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5/14/2014
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Why Buildings Matterand
ASHRAE 90.1‐2013
Why Buildings Matterand
ASHRAE 90.1‐2013
Key Trends & Key Trends & Important Changes for Important Changes for Building Industry ProfessionalsBuilding Industry Professionals
Key Trends & Key Trends & Important Changes for Important Changes for Building Industry ProfessionalsBuilding Industry Professionals
R. Christopher MathisMC2 ‐Mathis Consulting [email protected]
The End in MindThe End in Mind
Buildings Matter!More than we know…
Major Trends Impacting Building DecisionsEnergy, Power, Water, etc.
The Role of ASHRAE 90.1Key Changes Implications for Building Professionals
DisclaimersDisclaimers
Can’t Cover Every Change to 90.1 in an Hour
Focusing on key changes in 2010 and 2013
Especially those we don’t normally pay attention to…
Who Am I?Who Am I?
Building Scientist for 30+ years
Author, Educator
Standards Developer and UserASHRAE Member – 30 years90.1, 90.2, 189.1, CTTC
C d D l Code Developer IECC, IGCC, State Codes, etc.
Beekeeper
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Buildings Matter: US Energy UseBuildings Matter: US Energy Use
BuildingsTransportation
41%31%
18%Commercial
22%
Industry28%
Source: USEIA ‐ 2012
Residential
U.S. Energy ConsumptionU.S. Energy Consumption
Source: USEIA ‐ 2012
46%21%
12%
U.S. Energy Production ‐ 2011U.S. Energy Production ‐ 2011
Coal
Nuclear
Renewables
20%1%
Natural Gas
OilSource: USEIA ‐ 2012
U.S. Energy ProductionU.S. Energy Production
67%21%
12%
2/3=2/3=Fossil Fossil FuelsFuels
Source: USEIA ‐ 2012
Projections on the Future?Projections on the Future? World Energy Consumption by FuelWorld Energy Consumption by Fuel
Btu
1990 – 2035
Quadrillion B
Source: USEIA – 2012
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Increasing demand
Supply challenges
Peak power
The Energy MegatrendThe Energy Megatrend
p
National security
Economic security
Utility Concerns Utility Concerns
The “Timing” of our DemandBase LoadPeak DemandCooling Driven Lighting Driven
1400
1600
1800
2000kW
70
80
90
100Peak Demand
$$$$
Peak Demandsurcharge
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 h
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Base Load - ¢
$
$$
$$$
Another kind of pain…
Responsible for over HALF of the carbon emissions…
Climate Change? Buildings Matter!Climate Change? Buildings Matter!
Our buildings pollute almost twice as much as our cars…
Source: USEIA
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Population Doublesin 30 Years?
Population Doubles in 40 Years?
Population Doubled in 50 Years
We Are Here
World Population Trends…World Population Trends…
Energy and WaterEnergy and Water
US News, 11/22/2012
Water Implications…Water Implications…
US Geological Survey 2012
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Power and WaterPower and Water
US thermoelectric facilities use over 200 billion gallons of water a day.
Over half of the
Electricity
Irrigation
DrinkingSources: Union of Concerned Scientists 2011, USGS 2012
withdrawn water in the US…
Niagara FallsNiagara Falls
The volume of water flowing through America’s electric utilities is 3 TIMES the amount flowing over Niagara Falls!
Niagara Falls State Park and USGS
Water and Power Connection…Water and Power Connection…
Coal and Nuclear Plants use
30 – 50 gallons of water to produce just
1 kWh of electricity
41,298
50,803
66,344
190,894
Georgia
Nevada
Arizona
Florida
Annual Net Migration 2000 ‐ 2004Annual Net Migration 2000 ‐ 2004
13,354
16,634
18,576
20,535
36,566
39,137
Washington
Tennessee
South Carolina
Virginia
Texas
North Carolina
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US Commercial BuildingsUS Commercial Buildings
74%
19%
7% Before 1989
1990 to 1999
74% was built
before
Source: USEIA , 2003 CBECS
74%2000 to 2003
93% of our commercial building stock was built
before 2003!
before1989!
U.S. Residential BuildingsU.S. Residential Buildings
New
1%
Source: USEIA – 2009 RECS
Existing
99%
70%
30% Built 1989 ‐ 2009
Age of U.S. Homes…Age of U.S. Homes…
Built Before 1989
Source: USEIA – 2009 RECS
FIRST Plug the Holes in the Ship!
ZEVFIRST – Plug the Holes in the Ship!
USS Buildings
FIRST: “Plug the Holes in the Ship!”
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U.S. Commercial ConstructionU.S. Commercial Construction
25
45
65
85
105
re Feet
Over 50% new since
2010
‐75
‐55
‐35
‐15
5
25
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Billion Squar
Total New Retired Source: USEIA, 2013
Built Environment TrendsBuilt Environment Trends
More severe climate events “Superstorms”Extreme cold ‐ “Polar Vortex”Extreme heat
“On Sunday, the city [Wichita, KS] recorded its earliest 100‐degree day in history… It snowed there April 14.”
“Oklahoma City and Abilene, Texas were among other
Increased expectations for building performanceEnergy, Durability, Health, IEQ, Resilience, etc.
What is “sustainable”?For how long?
Texas, were among other cities breaking records….Wichita Falls, Texas, claimed the dubious honor of reaching a record high for May 5 of 102 degrees ‐ four days after hitting a record low for the month of May of 35 degrees.”
USA Today May 7, 2014
Market Transformation…Market Transformation…
Education, Marketing, Incentives, etc.
Regulations, Laws, Codes
Note: The primary “friction” in the system is our resistance to change…
But we’ve got the building codes to handle that… right?g
What is the Code?What is the Code?
Least safe…
Least strong…
Least energy efficient…
…building allowed by law.…building allowed by law.
We’re not allowed to build it any crappier…
Disaster Breeds CodesDisaster Breeds Codes
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Disaster Breeds Codes…Disaster Breeds Codes…
Code of Hammurabi –1750 BC 6th King of Babylonia Over 3750 years ago... Contains five key elements designed to protect the occupantsprotect the occupants
“Regulatory Simplicity”“Regulatory Simplicity”
“If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction firm and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the house, the builder shall be put to death…”
Disaster Breeds Codes…Disaster Breeds Codes…
The Burning of Rome – 64 ADNero didn’t like the slums and stenchEstablished fire safety and sanitation requirements for all buildings following the fire
Europe Learns…Europe Learns…
The Great London Fire – 1666Black Plague, raw sewage, tightly spaced buildingsTwo‐thirds of the city destroyed “London Building Act” adopted after the fire
US Code Milestones…US Code Milestones…
The Chicago Fire – 1871
Mrs. O’Leary’s cow…
Destroyed 17,000 buildings
Killed 250 people
Left 100,000 homeless
Bankrupted the insurance industry
New code adopted in 1875 regulating building construction and fire prevention.
More US Code MilestonesMore US Code Milestones
The San Francisco Earthquake – 1906What the earthquake didn’t get, the fire didOne of the major influencers of today’s structural, fire and life safety codes
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First Energy Code MilestoneFirst Energy Code Milestone
Arab Oil Embargo – 1973‐4President Carter’s Fireside Chat (“Turn your thermostat down to 65 and wear a sweater” and “Drive 55”)
Precipitated the first energy codes for buildings –ASHRAE 1975
What Did We Do After 1973?What Did We Do After 1973?
Tried to Save EnergyDeveloped Standards and Ratings Insulation, Appliances, Cars
Innovated (developed new technologies) Insulation Glazing Technologies HVAC Lighting Insulation, Glazing Technologies, HVAC, Lighting
Adopted our FIRST Energy Codes
New Market Forces EvolvedUtility Programs, Rebates, etc.
Why Standards?Why Standards?
AppliancesAppliances
Consumer Signals About Energy!A Means of Comparison…
AutomotiveAutomotive
What’s Possible?What’s Possible?
Energy Code Evolution…Energy Code Evolution… Early Energy Code SolutionsEarly Energy Code Solutions
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Hurricane Andrew
August, 1992
175 mph wind gusts
$25 billion damage
Recent Code MilestonesRecent Code Milestones
Hurricane Andrew – 1992 AD
90% of all homes in Dade County Florida had roof damage
117,000 homes were destroyed or had major damage
Primary driver of today’s hurricane protection codes
More Recently…More Recently… Katrina’s Legacy…Katrina’s Legacy…
Hurricane Katrina – 2005
Costliest hurricane in history – est. $80 billion
Over 1300 confirmed deaths
3200 still missing
Louisiana and Mississippi just adopted their first codes…
Disaster in NC…
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“Superstorm” Sandy
August 31, 2012 –Before the Storm…
After…
August 31, 2012 –Before the Storm…
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After…
Photo taken by Iwan Baan
Hurricane Sandy110 mph wind gusts (Category 1)
Estimated $20-$30 billion damage
>6 million people without power
Moore, Oklahoma…Moore, Oklahoma…
F5 Tornadoes Since 1950…F5 Tornadoes Since 1950…
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F4 Tornadoes Since 1950F4 Tornadoes Since 1950 F3s…F3s…
F2s…F2s…
Category 5 EventSustained winds of over 96 mph for several hoursWind speeds in excess of 260 mph
Storm surge estimated to be responsible for over 10,000 deaths4,400 confirmed so far
P ibl h i d d hi
Tropical Cyclone HaiyanTropical Cyclone Haiyan
Possibly the strongest storm in recorded history
Some of these same areas experienced 7.1 magnitude earthquake less than a month before…
What lessons will we learn?
We Wait for DisasterWe Wait for Disaster
History has shown that we WAIT for disaster, THEN we react.
There are consequences to waiting…
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ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1
The Nation’s Model Energy Code
Standard 90.1Standard 90.1
The nation’s model energy codeReferenced in the Energy Policy ActThe Standard against which all state codes are evaluated
Defines Minimum Energy Efficiency for buildings covered under the standardcovered under the standardCommercial buildingsHigh‐rise residentialSemi‐conditioned
On “Continuous Maintenance”Updated every 3 yearsCurrent edition ‐ 2013
Good News/Bad News: 90.1‐2013Good News/Bad News: 90.1‐2013
Published October 2013
Goal was to be 50% more efficient than 2004Won’t get there most placesSome improvements in each climate zone
A few big changes…Many impact your architect friendsEnvelopes, Air sealing, Lighting
Pay particular attention to building envelope changes
Structure of the Standard ‐ 1Structure of the Standard ‐ 1
Section 1 ‐ Purpose
Section 2 ‐ Scope
Section 3 ‐ Definitions
Section 4 ‐ Administration and Enforcement
Section 5 ‐ Building Envelope Section 5 Building Envelope
Section 6 ‐ Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
Structure ‐ 2Structure ‐ 2
Section 7 ‐ Service Water Heating
Section 8 ‐ Power
Section 9 ‐ Lighting
Section 10 ‐ Other Equipment
Section 11 ‐ Energy Cost Budget Method Section 11 Energy Cost Budget Method
Section 12 ‐ Normative References
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AppendicesAppendices
A – Rated R‐Value of Insulation and Assembly U‐Factor, C‐Factor, and F‐Factor Determinations
B – Building Envelope Climate Criteria
C – Methodology for Building Envelope Trade‐Off Option in Subsection 5.6
D – Climatic Data D Climatic Data
E – Informative References
F – Addenda Description Information (Informative)
G – Performance Rating Method (Informative)
Compliance ApproachesCompliance Approaches
Building Building SystemSystem
Compliance Compliance OptionsOptions
Prescriptive Prescriptive OptionOption
Envelope
HVAC
Mandatory Mandatory ProvisionsProvisions(Required for
most compliance
options)
Energy Energy CodeCode
ComplianceComplianceEnergy Cost Energy Cost BudgetBudget
Trade Off Trade Off OptionOption
SimplifiedSimplifiedApproachApproach
HVAC
Lighting
SWH
Power
Other
Building EnvelopeBuilding Envelope
So… where is theCurrent Minimum Code
(90.1‐2013)(90.1 2013)in comparison to
90.1‐2004?
Improvements in EUI: 1975 to PresentImprovements in EUI: 1975 to Present
Code minimum is still a long way from
“Net Zero”
Climate Zones (Current)Climate Zones (Current)
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2004 to 2010/2013…2004 to 2010/2013…
R‐15
R‐20
R‐25
2004 2007 2013
Insulation Entirely Above Deck
R‐15 R‐20 R‐25
Opaque Comparison – RoofsOpaque Comparison – RoofsCZ2
Metal Building R‐19 R‐19 R10 + R19FC
Attic and Other R‐30 R‐38 R‐38
2004 versus 2013: Walls2004 versus 2013: Walls
2004 2007 2013
Mass R‐5.7ci R‐7.6ci R‐7.6ci
Metal Building R 13 R 13 R 0 + R 9 8ci
Opaque Comparison – Walls Above GradeOpaque Comparison – Walls Above Grade
CZ2
Metal Building R‐13 R‐13 R‐0 + R‐9.8ci
Steel Framed R‐13 R‐13 R‐13 + R‐3.8ci
Wood Framed R‐13 R‐13 R‐13
2004 2007 2013
Mass R‐6.3ci R‐6.3ci R‐6.3ci
Steel Joist R‐19 R‐19 R‐30
Opaque Comparison – FloorsOpaque Comparison – FloorsCZ2
Steel Joist R 19 R 19 R 30
Wood Framed R‐19 R‐19 R‐30
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2004 2007 2013
Unheated NR NR NR
Heated R‐7 5 for 12” R‐7 5 for 12” R‐10 for 24”
Opaque Comparison – Slab‐on‐GradeOpaque Comparison – Slab‐on‐GradeCZ2
Heated R 7.5 for 12 R 7.5 for 12 R 10 for 24
*up to 40% 2004 2007 2013
Fixed 0.57
Operable 0 67
Fenestration Comparison – U‐factorFenestration Comparison – U‐factorCZ2
Operable 0.67
Non‐Metal 0.75 0.40
Curtain Wall/Fixed 0.70 0.57
Metal Operable 0.75 0.65
*up to 40% 2004 2007 2010
SHGC North 0.39
SHGC All 0 25 0 25 0 25
Fenestration Comparison – SHGCFenestration Comparison – SHGCCZ2
SHGC All 0.25 0.25 0.25
Controlling Envelope Air LeakageControlling Envelope Air Leakage
2004 – General language about minimizing air leakage, specific reference to window and door leakage
2007 – Same language as 2004
2010 – A FOCUS on controlling and limiting air leakageRequires a continuous air barrier Lists approved materials and assembliesRevised vestibule requirements
What do these new envelope changes mean for your load calcs?What do these new envelope
changes mean for your load calcs?
Does your favorite architect
know about these
improvements to the standard?
Other Major ImprovementsOther Major Improvements
Lighting Power Densities
Lighting and Daylighting Controls
Improved Equipment Efficiencies
Improved Equipment ControlsDeadbands, setbacks, off‐hour, damper controls, etc., , , p ,
Economizers (that actually function)
Heat Recovery
Refined Energy Modeling Rules
Commissioning of Critical Systems ‐ !!
Thinking about those recent load calcs again?
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What’s The Future?What’s The Future?
Better envelopesASHRAE 90.1‐2013 tables look very differentSame as Approved Addenda to 2010Should already be familiar
More daylighting and daylighting controlsBetter management of fenestration heat gain Greater visible light availability and utilizationMore sophisticated controls
More efficient HVAC equipmentFederal minimums likely to continue to improveNext increment set for 2015!
2004
90.1-2007
Where is Your State?Where is Your State?
IECC
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
ASHRAE90.1-2004
IECC 2006
IECC 2009
90.12010
IECC 2012
ASHRAE 90.1-2013
Recap: What is the Code?Recap: What is the Code?
Least safe…
Least strong…
Least energy efficient…
…building allowed by law.
We’re not allowed to build it any crappier…!
What the Code is NOTWhat the Code is NOT
Not leading edge
Not superior performance
Not exemplary
Not green
Not sustainableNot sustainable
Not differentiating
It is the starting point for all differentiation…
The Starting Point forThe Starting Point for
Energy Star
LEED
Green Globes
Building America
Houses That WorkHouses That Work
And every other “beyond code” program…
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The Road to “Net Zero”The Road to “Net Zero”
50% Better than Code?
Net Zero
Minimum Energy Code
30% Better than Code?
40% Better than Code?
50% Better than Code?
The Road to “Net Zero”The Road to “Net Zero”
Net Zero
How far?
New Minimum Energy Code
Next Steps?
How far?
Everybody Wants to be Green…Everybody Wants to be Green…
ASHRAE 189
ICC International Green Construction Code
“It i ’t ” “It ain’t easy…” Standards Ratings Metrics Boundary Conditions How long?
Example Problems with “Green”Example Problems with “Green”
LEED
Measured vs.
Proposed Energy Savings
Source: Source: New Buildings Institute/USGBC’s energy performance of LEED for new construction buildings
What About The Road to “Green”?What About The Road to “Green”? What About Those Other Objectives?What About Those Other Objectives?
Green?
Sustainable?
Water Management?
Energy Star?
LEED 4? LEED 4?
189?
Net Zero?
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Trends?Trends?
Better buildings?
Retrofit?
Remodel?
Reclaim?
Reuse? Reuse?
Energy?
Power?
Water?
IEQ? March 13, 2011
Recent Scary NumbersRecent Scary Numbers
World energy consumption will increase by 53% between 2008 and 2035 Source: USEIA, IEO 2011
Chi ’ ti ill d bl i th China’s energy consumption will double in the next 10 years Source: McKinsey 2009
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The End in MindThe End in Mind
Buildings Matter! It is up to knowledgeable building industry professionals to deliver this message.
Major Trends Impacting Building DecisionsEnvironmental TrendsEnvironmental TrendsHuman Expectation TrendsPopulation, Water, Power…
ASHRAE 90.1‐2013The Starting Point for Building PerformanceMajor Implications for Building professionalsCritical Step in Our Industry Leadership
Thank you!
