Wildlife College Conversations(Wits Rural Facility)

Nico Cloete

UWC Institute of Post-School Studies

The South African Post-school System 2010 vs 2012

Compiled by Charles Sheppard

Source: DHET HEMIS 2012

Figure 3: Post-school educational attainment of 24-year-olds in 2011

Post-school diploma/certificate

17,496

Bachelors degree 2,517

Postgraduate diploma 525

Postgraduate degree (incl Honours)

1,087

Effects of Post Matric Qualifications

1. Post Secondary Confusion - from Post School Youth to Institute for Post School Education – post secondary is the issue

2. Haroon Bhorat 2014 (SALDRU) claimed attending a post school education college has no productive effects on the economy

3. Murray Leibbrandt (SALDRU) found in 2007 monthly earnings:• Incomplete schooling R1 100• Matric R1 600• Post matric diploma/certificate R3 200• Degree R5 500

4. Individuals with tertiary (post) matric qualification were THREE times as likely to be employed compared to individuals with less than matric.

5. Western Cape Universities employment survey – class of 2010

5

Gross enrolment ratio and global competitiveness

2000 20120%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Govt15.93 Govt

19.89

Student fees7.80 Student fees

15.47

Third stream8.78

Third stream14.54

27%

24%

49%

29%

31%

40%

Higher education income sources, ZAR (billion)(Source: DHET, Financial Statements in Annual reports submitted by Universities)

Cu

ba

Fin

lan

d

No

rwa

y

Ma

laysi

a

Gh

an

a

US

A

Se

ne

ga

l

Au

stra

lia

Ind

ia

Arg

en

tin

a

Bra

zil

Ch

ile

So

uth

A

fric

a0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

4.47

2.182.04

1.761.44 1.39 1.38 1.24 1.20 1.15

0.95 0.930.71

Expenditure on higher education as % of GDP, 2012

Compiled by Charles SheppardSource: OECD 2010

8

Differentiation based on performance indicators:Ranking universities on university goals & targets

UCT SU RU WITS UP UWC UKZN UFS NWU UFH UL

4.0 3.9 3.9 3.83.7 3.6 3.5

3.33.1 3.1

2.8

Compiled by Ian BuntingSource: DHET HEMIS 2010-2012

SA HE System:Diagnosis of National Planning Commission (2011) From Numerous Reviews (World Bank; Harvard; WEF)

1. low participation and high attrition rates

2. medium knowledge producing

3. insufficient capacity for adequate skills production

4. differentiated (but not a formal policy)

5. minority (+/- five ) of ‘chronic crisis’ institutions (gives HE bad press)

Shift from Equity to Development, and the Return of Equity (Transformation Oversight Committee, 2013)

SA continually paralyzed by inability to prioritize between competing interest group (not the NPC)

More PhDs

1. Castells – the university as engine of development in the knowledge economy (1991 Kuala Lumpur, World Bank; UWC 2001)

2. Knowledge more important than capital or materials3. Talent, not capital is the primary source of competitive advantage 4. Unprecedented growth – China 50 000 pa, University Sao Paulo more than

the whole SA system – traditional systems US, UK much slower5. Number of doctorates far exceed number of places in US in 1970 50% of

PhDs got tenure track position, by 2006 15% (100 000 new PhDs, 15 000 new academic jobs) In Germany only 6% aim for academic position

6. What do they do – finance, research organisations, pastors7. Silicon valley – innovation8. Ms Zuma (AU commissioner, 2013) – Africa must produce ten’s of thousands

of PhDs – as long as they stay in SA9. Naledi Pandor DST Budget speech, July 2014 – SA must produce 6000 per

year and will ask government for R5billion10. The PhD factories – is it time to stop? (Cyranoski; Nature, 2011)

PhD production in SA vs a number of selected OECD countries, 2000 and 2011

11

CountryAverage annual

growth rate in total PhDs 2000 - 2011

Population 2011

2011 SET PhD graduates per 100,000

of 2011 population

2011 total PhD graduates per

100,000 of 2011 population

Australia 4.7% 22 324 000 15.9 27.2

Canada 3.3% 34 483 980 10.3 16.5

Czech Republic 9.6% 10 496 670 14.5 23.5

Finland -0.2% 5 388 272 21.1 34.4

Germany 0.5% 81 797 670 24.2 33.4

Hungary 5.1% 9 971 726 6.5 12.4

Ireland 10.1% 4 576 748 20.3 31.6

Italy 11.1% 60 723 570 11.8 18.6

Korea 6.0% 49 779 440 14.0 23.4

Norway 6.4% 4 953 000 16.7 26.2

Portugal 3.5% 10 557 560 11.4 21.9

Slovak Republic 12.8% 5 398 384 16.1 31.0

Switzerland 2.2% 7 912 398 30.1 44.0

Turkey 7.4% 73 950 000 3.5 6.3

United Kingdom 5.1% 61 761 000 19.5 32.5

United States 4.5% 311 591 900 13.0 23.4

South Africa 4.5% 51 770 560 1.6 3.0

Source: OECD (2013) Graduates by field of study, data extracted on 4 July 2013.

Doctoral graduates produced by universities in 2012

MangosuthuVaal

Walter SisuluVenda

CentralDurban

LimpopoCape Peninsula

ZululandFort Hare Tshwane

RhodesWestern Cape

Nelson MandelaFree State

Johannesburg

WitwatersrandSouth AfricaNorth West

KwaZulu-NatalCape Town

PretoriaStellenbosch

0 50 100 150 200 250 300023456

1724

284344

6775

8694

109

150152154

177199200

240

Progress of 2006 intakes of new doctoral students after 7 years by cluster

Vaal MangosuthuSouth Africa

Walter SisuluVenda

LimpopoFort Hare

Cape PeninsulaCentral

WitwatersrandDurban

KwaZulu-NatalRhodes

TshwaneNorth West

PretoriaNelson Mandela

ZululandFree State

JohannesburgCape Town

Western CapeStellenbosch

0%

25%25%26%

33%34%34%35%

45%46%

50%51%51%52%52%52%52%

54%

55%56%

60%65%

100%0%

75%75%74%

67%66%66%65%

55%54%

50%49%49%48%48%48%48%

46%

45%44%

40%35%

Graduates as % of new doctoral intake of 2006 after 7 years % drop outs or incomplete after 7 years

Permanent academic female staff according to rank (lecturer to professor) (2012)

Lecturer

Senior lecturer

Associate professor

Professor

0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600 1 800 2 000

1 213

392

72

43

323

80

28

30

419

151

54

28

1 837

1 360

501

433

White Indian Coloured African

Increases in white and African PhD graduates (2000 – 2012)

2000 2004 2008 2012

591

654

645

816

154

298

384

821

105

175

173

325

49

123

211

496

Whites Africans All South African Africans Rest of Africa Africans

Developmental State

1. The role of government in creating the conditions for balanced informational development (including regulatory mechanisms) and in fostering social well being is paramount. Corrective and redistributive policies depend on the state. But then government parties and bureaucracies in charge of human development often engage in the politics of redistribution. This means that they use the mechanisms of the welfare state to create the conditions for political patronage and clientelism as the basis for inducing the dependency of citizens vis-à-vis the state - our grant system (Brazilian Bolsa familia)

2. The formation of a small, highly dynamic, knowledge-producing and technologically advanced sector, under the domination of the financial sector and ruling political party is connected to other similar sectors in a global network but exclude a significant segment of the economy and society in its own country – this happens in all societies, but the scale is key

3. But in many countries there is a meaningful link between informational development and human development that generate synergistic effects leading to both higher productivity growth and greater human wellbeing.

4. Finland, Chile, Costa Rica vs Silicone Valley and South Africa. China in between

Linking Informational and Human Development:

Identity

1. Collective identity implies an effort at building social cohesion between

those sharing the identity – it can lead to great cohesion and great violence.2. The more individual identity dominates and informationalism depends on

entrepreneurs seeking personal development without concerns for human development of the territorial community, the more it leads to a deterioration of the living conditions of the community at large—in spite of the personal improvement of the innovators. The split between individual identity from collective identity results in the splitting of Informationalism from human development.

3. European rejection of the European Union is a separation between national identity and the state – state in Brussels, national identity in Glasgow

4. Finland identity/dignity provided glue for connecting informational and human development, now it undermines competitiveness and leads to exclusion of the other – resource competition, the proportion between those actively working and those on retirement/health benefits are unsustainable

Dignity

1. Dignity is the sense of worth of oneself and the other: dignity freedom capability sustainable economy (Sen) ➔ ➔ ➔dignity justice equality sustainable wellbeing (Rawls)➔ ➔ ➔

2. Rights without capabilities effects the very dignity project itself: In the absence of conditions that enable human development, it robs people of their dignity and freedom, by denying them the capabilities to determine their own lives (Sen 1999) If you have to choose between a job and right, don’t hesitate

3. A social compact must ensure that the citizens have the capabilities (substantive freedoms) to exercise autonomy in the context of their rights, is more likely to result in a better distribution of opportunities within society than a system reliant on the traditional development paradigm, then where is an implicit or explicit notion that wealth has to be produced before it can be redistributed (trickled down) to none capable, non dignified “others”

4. Apartheid was identity building while de-dignifying “the other” (demonising “the other” is a common tactic)

Synergistic Relationship

A synergistic relationship between the knowledge economy, human welfare and environmental sustainability could become the engine of a new model of development capable of improving the quality of life in all its dimensions.

Without a dynamic sector able to generate sufficient wealth to support public spending to improve social well being, the fiscal crisis of the state will ultimately limit any process of redistribution of income and services, leading to potential social discontent, and ultimately to political disruption.

If Informationalism is limited to a small, globalised sector and human development is captured by the politics of patronage, without a meaningful feedback loop between these two processes, both processes enter into a sequence of mutually assured destruction. Castells et al in Re-conceptualizing Development in the Global Information Age (Oxford, August 2014)

Why SA does not have a Developmental State Why cant we implement synergistic policies?

1. Firstly, contrary to common belief, there are a lot of bad policies2. We do have good polices, but what the HERANA study showed is that there

is little agreement amongst the main actors. The double disaster is when you have poor capacity and disagreement

3. The Mineral Energy Complex (MEC) means that from the beginning there was no intent to implement the RDP policy – Chinese Policy as Performance. Knowledge economy discourse in the NDP 2030, President announces the biggest infrastructure project in history – directly aimed at facilitating the extractive economy (what kind of a knowledge economy)

4. A discourse of victimhood and entitlement supersedes performance- today you can strike for service delivery, tomorrow you vote for the same party.

5. ANC is perceived as having ‘restored dignity’, but rights without capabilities inadvertently, and now advertently, leads to an appeal to victimhood - Trevor Manuel (you can’t blame apartheid after 20 years) vs Zuma (yes we can blame apartheid – till jesus comes)

Dr Nico Cloetencloete@chet.org.zawww.chet.org.za