Why do so many people dislike immigrants?

German Immigrants

• The Germans were the second largest group to come to America in the mid 1800’s– Escaping violence

• Many with money to buy land and begin farming– Ohio and Pennsylvania

Irish Immigrants

• After the potato famine that started in 1845 many Irish came to America

• No money• Unskilled laborers and servants– Factories and railroad

Nativism

• Increasing hostility towards foreigners• Many were anti-Catholic • Irish Need Not Apply• Women’s wages

• Know Nothings– Nativist Political Party

Second Great Awakening

• Protestant revival• Started in KY and spread nationwide• Camp meetings– Huge rallies (Like Woodstock)

• Rejected the Calvinist view of predestination

• Leads to national reforms

Utopian Communities

• Try to create perfect world

• New Harmony Indiana

• Oneida NY

Mormons

The Transcendentalists

• Philosophers who believed that the most important truths of life go beyond human understanding

• Prized self-reliance & the questioning of authority-

CHAPTER 6 SECTION 3

The Major Reform Movements

• The Temperance Movement • Public Education• Abolition / Anti-slavery

• Inspired by Second Great Awakening

American Temperance Society

• Urged people to pledge not to drink • Est. alcohol-free hotels & Boat lines• Urged employers to require their workers to

sign anti-drinking pledges• Between the 1830’s & the 1860’s alcohol

consumption dropped dramatically– High of 7.1 gallons in 1830– Low of 1.8 gallons in 1860-– 2011 it was 2.3 gallons

Dorothea Dix

• Visited a prison and was unhappy with the conditions– Mentally ill especially

• Use more humane methods

Education Reform

• Horace Mann – Father of Public Education• Created the first State Board of Education 1837– Doubles teachers salaries– Opened 50 schools– Opened teacher colleges

• 1852 mandatory school attendance MA

• Bigger in north than south

Seneca Falls Convention

• New York• 1848, Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Voting rights

• First organized women’s rights movement

CHAPTER 6 SECTION 4

Abolition Movement

• Gradualism was a plan to end slavery one piece at a time

• Colonization was the shipping of slaves back to AfricaDec. 1816 the American Colonization Society

wanted to send people to Liberia

Colonization

• 1822, many abolitionists called for sending the slaves to Western Africa– Liberia

• By 1831, only about 1,400 freed men had gone to Liberia

• Many of the freed slaves were against being sent back to Africa

• Liberia currently 64% in poverty

Radical Abolition• By 1829, there were

around 50 anti-slavery group that were formed by blacks

• David Walker was a freed man– wrote an essay on the

rights of blacks • America was for blacks as

well as whites

– Died on the streets of Boston

– “Somebody must die in this cause”

William Lloyd Garrison

• 1831, began publishing The Liberator

• Anti-slavery newspaper

• 1833, he founded the American Anti-Slavery Society-

William Lloyd Garrison

• Nearly killed in the streets of Boston in 1835

Fredrick Douglas

• Runaway slave • Settled in New

Bedford Massachusetts

• 1847, established the Northern Star Newspaper-

Sojourner Truth

• Slave from New York– Freed when the state banned slavery 1827

• Deeply religious – Played on peoples morals– Was light hearted when presenting

Elijah Lovejoy

• Abolitionist from Maine moved to St. Louis• Published anti-slavery newspaper– Printing press destroyed

• Forced to move to Alton IL– Two more presses destroyed– Orders fourth

• Killed by mob

Reaction to Abolitionism

• North fears war with south– Competition with slave labor– Wants southern economy intact (textiles)

• South feels slavery is necessary– View abolitionist papers as the cause of slave

revolts (Nat Turner)– 1836 Southerners suppress abolitionist papers

through congress with “gag rule”