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9/8/15 1 Proteins and Amino Acids: Func7on Follows Form BIOL 103, Chapter 7 Today’s Topics Why is Protein Important? Amino Acids are building blocks of proteins Func7ons of Body Proteins Protein Diges7on and Absorp7on Proteins in the Body Proteins in the Diet The Pros and Cons of Vegetarian Ea7ng The Health Effects of Ea7ng Too LiSle or Too Much Protein Why is Protein Important? A part of every cell Needed in thousands of chemical reac7ons Keep us “together” structurally In short, proteins have many, many func7ons from replacing skin cells, producing an7bodies to assis7ng in nutrient transport and muscle contrac7ons. Food Sources of Proteins Beef Chicken Fish Milk Plant foods: beans, peas, grains, nuts, seeds, and vegetables (garlic, green peas, mushrooms)

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Page 1: Why&is&Protein&Important?& Proteins&and&Amino&Acids ... - … Ch 7... · 2015-09-10 · 9/8/15 5 FunconofBloodAminoAcidPool Nitrogen&Balance& • We&can&evaluate&our&nitrogen&balance&to&evaluate&whatis&

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Proteins  and  Amino  Acids:  Func7on  Follows  Form  

BIOL  103,  Chapter  7    

Today’s  Topics  

•  Why  is  Protein  Important?  •  Amino  Acids  are  building  blocks  of  proteins  •  Func7ons  of  Body  Proteins  •  Protein  Diges7on  and  Absorp7on  •  Proteins  in  the  Body  •  Proteins  in  the  Diet  •  The  Pros  and  Cons  of  Vegetarian  Ea7ng  •  The  Health  Effects  of  Ea7ng  Too  LiSle  or  Too  Much  Protein  

 

Why  is  Protein  Important?  

•  A  part  of  every  cell  •  Needed  in  thousands  of  chemical  reac7ons  •  Keep  us  “together”  structurally  •  In  short,  proteins  have  many,  many  func7ons  from  replacing  skin  cells,  producing  an7bodies  to  assis7ng  in  nutrient  transport  and  muscle  contrac7ons.  

Food  Sources  of  Proteins  

•  Beef  •  Chicken  •  Fish  •  Milk  •  Plant  foods:  beans,  peas,  grains,  nuts,  seeds,  and  vegetables  (garlic,  green  peas,  mushrooms)  

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Amino  Acids  are  Building  Blocks  of  Proteins  

•  Proteins  are  sequences  of  amino  acids  •  There  are  ______  amino  acids:  

1.  Essen7al  (9)  2.  Non-­‐essen7al  (11)  3.  Condi7onally  essen7al  (6)  

•  Table  7.1  List  of  Amino  Acids  

Amino  Acids  Iden7fied  by  Side  Chains    

Protein  structure:  unique  3D  shapes  and  func7ons  

•  Amino  Acid  Sequence  – Amino  acids  are  linked  by  pep7de  bond:  •  Dipep'de:  2  amino  acids  •  Oligopep'de:  4-­‐10  amino  acids  •  Polypep'de:  >10  amino  acids  •  Protein:  a  chain  with  >50  amino  acids  

– Protein  shape  •  A  _____________  of  AA  determines  protein  shape  •  Shape  of  protein  determines  its  _______________.  

Protein  Denaturaliza7on:  Destabilizing  a  Protein’s  Shape  

•  There  are  factors  that  can  cause  a  protein  to  unfold  and  lose  shape  1.  Changes  in  Acidic  or  Alkalinity  in  

environment  2.  High  temperature/heat  3.  Alcohol  4.  Oxida7on  

•  _______________  proteins  lose  their  ability  to  func7on  properly.  

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Func7ons  of  Body  Proteins   Protein  Diges7on  

•  Protein  diges7on  – Cells  produce  proteases  (protein-­‐diges7ng  enzymes)  as  proenzymes  (inac7ve  forms  of  enzymes)  

–  In  the  stomach:  •  Proteins  are  denatured  by  HCl  •  Pepsin  begins  diges7on:  10-­‐20%  of  proteins  • Which  one  is  a  protease?  A  proenzyme?  

Protein  Diges7on  and  Absorp7on  

•  In  the  small  intes7ne:    – Proteases  (from  pancreas)  break  down  remaining  proteins  à  small  pep7des  

–  Intes7nal  lining  cells  break  down  small  pep7des  à  amino  acids  

– Amino  acids  are  then  absorbed  into  your  intes7nal  cells  à  travel  via  portal  vein  to  liver  à  released  to  general  circula7on  

Summary  of  Protein  Diges7on  and  Absorp7on  

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Undigested  Proteins  

•  If  not  digested,  con7nues  down  the  GI  tract  à  feces  

•  Diseases  of  the  intes7nal  tract  cause  problems  with  diges7on/absorp7on  of  proteins  1.   Celiac  disease:  allergic  to  protein  gluten  2.   Cys'c  fibrosis:  s7cky  mucus  prevents  diges7ve  

enzymes  (e.g.  proteases)  from  reaching  small  intes7ne  à  poor  diges7on  à  nutrients  are  not  absorbed  à  malnutri7on  

Proteins  in  the  Body  

•  Protein  Synthesis:  – Draws  on  AA  pool  as  needed.  If  your  body  is  missing…  •  Non-­‐essen7al  AA:    

–  Cell  will  make  that  AA    –  Obtain  it  from  liver  

•  Essen7al  AA:  –  Body  make  break  down  its  own  protein  to  supply  the  AA  

Proteins  in  the  Body  

•  Amino  Acid  Pool  and  Protein  Turnover  – Cells  in  your  body  constantly  build  and  breakdown  proteins  à  Protein  turnover  •  “protein  recycling”  

– When  cells  make  proteins,  they  use  amino  acids  from  amino  acid  pool:  available  amino  acids  in  body  7ssues  and  fluids  that  can  be  used  to  make  new  proteins.  

Proteins  in  the  Body  

•  Synthesis  of  non-­‐protein  molecules  – Proteins  are  precursors  of  DNA,  RNA,  and  neurotransmiSers  

•  Protein  and  Nitrogen  Excre7on  – Breakdown  of  amino  acids  by  removing  nitrogen  (amino)  group/-­‐NH2  

– Amino  groups  converted  to  ____________  – Urea  +  water  =  _________  à  excre7on  (in  kidney)  

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Func7on  of  Blood  Amino  Acid  Pool   Nitrogen  Balance  •  We  can  evaluate  our  nitrogen  balance  to  evaluate  what  is  

happening  in  our  body  –  Nitrogen  intake  vs.  nitrogen  output  

•  Nitrogen  equilibrium  –  Nitrogen  intake  =  nitrogen  output  –  Healthy  adults  

•  Posi7ve  nitrogen  balance  –  Nitrogen  intake  >  Nitrogen  output  –  Growth;  recovery  from  illness  

•  Nega7ve  nitrogen  balance  –  Nitrogen  intake  <  Nitrogen  output  –  Injury  and  illness  

Proteins  in  the  Diet  •  Recommended  protein  intake  – Adult  RDA  =  0.8g/kg  of  body  weight  –  _________  have  highest  needs  rela7ve  to  body  weight  •  Why?    

–  Physical  stress  ______________  your  body’s  needs  for  proteins  

–  Infec7on,  burns,  fevers,  surgery,  intensive  weight  training  

•  Consump7on  in  the  US  – Generally  within  or  higher  than  recommended  range  

Problem  Set  7,  Ques7on  1:  

•  How  is  it  that  our  bodies  are  able  to  synthesize  so  many  proteins  in  our  body  when  our  dietary  protein  requirement  is  rela7vely  low?  

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Protein  Quality  

•  Protein  Quality  – Complete  proteins:  supply  all  essen7al  amino  acids  •  “high-­‐quality  proteins”  •  Examples:  animal  proteins,  soy  proteins  

–  Incomplete  proteins:  low  in  one  or  more  essen7al  amino  acids  •  “low  quality  proteins”  •  Examples:  most  plant  proteins  

Protein  Quality  

•  Incomplete  and  Complementary  Proteins  – Except  soy,  proteins  in  other  plant  foods  is  incomplete  (lacks  1  or  more  essen7al  AA).  

– Two  incomplete  complementary  proteins  =  complete  protein  •  Examples:  rice  and  beans,  peanut  buSer  and  bread,  pea  soup  with  crackers,  corn  and  tor7lla.  

 

Evalua7ng  Protein  Quality  

•  A  high-­‐quality  protein:  1.  Provides  all  the  essen7al  amino  acids  at  amounts  the  

body  needs  2.  Provides  enough  other  amino  acids  to  serve  as  

nitrogen  sources  for  making  non-­‐essen7al  amino  acids  

3.  Easy  to  digest  4.   Protein  diges'bility-­‐corrected  amino  acid  score  

(PDCAAS):  measure  of  protein  quality  that  takes  account  the  AA  composi7on  of  the  food  and  the  diges7bility  of  the  protein.  

Proteins  and  Amino  Acids  as  Addi7ves  and  Supplements  

•  Protein  and  AA  addi7ves  – Contribute  to  structure,  texture,  taste  of  foods  

•  Protein  and  AA  supplements  – Used  for  a  variety  of  reasons:  dieters,  athletes,  certain  diseases.  

– Risks  are  unknown  

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Vegetarian  vs.  Vegan  

Vegetarian  •  “Diet”  •  Don’t  Eat:  Meat,  seafood  •  Types:  

–  Ovo-­‐vegetarian:  eats  eggs  –  Lacto-­‐vegetarian:  eats  dairy  

products  

•  Products:  Don’t  mind  using  animal-­‐derived  products.  

Vegan  •  “Diet  +  Lifestyle”  •  Don’t  Eat:  Meat,  eggs,  milk,  

honey,  or  any  food  derived  from  animals.    

•  Products:  Avoids  using  animal-­‐derived  products  including  clothing,  cosme7cs,  household,  foods.  

Pros  and  Cons  of  Vegetarian  Ea7ng  Problem  Set  7,  Ques7on  4  

Health  Benefits  •  Less  fat,  saturated  fat,  

cholesterol  •  More  magnesium,  folate  •  More  an7oxidants  •  More  fiber  and  

phytochemicals  •  Reduces  risk  for  heart  

disease,  hypertension,  and  cancer.  

Health  Risks  •  Vegans  may  be  low  in:  

calcium,  iron,  zinc,  vitamin  D,  ____________________  

•  Higher  intake  of  ______________________  

•  More  restric7ve  food  choices  =  less  nutrients  

The  Pros  and  Cons  of  Vegetarian  Ea7ng  

•  Diet  recommenda7ons  (pg.  258):  1.  Choose  a  variety  of  foods  2.  Choose  whole,  unrefined  foods  3.  Choose  a  variety  of  fruits  and  vegetables  4.  Choose  lower-­‐fat  dairy  products  and  eggs  in  

modera7on  5.  Consume  a  regular  source  of  vitamins  B12  and  D  •  For7fied  foods  or  supplements  

The  Health  Effects  of  Too  LiSle  Protein  

•  Dietary  protein  =  essen7al  amino  acids  •  Protein  deficiency:  occurs  when  energy  and/or  protein  intake  is  inadequate  

•  Protein-­‐energy  malnutri7on  (PEM)  – Kwashiorkor:    severe  ______________  deficiency  •  Symptoms:  edema,  poor  growth,  bloated  belly  •  Affects  those  between  age  of  18-­‐24  months  old  •  Associated  with  extreme  poverty  

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The  Health  Effects  of  Too  LiSle  Protein  

•  PEM,  cont.  – Marasmus:  severe  ________________  deficiency  •  Chronic  PEM;  “withering”  •  Affects  Infants  and  6-­‐18  months  old  children  •  Usually  the  children  are  short  and  thin  for  their  age  

•  How  to  treat?  – Nutri7onal  rehabilita7on  •  Gradual  and  careful  refeeding  •  Must  start  with  fluid  and  electrolyte  balance,  then  introduce  nutrients  

Protein-­‐Energy  Malnutri7on  

The  Health  Effects  of  Too  Much  Protein   Problem  Set  7,  Q5  

•  Name  two  health  effects  related  to  consuming  a  very  high  protein  diet.