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Why Aid for Education to India?
• Christopher Colclough and Anuradha De
Main question: in what ways and to what extent has aid influenced educational policy in India
Methods:
-Documentary sources
-Interviews amongst government, aid community and NGOs
The paper is Work in Progress
Changed Aid Intentions 1990-2000
Education, aid and Development – the shift to basics
-Changing priorities in aid to education
-Jomtien Conference 1990
-Aid promises not met by 2000 and resource gap increased
-Millennium Conference and the MDGs
New Instruments and Modalities
Aid Effectiveness – selectivity
Paris Declaration
Programme Aid – SWAPs
-Budgetary Support
Aid Flows in India in constant prices, 1999=100
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
3rd plan-1961-66
4th plan-1969-74
5th plan-1974-78
6th plan-1980-84
7th plan-1980-85
8th plan-1985-90
9th plan -1992-97
10th plan-1997-2002
Rs.
cro
res
Aid agreed Aid receipts Repayments (principal & interest)
Aid to Education in India
• Donor Interests -Poverty focus (Primary ed)-Effectiveness of spending-transparency-agreement on policy objectives
• National Interests-resources-international best practice-monitoring systems-advocacy
Expenditure allocations for Elementary Education during different Plans
Five Year Plan Total Approved
External Aid received
External aid approved
7th Plan1987-1992
658.49 8.62
8th Plan1992-1997
4006.55 613.62 632
9th Plan 1997-2002
14754 4093 8724
10th Plan2002-2007
28750 - 4904
(Rs. Crore)
Source: Annual Financial Statistics, GOI, relevant years
Estimates of Foreign aid to Elementary Education in India
Year External aid to elementary education
Year External aid to elementary education
1992-3* 4.00 2001-2** 1212.341993-4* 9.76 2002-3** 1383.091994-5* 103.33 2003-4** 939.591995-6* 215.94 2004-5** 683.451996-7* 201.62 2005-6** 1996.51997-8* 561.89 2006-7** 16471998-9* 585.3 2007-8** 1677.61999-2000# 729 2008-9** 15842000-1# 948
*Aid to CSS in EE: Bashir (2000), @aid to EE: Tilak (2008), **BE for edu projects in central Plan, expenditure budgets of GOI
(Rs. Crore)
Modalities
• Phase 1:• Increasing Aid
• Many Projects
• Several Donors
• DPEP
Distribution of Central Expenditure across Centrally Sponsored Schemes in Elementary Education
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
2002-7
Tch Tng
14.9 26.4 28.4 21.8 8.9 6.4 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.1 3.2
NFE 14.1 14.3 46.6 37.0 12.7 10.1 8.1 5.8 5.4 5.2 0.0
OB 62.0 49.9 7.8 6.1 22.3 17.8 13.3 11.1 10.2 13.5 0.2
Midday Meal
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.7 51.0 47.2 51.0 51.1 39.9 20.5
DPEP(EAP)
0.0 0.0 1.5 26.5 16.7 11.7 24.7 20.1 20.4 25.2 13.9
Other EAP
0.0 0.0 7.9 5.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2
Other 8.9 9.4 7.8 3.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 4.0 5.2 7.3 57.2*
(per cent)
* domestic component of SSA
Modalities
• Phase 2:
• Decline in Aid• Shift from Project to Programme Support• Donors’ Changing Role
Summing Up
• Impact of Donors on Policy
• Why Aid?
• What of the Future?
End
Thank you