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evolution of the missing genetic code

Why the Inosine Purine Family Belongs in the NewTriple Helix Six Nucleotide Genetic Code

The Functions and Metabolic Roles of the extended Inosine Family including: nucleotides,nucleosides, bases, enzymes, proteins, and genes have mistakenly been classified as a"minor" purine family compared to fellow purine families (Adenosine, Guanosine). Wesubmit this erroneous misclassification has caused the Inosine family to be omitted fromnatures original and valid three purine, six nucleotide integrated DRNA genetic code. Ourpurpose is to provide empirical evidence from alternative interpretations of data, accepted,and published in the most distinguished refereed journals. The ultimate goal of this paperis to gain support for a rigorous validation study between the current Standard Watson-Crick five nucleoside genetic code i.e. (Adenosine, Guanosine, Thymidine, Cytidine, andUridine) and The Novagon DNA Triple Helix Six Nucleotide DRNA Genetic Code which addsInosine to the existing five nucleosides making three pairs of covalently bonded basepairs: (A1 +T1), (U1 + I1), & (C1+G1). This new, alternative six nucleoside genetic codeintegrates the current separate DNA and RNA genetic codes by not substituting T1 (DNA)by U1 (RNA) and adding I1 to the two existing purine nucleoside families i.e. A1 &G1).Addition not substitution is natures primary evolutionary mathematical operator ( male +

female = newborn independent life form). Besides, in viewing exhibition 1 it is evident allsix nucleosides and their extended families are necessary for continuous anabolic andcatabolic processes to replenish the purine and pyrmidine nucleotide pools which are thefoundation molecular structures of the DNA and RNA nucleic acids and by extension theDNA and RNA genetic codes. Since nucleotide and nucleic metabolism operates on a 24/7basis there is no time to substitute two pyrmidines and omit one purine and maintainoptimized equilibrium in executing genomic requests for continuous replenishment of thefour major macromolecular/nutritional groups, i.e. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, andnucleic acids. Without meeting natures exacting purine and pyrmidine specifications, Homosapiens life as we know it, would have never developed on planet earth, and if these samespecifications and standards are not maintained, Homo sapiens might be but a smallfootnote in earths evolutionary history.Forty-year-old research "myths" have been invalidated by more recent and rigorousexperimental designs . The very topic of this conference RNA Editing has grownexponentially because of the groundbreaking work performed by Drs. Bass and Morrison inthe late 1980's (1987) on mRNA Post Transcriptional Editing - Adenosine to Inosine. Wetrace the evolutionary history of the role the Inosine/Xanthosine family has played inpurine anabolic (synthesis de novo, salvage) to the final catabolic step in purine catabolismi.e. Xanthosine oxidase & dehydrogenase degrading insoluble ammonia to uric acid whichcan be eliminated through the kidneys. The salt of nitric acid(urate) has recently beenfound to offer significant neuroprotection to neurons, glia cells and the midbrain , which areinstrumental in primary sensory input, motor output, and higher-level thinking.The Michael J. Fox Foundation has awarded a significant grant ($5.6 million-its largest to

date) because the success it had in a preliminary pilot program using Inosine/urate wasthe most effective free radical scavenger against the devastating Parkinson's diseasewhich Mr. Fox has been fighting for the past decade. This is but one of the multitude ofpotential therapeutic uses for members of the Inosine family; we will discuss thisImportant topic in much more detail in latter sections of our scientific documentary.Besides its therapeutic value, we further demonstrate the critical metabolic functions the

Inosine family has performed since the first life forms on earth began to replicate andevolve into the millions of different species, which have lived and been extincted over the3.6 billion years of planetary evolution. We will briefly give an overview of the three mainpurine metabolic pathways operative today and Inosines roles. Purine synthesis de novo(from scratch) was the critical metabolic event which directly lead to the synthesis of the

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