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Mariano Chóliz, PhD
Psychology School Advisory Council of Responsible Gambling
University of Valencia Ministry of Finances
Spain Spain
Why Responsible Gambling Policies are
not enough to prevent Pathological
Gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
Potential conflicts on interests: none
Ministry of Finances
Secretary of State of Finances
General Directorateof GamblingRegulation
Advisory Council of ResponsibleGambling
…
…. ….
….
….. …
Dr. Mariano Chóliz
Principles of Responsible Gambling (Reno
Model)
The ultimate decision of gambling resides with the
individual and represents a choice
To properly make this decision, the individuals
must have the opportunity to be informed
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons
• Gambling itself is the main cause of pathological gambling disorder
2. Empirical evidences: the case of Spain (2012-2016)
• In spite of the assumption of responsible gambling policies, the pathological gambling caused by online gambling is increasing after this kind of gambling was legalized
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:
1. Gambling as psychological activity
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:1.1 Psychology of gambling
Gambling is a potentially addictive activity, because: a) it activates the same reward circuits in the brain as drugs
b) the clinical symptoms of pathological gambling are the same as that
of drug addictions or alcoholism
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:1.1 Psychology of gambling
Pathological Gambling is a mental disorder which the
majority of clinical symptoms induce to excessive
gambling:
Tolerance
“Chase”
Control impairment
Gambling when feeling distressed
Emotional perturbation when gambling is interrumpted
…
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:1.1 Psychology of gambling
Pathological Gambling is a mental disorder which the
majority of clinical symptoms induce to excessive
gambling:
Tolerance
“Chase”
Control impairment
Gambling when feeling distressed
Emotional perturbation when gambling is interrumpted
…
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:1.1 Psychology of gambling
Pathological Gambling is a mental disorder which the
majority of clinical symptoms induce to excessive
gambling:
Tolerance
“Chase”
Control impairment
Gambling when feeling distressed
Emotional perturbation when gambling is interrumpted
…
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:1.1 Psychology of gambling
Pathological Gambling is a mental disorder which the
majority of clinical symptoms induce to excessive
gambling:
Tolerance
“Chase”
Control impairment
Gambling when feeling distressed
Emotional perturbation when gambling is interrumpted
…
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:1.1 Psychology of gambling
2. Gambling as econonomic activity
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:1.2 Gambling as business
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Global Gross Gambling Revenues (GGR)(billion US dollar)
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:1.2 Gambling as business
3. But it is not a conventional business: It is a speculative activity, because the business does not produce any
value-added product
Its a “Zero-Sum Game”, because the benefits of the gambling
companies depends on the losses of gamblers. Consequently, the more
losses of gamblers, the more benefits of gambling enterprises
“Mathematical Expectation” is favourable to gambling companies
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
1. Theoretical reasons:1.2 Gambling as business
2. Empirical evidence
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
2. Empirical evidence
Spanish Gross GamblingTurnover (GGT)
Act
13/2011
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
2. Empirical evidence:
2.1 Increased spending
Spending gambling (GGT) in Spain
2011
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Casinos Bingos Pasive Nat. Lotteries
Active Nat. Lotteries
Tradit. SportBet
Other Lotteries
Slot machines Online Gambling
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
Millions euros
2. Empirical evidence:
2.1 Increased spending
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Casinos Bingos Pasive Nat. Lotteries
Active Nat. Lotteries
Tradit. SportBet
Other Lotteries Slot machines Online Gambling
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
Spending gambling (GGT) in Spain
2012
Millions euros
2. Empirical evidence:
2.1 Increased spending
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Casinos Bingos Pasive Nat. Lotteries
Active Nat. Lotteries
Tradit. SportBet
Other Lotteries
Slot machines Online Gambling
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
Spending gambling (GGT) in Spain
2013
Millions euros
2. Empirical evidence:
2.1 Increased spending
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Casinos Bingos Pasive Nat. Lotteries
Active Nat. Lotteries
Tradit. SportBet
Other Lotteries
Slot machines Online Gambling
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
Spending gambling (GGT) in Spain
2014
Millions euros
2. Empirical evidence:
2.1 Increased spending
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Casinos Bingos Lotería Nacional Loterías activas Quiniela ONCE Máquinas "B" Juego Online
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
Spending gambling (GGT) in Spain
2015
Millions euros
2. Empirical evidence:
2.1 Increased spending
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
2. Empirical evidence:
2.1. Increased spending
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
2. Empirical evidence:
2.1. Increased spending
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4
Slot
Casinogames
Bingo
Lotteries
Onlinegambling
Online
Gambling
Legalization
80,26%
65,71%
8,23%
15,56%10,13%
7,20%5,70%
1,73%2,53%
24,21%
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
2. Empirical evidence:
2.2. Increased addiction
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4
Slot
Casinogames
Bingo
Lotteries
Onlinegambling
Onlinegambling(young<26)
(t=6.67, p<.001)
Online
Gambling
Legalization
80,26%
65,71%
8,23%
15,56%10,13%
7,20%5,70%
1,73%2,53%
24,21%
44,64%
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
2. Empirical evidence:
2.2. Increased addiction
Pathological gambling has increased in young people due to
online gambling
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4
16%3.8% 8.1% 11.4%
(t=4.91, p<.001)
Online
Gambling
Legalization
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
2. Empirical evidence:
2.2. Increased addiction
Why Responsible Gambling
policies are not enough to prevent
pathological gambling?
Prof. Mariano Chóliz,
2. Empirical evidence:
2.2. Increased addiction
GamblingRegulation
Advertising and Marketing Strategies
Regulation of the Opportunity
to Gamble
General Regulation of
Games
Reflexions
