charitable environmental organization that
works to preserve the plants, animals, and natural communities thatrepresent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and watersthey need to survive.[10]
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmentalorganization working on issues regarding the conservation, research andrestoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund,which remains its official name in Canada and the United States. It is theworld's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 millionsupporters worldwide, working in more than 90 countries, supporting around1300[4] conservation and environmental projects around the world. It is acharity, with approximately 60% of its funding coming from voluntarydonations by private individuals. 45% of the fund's income comes from the
Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United. States.
[11]
Wildlife Conservation Society Audubon Society
[edit] References
1. ^ ab"NAM Brochure". Retrieved 2011-04-04.2. ^ "Bugle Magazine". Retrieved 2011-04-04.3. ^ ab"TWS Final Position Statement". Retrieved 2011-04-04.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-jstor.org-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proselinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audubon_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-azgfd1_0-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-azgfd1_0-1http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/documents/NAM%20Brochure.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-1http://www.rmef.org/NewsandMedia/PubsTV/Bugle/2004/MayJune/Features/NAModel.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-wildlife1_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-wildlife1_2-1http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/positionstatements/41-NAModel%20Position%20Statementfinal.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-jstor.org-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-usaid1-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proselinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audubon_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-azgfd1_0-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-azgfd1_0-1http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/documents/NAM%20Brochure.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-1http://www.rmef.org/NewsandMedia/PubsTV/Bugle/2004/MayJune/Features/NAModel.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-wildlife1_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-wildlife1_2-1http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/positionstatements/41-NAModel%20Position%20Statementfinal.pdf8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
5/15
4. ^ "The Future of Public Trust". Retrieved 2011-04-04.5. ^ abc"Bugle Magazine". Retrieved 2011-04-04.6. ^ abc"North American Wildlife Conservation Model". Retrieved 2011-04-04.7. ^ ab"World Conservation Strategy" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-01.8. ^ abhttp://www.jstor.org/pss/41922019. ^ abcdef"The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended" (PDF). Retrieved
2011-05-01.10.^ "About Us - Learn More About The Nature Conservancy". Nature.org. 2011-
02-23. Retrieved 2011-05-01.11.^ "WWF in Brief". Wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
WCS CORE PROJECTS
YEAR PROJECT LEADER/ S PROJECT NAME
2008-
ongoing
K. Ullas Karanth and Uma Ramakrishnan Meta-population dynamics of Tigers in
Malenad Mysore Landscape of Karnataka.
2008-
ongoing
Uma Ramakrishnan Genetic monitoring of Tigers.
2006 Sanjay Gubbi Tiger habitats and Integrated Conservation andDevelopment Projects: a case study from
Periyar Tiger Reserve, India
2003-
Ongoing
G.Vishwanatha Reddy Tiger as an umbrella species: evaluation of
management models for biodiversityconservation in India
2003-
Ongoing
K. Ullas Karanth and Ajith Kumar Post-Graduate Program in Wildlife Biology and
Conservation
2003-2006
K Ullas Karanth and N.Samba Kumar Distribution and dynamics of tiger and preypopulations in Karnataka, India
2002-
2005
Aparajita Datta Hornbill conservation project in North East
India
2002-2005
K.Ullas Karanth, N.Samba Kumar,Harshwardhan Dhanwatey, Poonam Dhanwatey,
Prachi Mehta and Jayant Kulkarni.
Distribution and dynamics of tiger and preypopulations in Maharashtra, India
2002-
2003
Jagadish Krishnaswamy and K. Ullas Karanth Impact of iron ore mining in Kudremukh on
Bhadra river ecosystem and its tiger habitats
2001-2004
Raghu Chundawat and K.Ullas Karanth Strengthening tiger conservation throughunderstanding predator-prey relationships in
dry tropical forests of India
1999-
2000
N.Samba Kumar Ungulate density and biomass in the tropical
semi-arid forest of Ranthambore, India
1996- M. D. Madhusudan & K. Ullas Karanth Local hunting and large mammal conservation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-3http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/future-of-public-trust.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-2http://www.rmef.org/NewsandMedia/PubsTV/Bugle/2004/SepOct/Features/SevenSisters.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-2http://www.rmef.org/Hunting/HuntersConservation/model.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated3_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated3_6-1http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/WCS-004.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-jstor.org_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-jstor.org_7-1http://www.jstor.org/pss/4192201http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-5http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/faa.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-9http://www.nature.org/aboutus/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-10http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_quick_facts.cfmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-3http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/future-of-public-trust.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated2004_4-2http://www.rmef.org/NewsandMedia/PubsTV/Bugle/2004/SepOct/Features/SevenSisters.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-2http://www.rmef.org/Hunting/HuntersConservation/model.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated3_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-autogenerated3_6-1http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/WCS-004.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-jstor.org_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-jstor.org_7-1http://www.jstor.org/pss/4192201http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-usaid1_8-5http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/faa.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-9http://www.nature.org/aboutus/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation#cite_ref-10http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_quick_facts.cfm8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
6/15
1997
1995-
2000
K.Ullas Karanth and James D.Nichols Ecological status and conservation of tigers in
India
1989-
1995
K.Ullas Karanth and Melvin Sunquist Ecology and management of large carnivores
1986-
1989
K. Ullas Karanth and Melvin Sunquist Predator-prey relationships in Nagarahole
National Park, India
WCS CONSERVATION PROJECTS
YEAR PROJECT LEADER/S PROJECT NAME
2003-
OngoingBalachandra Hegde
Wildlife Conservation in Anshi- Dandeli Tiger
Reserve.
2001-
Ongoing
K.M.Chinnappa and P.M.Muthanna Voluntary resettlement, Nagarahole National Park*
2001-Ongoing
Sanjay Gubbi and Praveen Bhargav Wildlife conservation outreach*
2001-2004 Harshwardhan & Poonam
Dhanwatey
Monitoring of tiger habitat in Tadoba Andhari Tiger
Reserve*
2001-
Ongoing
K.Ullas Karanth, Sanjay Gubbi and
Praveen Bhargav
Community Leadership for Tiger Conservation:
Building local community support for tiger
conservation*2000-
Ongoing
Niren Jain Rainforest conservation in Kudremukh National Park
1998-2001 K Ullas Karanth, K.M. Chinnappa,
Praveen Bhargav and N.Samba
Kumar.
Karnataka Tiger Conservation Project: an innovative
model to conserve breeding populations of tigers in
Karnataka, India*
1997-2001 M.K.Appachu, A. A. Poovaiah,K.M.Chinnappa
Voluntary resettlement, Nagarahole National Park*
1994
-2008
K.M.Chinnappa and T.S.Gopal Wildlife conservation education in Nagarahole
National Park*
1992-
Ongoing
D.V.Girish Tiger conservation in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary*
Tiger Conservation in Bandhavgarh
The Bandhavgarh Fort, in the center of the Reserve, atop the Bandhavgarh hill, was
the seat of the rulers of erstwhile Rewa State until they shifted to Rewa town in
8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
7/15
1617 A.D.
The area of the Reserve, with its surrounding forests were the favorite hunting
grounds of the erstwhile rulers and were zealously protected as such.
After independence and the abolition of the princely States, the process ofdegradation of forests accelerated due to lax control.
Maharaja Martand Singh of Rewa was deeplu moved by the destruction of forests.
On his proposal, an area of 105 sq. km. was declared a National Park in 1965. the
area of the Park was increased to 448.84 sq. km.in 1982.
The area of the 105sq.km.old National Park was finally notified in 1968. the
remaining part of the National Park i.e. 343.842sq.km. is yet to be finally notified.
Considering the importance and potentiality of the National Park, it was included int
the Project Tiger Network in 1993.
The adjoining Panpatha sanctuary, which was crated in 1993 with an area of
245.847sq.km.was also declared a part of the Reserve.
Tiger Conservation in Corbett
The Reserve area was named as 'Hailey National Park' in 1936. This was renamed in
1954-55 as 'Ramganga National Park' and again in 1955-56 as 'Corbett National
Park'.
It is the oldest National Park in India. It was one of the nine Tiger Reserves createdat the launch of the Project Tiger in 1973.
The original area of the Park was 323.75 sq. km. to which 197.07 sq. km. was added
later. An area of 797.72 sq. km. was added as buffer in 1991.
This area includes the whole of Kalagarh Forest Division (including 301.18 sq. km.
area Sananadi Wildlife Sanctuary),96.70 sq. km. of Ramnager Forest Division and
another 89 sq. km.
The administrative control over the entire area is that of the Field Director of the
Reserve.
Wildlife Conservation in Sunderbans
Sunderbans Tiger Reserve, created in 1973, was the part of the then 24-Parganas
Forest Division. Subsequently, the area comprising the present tiger reserve was
constituted as a Reserve Forest in 1978.
8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
8/15
The area of the Reserve is 2585 sq. km. , covering a land area of 1600 sq. km. and
the water body occupying over 985 sq. km. Within this area, 1330.12 sq. km. is
designated as core area, which was subsequently declared as Sundarbans National
Park in 1984.
An area of 124.40 sq. km. within the core area is preserved as primitive zone to act
as a gene pool. Within the buffer zone, Sajnekhali Wildlife Sanctuary was created in
1976, covering an area of 362.335 sq. km. Considering the importance of the bio-
geographic gegion of Bengal River Forests and its unique bio-diversity, the National
Park area of the Reserve was included in the list of World Heritage Sites in 1985.
The entire Sundarbans area was declared as Biosphere Reserve in 1989.
Biosphere reserves
The Indian government has established seventeen Biosphere Reserves of India which protect
larger areas of natural habitat and often include one or more National Parks and/or preserves,
along buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to theflora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these
regions, and their ways of life. The Bio-reserves in India are:
1. Achanakmar-Amarkantak2. Agasthyamalai3. Dibru Saikhowa4. Dihang Dibang5. Great Nicobar6. Gulf of Mannar
7. Kachchh8. Kangchenjunga9. Manas10.Nanda Devi11.The Nilgiris12.Nokrek13.Pachmarhi14.Simlipal15.Sundarbans16.Cold desert17.seshachalam hills
Seven of the fifteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves,based on the UNESCOMan and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) list.[19]
1. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve2. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve3. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve4. Nokrek National Park5. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve6. Simlipal National Park
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achanakmar_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthyamalaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthyamalaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibru-Saikhowa_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihang-Dibang_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Nicobar_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_Desert_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjungahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokrek_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_himalayas_of_Himachal_pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_ghats_of_andhra_pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokrek_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achanakmar_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthyamalaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibru-Saikhowa_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihang-Dibang_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Nicobar_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_Desert_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjungahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokrek_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_himalayas_of_Himachal_pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_ghats_of_andhra_pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokrek_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi_Biosphere_Reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlipal_National_Park8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
9/15
7. Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve
Asiatic Lion Brahminy Kite Indian Cobra Indian Elephant
Indian Peafowl Indian Gazelle Indian Rhinoceros Indian Wild Dog
Lion-tailed Macaque Pariah Kite Ringnecked Parakeet Royal Bengal Tiger
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brahminy_kite2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cobrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peafowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Gazellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Wild_Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion-tailed_Macaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_Parakeethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bengal_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shikra1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris7.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose-Ringed_Parakeet_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Kite_(Milvus_migrans)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_9784.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion-tailed_Macaque.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazi_rhino_edit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pfau_imponierend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinkara.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thrippunithura-Elephant4_crop.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiancobra.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brahminy_kite2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_leo_persica_male.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cobrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peafowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Gazellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Wild_Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion-tailed_Macaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_Parakeethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bengal_Tiger8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
10/15
Shikra
Role of ForensicsRole of Wildlife Forensic Facility (WFF) in Conservation
Major Achievements during last one year
Objectives:
The WFF was set up with a primary goal to develop and standardize techniques for
identifying species of varied wildlife parts reported in wildlife trade and provide support tovarious enforcement agencies viz. Forest, Police, CBI, DRI, Courts, Govt. of India and
Customs for implementing Wildlife (Protection) Act-1972.
Prepare Protocols and Manuals for identifying species
Sensitize issues among various enforcement agencies for proper evidence collection and
crime scene examination through regular workshops
Establish repository of reference samples
Number of Wildlife Offence Cases Referred to WII (n=673)
Distribution of Wildlife Offence Cases Referred to WII fromVarious Enforcement Agencies : (N=673)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikra8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
11/15
Per cent occurrence of various parts reported inWildlife offence cases sent to WII :
8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
12/15
Morphometry A major basis for identifying species from parts and products inwildlife offence cases in India
8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
13/15
8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
14/15
8/3/2019 Wildlife Conserv
15/15