Why Aid for Education to India?

• Christopher Colclough and Anuradha De

Main question: in what ways and to what extent has aid influenced educational policy in India

Methods:

-Documentary sources

-Interviews amongst government, aid community and NGOs

The paper is Work in Progress

Changed Aid Intentions 1990-2000

Education, aid and Development – the shift to basics

-Changing priorities in aid to education

-Jomtien Conference 1990

-Aid promises not met by 2000 and resource gap increased

-Millennium Conference and the MDGs

New Instruments and Modalities

Aid Effectiveness – selectivity

Paris Declaration

Programme Aid – SWAPs

-Budgetary Support

Aid Flows in India in constant prices, 1999=100

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

3rd plan-1961-66

4th plan-1969-74

5th plan-1974-78

6th plan-1980-84

7th plan-1980-85

8th plan-1985-90

9th plan -1992-97

10th plan-1997-2002

Rs.

cro

res

Aid agreed Aid receipts Repayments (principal & interest)

Aid to Education in India

• Donor Interests -Poverty focus (Primary ed)-Effectiveness of spending-transparency-agreement on policy objectives

• National Interests-resources-international best practice-monitoring systems-advocacy

Expenditure allocations for Elementary Education during different Plans

Five Year Plan Total Approved

External Aid received

External aid approved

7th Plan1987-1992

658.49 8.62

8th Plan1992-1997

4006.55 613.62 632

9th Plan 1997-2002

14754 4093 8724

10th Plan2002-2007

28750 - 4904

(Rs. Crore)

Source: Annual Financial Statistics, GOI, relevant years

Estimates of Foreign aid to Elementary Education in India

Year External aid to elementary education

Year External aid to elementary education

1992-3* 4.00 2001-2** 1212.341993-4* 9.76 2002-3** 1383.091994-5* 103.33 2003-4** 939.591995-6* 215.94 2004-5** 683.451996-7* 201.62 2005-6** 1996.51997-8* 561.89 2006-7** 16471998-9* 585.3 2007-8** 1677.61999-2000# 729 2008-9** 15842000-1# 948

*Aid to CSS in EE: Bashir (2000), @aid to EE: Tilak (2008), **BE for edu projects in central Plan, expenditure budgets of GOI

(Rs. Crore)

Modalities

• Phase 1:• Increasing Aid

• Many Projects

• Several Donors

• DPEP

Distribution of Central Expenditure across Centrally Sponsored Schemes in Elementary Education

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-2000

2000-01

2002-7

Tch Tng

14.9 26.4 28.4 21.8 8.9 6.4 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.1 3.2

NFE 14.1 14.3 46.6 37.0 12.7 10.1 8.1 5.8 5.4 5.2 0.0

OB 62.0 49.9 7.8 6.1 22.3 17.8 13.3 11.1 10.2 13.5 0.2

Midday Meal

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.7 51.0 47.2 51.0 51.1 39.9 20.5

DPEP(EAP)

0.0 0.0 1.5 26.5 16.7 11.7 24.7 20.1 20.4 25.2 13.9

Other EAP

0.0 0.0 7.9 5.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2

Other 8.9 9.4 7.8 3.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 4.0 5.2 7.3 57.2*

(per cent)

* domestic component of SSA

Modalities

• Phase 2:

• Decline in Aid• Shift from Project to Programme Support• Donors’ Changing Role

Summing Up

• Impact of Donors on Policy

• Why Aid?

• What of the Future?

End

Thank you