Who's the No. 2 makerof nuclear power plants?It isn't Westinghouse.You bet we're hiring.

If you can't wait for the recruiter,write today to George Garvey,Westinghouse Education Center,Pittsburgh, Pa. 15221. An equalopportunity employer.

You can be sure.. . if it'sWestinghouse

FEATURES PAGE

Threshold of Ecological Disaster 6by G. Robert Hall

An Interview with Jack Shingleton 11by Bob Norby

An Interview with Ed Fitzpatrick 14by Bob Norby

An Interview with Bill Macleod 19by Don Willemsen

The Engineering Job Market 18by Larry Barazsu and Dave Zolynsky

Don't Call Us We'll Call You 21by Doug Franz

Statistics on the 70-71 Job Market 22

DEPARTMENTS

Editorial 3

Puzzle Contest 15

Decal Contest 19by Dr. John V. Polomsky

Engrineers 24

STAFF

Don Willemsen Editor

Vincent Rybicki Associate Editor

Larry Baraszu Features Editor

Doug Franz Advertising Manager

Milton Horst Photographic Editor

G. Robert Hall Contributing Editor

Alan G. Hoffman Advisor

Bob Norby Circulation Manager

Solving the mysteries of molding with mathematics.

Even though plastics have beenaround for many years, there's still a lotto be learned about these versatile mate-rials and their processing. So they are thesubject for continuing studies by ourengineers.

Some of their recent investigationshave brought forth new and highly usefulinformation about a relatively unexploredarea: the melting behavior of plastics inthe injection molding process.

One result of these studies is themathematical formula, or model, above.

The model helps us predict meltingbehavior along the length of the injectionscrew molding machine used to mold tele-phone housings and other parts. Meltingbehavior is extremely important, becauseplastic pellets should be completelymelted but not thermally decomposedbefore injection into the mold.

This information on melting is thenused to investigate screw designs, operat-ing conditions, machine sizes and plasticproperties. All of which is aimed at ob-taining optimum processing techniques.

Predictions obtained from the mathe-matical model have checked out closely

with experimental observations. So theresulting screw designs are now under-going evaluation by engineers at ourplants in Indianapolis and Shreveport.

Conclusion: For new designs andmaterials, the model can help reduce thedevelopment cost for new molded partsand materials. For manufacturing currentproducts, operating costs can be reduced.

Perhaps most significant is that we'regetting information about molding tem-peratures not available experimentally.And many other types of information canbe obtained without the use of costly,time-consuming experimental work.

The end result will be more efficientplastic molding and therefore a betterproduct for the lowest possible cost.

We keepthe news

fit to read.

Each Saturday night The New York Timeswraps up the news.

Then FMC wraps up The New York Times.

Thanks to a mechanized system we de-signed, built, and installed, the country'slargest Sunday edition is mailed the worldover, carefully protected from the elementsby a see-through wrapper.

This is just one of many unusual jobstaken in stride by FMC.

If you want to carry it, warehouse it, pack-age it, or whatever, chances are FMC hashandled a similar job.

You may still recall by tomorrow that we'reinto machinery; but how in the world can weget you to remember that we're also a verylarge chemical company, too?

Or that we are a major factor in alleviatingthe world's food problems through ourinvolvement in every phase of agriculture:pumps and irrigation systems, pesticides andfertilizers, food processing and packagingequipment, even seeds.

Or that we're one of the country's largestproducers of rayon, acetate, and polyesterfibers.

Or that we even make sewage treatmentequipment, fire engines and railcars.

Being a diversified company means it'shard to have one all-encompassing image.But it does give our people an unusual varietyof ways to improve man's welfare.

If doing worthwhile things is your bag,write or ask your placement director for thedescriptive brochure "Careers with FMC."FMC Corporation, Box 760, San lose, Cali-fornia 95106.

We are an equal opportunity employer.

Threshold of

Ecological Disaster

G. Robert Hall is a freshman in Electrical Engineering. Mr. Hallentered the following essay in the Spartan Engineer Essay Contest,and was awarded first prize for his outstanding paper.

As public utilities and government agencies suchas the Atomic Energy Commission and the FederalPower Commission find viable means of producingthe tremendous quantities of electrical energy beingdemanded by our affluent society, we find thetopic of ecological disaster coming ever more inquestion. With the state of our technology as itexists today, there is nothing superior to nuclearpower from an economic viewpoint. A recent studyshowed that one million BTU nuclear fuel cost is\74; whereas, the cost of coal is 33<̂ and oil is 37^.The "total life" cost of a nuclear facility, from con-struction start to plant retirement, is approximate-ly 20% less than a comparable fossil-fueled plant.An additional benefit of nuclear power may be de-rived from the by-product formation of plutonium,itself a useable fuel element, from the fissioning ofuranium. It would then appear there is but onechoice if we have faith in American engineeringability. The problem is that this source of nuclearenergy was born of war and is of a complex naturewhich has largely escaped the ability of the publicto understand.

Public spirited citizens have formed into "actiongroups," such as the well-known Sierra Club, toact as interveners in the question of where powerplants of all types are erected and the manner inwhich they are operated. This is not only de-sirable but, in fact, necessary to insure that thebalance of our environmental needs is not upset.

There also exists, under this guise of publicspiritedness, a serious attempt to undermine all ef-forts for advancing our infant atomic age. A primearea of concern is the possibility of radioactiveemissions. Doctor John W. Gofman, for a numberof years an active participant in the Atomic EnergyCommission, has recently published two books, inco-authorship with Doctor Arthur R. Tamplin.

The first of these books is entitled "RadiationInduction Of Breast Cancer In The Rat: A Vali-dation Of The Linear Hypothesis Of RadiationCarcinogenesis Over The Range Of 0-600 Rads."1

This is a serious attempt to equate from a scientificand technical viewpoint that a radiation-inducedcancer, achieved in an accelerated experiment, willnaturally produce from a nuclear power plant thesame results in man. The conclusions reached inthis book by Doctors Gofman and Tamplin arewholly based on prior work done by Doctors V. P.Bond, E. P. Cronkite, S. W. Lippincott and C. J.Shellarbarger in their "Studies On Radiation In-duced Mammary Gland Neoplasia In The Rat."^Yet, Doctors Bond, Cronkite and Shellarbarger, ap-pearing before the Joint Congressional CommitteeOn Atomic Energy, Hearings On The Environ-mental Effects Of Producing Electric Power, havetestified that the empirical approach taken byDoctors Gofman and Tamplin has no bearing inpracticality as relates to man.3 For instance, theGofman-Tamplin hypothesis fails to note the factthat the estrus cycle of rodents and the menstrualcycle of women provide different patterns of estro-gen and progesterone secretions which alone makesextrapolation of the rat results to man invalid.Further, the only logical means of reaching theirconclusions is by the doubling effect, or inversesquare law of radioactivity. While this approach istrue for high range point sources of radiation, itfails to take into account such inherent qualities ofa nuclear plant as containment boundaries, physi-cal location or exclusion areas.

The second book with the facetious title of"Population Control Through Nuclear Pollution"4

was reviewed by Doctor Leonard Sagan, AssociateDirector of the Department of EnvironmentalHealth, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, for the AtomicIndustrial Forum, Inc.5 Doctor Sagan's summary isas follows:

Suffice it to say, that this reviewer concludesthat this book makes no contribution to thedifficult and complex issues of U. S. energyusage, pollution, or indeed any other issue,but does indeed further generate that polari-zation and emotionalism which makes dis-

passionate solutions of problems ever moredifficult.

A second area of major concern, which op-ponents of nuclear construction often point out,is thermal pollution. This area is a very real problemwhen one considers a 3400 MW (Th) plant willhave an approximate unit heat rate of 9600BTU/KWH which means an overall efficiency of35% is the maximum that can be achieved. Thisfigure is on a par with older and smaller fossil-fueled plants and probably worse than is producedby a large modern plant. It is obvious, then, thatthe waste heat being rejected to the environmentis significantly greater per kilowatt-hour producedvia nuclear power than a comparable amount gener-

ated by conventional means. The challenge of thisproblem is being met by those progressive utilitieswhich engage in ecological homework prior tostarting construction.

One solution, widely used, is the application ofcooling towers to avoid upsetting the balance ofaquatic life in local rivers and lakes. This however,only exchanges the area of concern and often re-sults in problems of equal magnitude in the formof fog and a higher deterioration rate of surround-ing equipment and structures.

A better solution to the problem of waste heatis offered by a review of limnology as shown in thefollowing illustrations.

Aquatic life flourishes in the thermoclineticregion and it is this area that must be protectedfrom thermal pollution. By withdrawing a plant'sintake cooling water from the hypolimnetic regionand discharging several thousand feet distant fromthe intake to the epilimnetic region, the actualtemperature differential is held to an absoluteminimum. The thermoclinetic region is not dis-turbed because of the low Delta T and the naturaldispersion at the surface of the pond.6 Thermalpollution is as real a problem for conventionalPlants as for nuclear. Thus, the attack on a specificenergy source as the sole cause of the problem isirrational.

In recent months, certain quasi-political groupshave lobbied to place a moratorium on all presentand future construction of nuclear facilities. Theirarguemnts include statements such as: NuclearPower is a new and dangerous medium of energyusing untried methods and being regulated by the

same governmental agency (AEC) as promotes itsdevelopment. A careful examination of such incon-clusive statements reveals an almost total lack ofunderstanding and, in refutation, the following isoffered:

1. Nuclear power is not new. In terms of time,our current interest dates to 1939 and the reali-zation of the first controlled fission event. In1946, the Manhattan District, a forerunner ofthe AEC, initiated a project known as the"Daniels Power Pile" which was aimed at theconstruction of a small, land based nuclearpower plant. Shortly thereafter, the Navy re-quested a study of the application for a highpressure, water cooled reactor for submarines.This resulted in the commencement of con-struction on the Nautilus land-based prototypeat Arco, Idaho, in 1950, and has led to what isnow this nation's first line of defense.7 Nuclearpower is not new from an even more important

aspect than time, when one considers the techno-logical advances science has made in the area ofcomputers. The speed and memory of earlyunits increased rapidly, progressing through suchstages as the IBM-650 and the UNIVAC tomodern CDC-6600 and IBM-360 computers.8

The worth of these analytical systems, in termsof reactor physics research, far out-weighs thesingle aspect of time.

2. Nuclear power is not dangerous. It is truethat there have been accidents, inevitable when-ever there is a combination of men and ma-chinery. Not a single accident, however, has re-sulted in the uncontrolled release of fission frag-ments to the biosphere. All reactor systems areso designed as to be inherently stable and it issimply a physical impossibility that a reactorcould explode in the sense of a bomb. Casestudies conducted on the SL 1 accident at Arco,Idaho, and the problems encountered at theEnrico Fermi Plant at Monroe, Michigan, haveclearly shown that the designed safeguardsystems do operate under the most adverse con-ditions to insure that the nuclear system can besafely shut down.

3. The methods used in constructing andoperating a nuclear plant are not untried. Title10 of the Code of Federal Regulations and itsvarious chapters specifically spell out the re-quirements which, by law, must be fulfilled tomeet the licensing criteria for all phases of thenuclear industry. Each chapter of 10 CFR is theend result of years of exhaustive study from allphases of science, government and industry.Chapter 50, Appendix B, dealing with qualitycontrol, is a prime example, having been fosteredby the need for rigid quality assurance of allmanufacturers supplying nuclear components.This chapter has, in turn, set the broad guide-lines so that individual standards could be pro-vided by the cognizant areas of industry. A list

of these industrial standards has been compiledand published by the American NationalStandards Institute and is currently in its sixthedition.9 Such facilities as Shippingport, Con-necticut Yankee and the Naval Nuclear PowerUnits have a tremendous construction and oper-ating history, using these so-called "untried"methods.

4. It is agreed that the Atomic Energy Com-mission both promotes and regulates the indus-try; so also do the Department of Transpor-tation, the Federal Communication Commissionand the Federal Aviation Administration in theirassigned responsibilities. In fact, due to the com-plexity of their respective areas of expertise, it isfoolish to ask or expect otherwise.

Experience in the Naval Nuclear Power Program,nuclear electric utility plants and numerous re-search facilities has proven that the electrical re-quirements of our society can only be met bymeans of atomic power. Critics and negative sen-sationalists of our atomic age can only be eithermisguided or misinformed. They certainly do littleto provide what is required for public under-standing.

A rational review of the economic factors, thereal and imaginary threats of pollution and thetechnical aspects of regulating and operation ofnuclear facilities can leave no doubt as to the via-bility of our infant atomic age. We are, in fact, onthe threshold of ecological disaster! The danger liesnot in properly controlled nuclear plants, the wasteeffluents of which are from ten to a hundred timesless than set, allowable limits, but does extendfrom their older, fossil-fueled neighbors whose ef-fluents are up to a thousand times safe levels.

E. Robert Hall3715 Inverary Drive

Lansing, MichiganTelephone: (517) 393-3267

To gain the competitive edge, the experts in downhill slalom havethis advice: "Watch the time line—the fastest course line."

"In the race against time, if a skier slips off and goes too low in thetraverses, he'll lose precious seconds."

As you look to your future course, watch for the company whoseprogress is on a time line with your own.

Ask companies about their expansion and modernization programs (ours is an optimistic$221 million). Find out if you're interested in the markets they're interested in.

If they have a position that fits the course you've set. If they promote from within.Don't settle for salary and status quo. We don't. Pick a time at your college placement office.

Let's discuss your future. The Timken Company, Canton, Ohio 44706.Timken • bearings are sold all over the world. Manufacturing in Australia, Brazil, Canada,

England, France, South Africa and the U.S.A.An Equal Opportunity Employer (m/f).

notes & news$362 million a yearOf all the thousands of business firms in theU.S.. only a few hundred have total assetsas great as $362 million Yet at BethlehemSteel we have invested that much, on theaverage, every year for the past seven years,in improved plants and equipment BethlehemSteel is among the most up-to-date of all theworld's major steel companies

Variety is thespice of shipbuildingNewcomers to our Shipbuilding Departmentcan expect exciting times ahead. We expect tobe launching the largest ships ever built in theU.S. And diversity! Tankers. ContainershipsMobile offshore oil drilling rigs. Repair jobs.Conversions.

The big "E"- i t 's environmentWe recently hit the $200 million mark in in-vestments for environmental quality control.This massive effort, which includes air andwater cleanup as well as land reclamation,forestry, etc., also entails substantial operatingexpenditures, currently at a rate approaching$20 million annually. Our goal: recognition asa good neighbor everywhere we do business.

R & D, the big challengeSome 800 engineers, scientists, and tech-nicians are studying and developing newprocesses and products at Homer ResearchLaboratories in Bethlehem, Pa. The environ-ment is one of their important areas ofconcern.

Mining our own business

We operate one of the world's largest miningorganizations, with 10,000 employees inwholly owned operations, domestic and for-eign Our professional managers and engi-neers represent a broad spectrum of tech-nical and engineering disciplines.

Study upA wealth of information appears in our booklet,'Bethlehem Steel's Loop Course." A copy is

available in your placement office. If what youread appeals to you, sign up for a talk with ourrepresentative when he visits your campus.Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, PA18016

Bob: Are there more people interviewing thisyear than last year?

Jack: Yes, definitely more people are interview-ing because they recognize that jobs arescarce and they're working harder to get ajob.

Bob: I talked to Mr. Fitzpatrick and he said thatin the engineering field there didn't seem tobe a shortage of jobs for MSU students.

Jack: Well, lets put it this way. The jobs will notbe in the numbers that jobs were in 1969and previous years although I think everystudent who works at it will get a job.

Bob: Which types of graduates are most indemand?

Jack: In terms of all disciplines in the universityI'd say the technical people are in greaterdemand than the nontechnical. Theengineers would be at the top of the heap.The ones that would be least in demandwould be those in social science and edu-cation.

Bob: Are interviewers really intent on hiring em-ployees or are they just here because itstheir job?

Jack: Interviewers are here because they want tohire people. There may be a few exceptionsbut for the most part anybody who comeson campus has jobs and is definitely look-ing to hire people. Now, most employersdo not have as many jobs as they had inprevious years and this plays an importantpart in the whole situation but its too ex-pensive for employers to come to campusfor an interview to just go through themotions. They come to the campus becausethey want to hire people.

Bob: Do you think winter term interviewing willbe more promising than fall term?

Jack: Well, winter term interviewing is usuallymore promising than fall term becausethats the term we have most employers;however, winter term this year will beabout the same as winter term last yearwhich was down substantially from theyear before.

Bob: Do you have an estimate on how many oflast years graduates are unemployed?

Jack: Yes, we not only have an estimate we havea pretty accurate figure. 7.3% of our lastyears class who participated in a study wemade were unemployed as of October 1.This means 7.3% who are actively lookingfor jobs are unemployed . . . this is allmajors, all disciplines. In engineering, to myknowledge, there are no engineers unem-ployed who are actively seeking jobs.

Bob: If employed are they employed in thefields of their abilities?

Jack: Most of them are, especially in engineering.We are finding a great many college gradu-ates; however, who are what we call under-employed. That means working in. fieldsnot at the level to which they studied. Thisis not as true in engineering as in otherfields.

Bob: Do you have any other comments youwould like to make?

Jack: The only other comment 1 would make isthis. Michigan State University engineeringgraduates are getting a first class educationand they are highly marketable when theycompete in the overall engineering employ-ment market. Unless a student has unusualgeographical restrictions or does not workat this business of looking for a job, I seeno reason why all of our engineering gradu-ates should not have jobs by graduationtime. Many of the graduates will not havethe selection their predecessors have hadbut if they demonstrate a willingness towork and seriously go about the matter oflooking for a job they'll do all right.One final word. Many of the engineers whoare being let out of jobs today are peoplewho have become obsolete in their pro-fession through the years. It behooves all ofthe graduating students to recognize thattheir education does not end with the di-ploma, especially in their field. I urge themto constantly keep abreast of new develop-ments in their respective fields and they canlook forward to a good solid future.

Bob: OK, well thank you very much.

Soon 90-mph commutertrains will put a little morerush back in everybody'srush hour. And nickel'shelping make it happen.

At last, true high-speed rail service is on the wIn mass transportation systems from New York to SFrancisco.

And, by taking some of the pressure off our clogghighways, it promises to make life easier for motorias well as rail passengers.

The progress of the Long Island Railroad is typicEvery week now, it replaces six or eight of its oldwith gleaming "Metropolitan" cars. About the midof next year, after its entire new fleet of 620 cars has beput in service, it will start cutting commuting tinthroughout its system.

Both the frame and skin of the new Metropolisare nickel stainless steel. The nickel's in there for severeasons. It makes the steel easier to weld and form, aadds toughness to insure car safety. It also helps armcar against grime and corrosion. Maintenance can taplace at the wash siding, instead of the paint shop.

And, because of the remarkable strength-to-weightatio of nickel stainless, each new car is about 3,000pounds lighter than if it had been built with ordinary

teel- Which means quicker acceleration and braking,plus savings in power costs estimated at $2,700,000 forthe fleet over a 35-year lifespan.Just as our metal is a helper, one that improves theperformance of other metals, so International Nickel isa helper.

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This kind of helpfulness, we figure, will encourageour customers to keep coming back to us.And that helps all around.The International Nickel Company, Inc., New York,

N.Y. The International Nickel Company of Canada,Limited, Toronto. International Nickel Limited, Lon-don, England.

by Bob Norby

Bob: Which types of people are most in demandin the technical and science oreintedgraduates?

Ed: You've asked a question that isn't easy toresolve in a couple of words. There has beenpretty strong interest shown in all majorsin the College of Engineering. In talking ofengineering specifically we had employerrequests last year for interviews on campuswith students which ranged from a low of23 for the Sanitary Engineer to the highestdemand area we saw which was for Me-chanical Engineering with 293 employers.The numbers of employers seeking inter-views has to be tempered by the numbersof people in the disciplines. The ratios,probably as a generalization, Bob, wereabout a two to one ratio of employers perstudent. In some areas it was higher. InChemical Engineering we had the heaviestratio of employers to students that beingabout 4 to 1. It was not what we had seentwo years ago where we had such reallywide open selectivity on the part of theindividual graduate. Many seniors couldvery well identify what kind of engineeringwork they wanted to accept and in a greatmany cases where they wished to work.Most of the Engineering students who wereout working at finding a job last year didn'thave much difficulty. There were some whowere looking for a specific kind of employ-ment in a particular area or some who justsimply didn't come across positively in aninterview and who didn't come up withjobs. There were some who thought theywere going on to grad school and thensometime in Spring decided to look for ajob and then, had kind of an uphill fight.

It wasn't a wide open year but it was a con-siderably better year for the technicallyoriented graduate than it was for the stu-dent in many of the Liberal Arts disciplines.

Bob: Do you think this year will be much better?

Ed: No, I don't think this year will be muchbetter. I think it will be just about thesame as last year. The bachelors candidatesand many of the masters graduates didn'thave many problems in finding jobs; somedid, as I said. The bigger problems seem tocome for the doctoral candidates. It wastypically easier last year for the under-graduate to find work than for the doctoralcandidate.

Bob: Thats a lot better than what I heard for thejob opportunities.

Ed: Well, I was speaking with a man last nightat a meeting who was talking about the jobmarket and he said, he knows all kinds ofengineers who have ten to fifteen years ofexperience who are laid off on the westcoast. They have probably been out ofschool for 15 to 20 years. I agree with him.We've seen a number of alumni out ofwork. Speaking specifically of the newgraduate market, however, it is better thanthe alumni market.

Bob: Are there any new areas an engineer mightlook into such as biomedical engineering?

Ed: Very definitely Bob, but a lot of thesehaven't translated from ideas into hard jobsat this time. The biomedical area is oneand environmental engineering another,where the engineer would work as part of acoordinated team potentially includingchemists, entomologists, fisheries and wild-life majors, forestry majors, biologists and aseries of scientists. Very definitely thingsare coming but we have not seen thesetranslated from a few pilot programs to thepoint where they're coming in interviewingseniors. I think it would be a little prema-ture to say this is right around the cornerbut I certainly don't think its very faraway. More and more has to be done be-fore these fields reach the stage of campusinterviews. There is a growing awareness onthe part of government agencies particular-ly and a number of research orientedorganizations towards the environmentalarea. I think this will represent consider-able numbers of jobs in the future. Therewill be other applications in commercialfields stemming from a lot of things they'vegenerated from real "blue sky" researchsituations. There will be applications in bio-chemical areas, obviously. The supplement

to the heart that the gentleman in theDetroit area received will just be one of aseries of application in the biomedicalelectronics field. I don't think it would beexclusive to biomedical or environment butI think a very broad application in engineer-ing. Those two I would suspect are probablygoing to receive a greater amount of at-tention and maybe priority than some ofthe others.

Bob: Are there any engineering areas or scienceareas that are in excess? Too many stu-dents? Too many graduates?

Ed: Possibly. In total the area which seems tobe most critically affected, with which Ihave come in contact most this year, hasbeen the doctoral candidates. I think thiswould go across disciplines. In the pastthey were the darlings of the recruiters'eye. Everyone was clamoring for the Ph.D.and the market has turned cold. There havebeen no engineering areas that have beencritically over produced as far as MichiganState goes. Projections seemed to justifythe number, but when we're talking in thescience areas currently, the doctoral levelis this overproduction problem. The "cool-ing" of the economy was a major factor.We haven't seen the problem that criticallyat the undergraduate level. Let me throwa couple of figures at you here that I sus-pect will validate my statement. We weretalking about the numbers of employers inour office recruiting: 92 employers camelast year looking for Chemistry majors, 16for Geology, 83 for Mathematics, 17 forMicrobiology and Public Health, 50 forPhysics majors, 31 for Statistics . . . thoseare not bad figures. The thing to considerin this is that each of those employer

numbers do not represent one employmentopportunity but possibly multiple oppor-tunities. Of course that can vary from aboutone opening to a hundred. In engineeringthe largest demand was 293 for MechanicalEngineers. So at MSU I wouldn't say thatwe were over produced. That may not betrue at all though at a national or even aregional basis. At the doctoral level there isthis problem. The employment market inEducation, Business and Government hasreally withered.

Bob: Is there anything you would like to addnow?

Ed: Yes. Let me make a comment or two aboutrecruiting at State: The recruiting seasonfor the technically oriented individual inthe Sciences or Engineering is during Fall orWinter Terms. Regretfully, I see a few stu-dents coming in about late April saying"Who will be coming in for the balance ofthe year?"

Bob: And its too late . . .Ed: Yes, its too late. By that time the em-

ployers that we will be seeing, and we willbe seeing employers in April and May, willbe primarily from the business and schoolworlds-not from the production orengineering or research areas. Most of thestudents do pretty well if they work atlooking for a job. The ones that try tofollow a pattern that was effective even afew years ago, of being passive and waitingfor the employer to somehow hear of themas being the shining star on the campus andcoming directly to them will just wait along time this year.

Bob: Thanks a lot Mr. Fitzpatrick.

How FLOWERS OF ZINC guard steelagainst rust for 20 years and moreThe myriad of shining zinc "petals," which galvanizing

deposits on steel, form both a shield and an "electric

fence" against rust. • The layer of zinc protects first as

a mechanical barrier which completely covers the steel

to seal out corrosion's attack. Zinc's secondary defense

is called upon when the protective coating is scratched,

gouged or worn through to the steel itself. Then, an

electrochemical current of galvanic action fences these

gaps and the zinc slowly sacrifices itself as it continues

to protect the steel. This action takes place because, in

the galvanic series, zinc is less noble than steel and will

corrode sacrificially . . . fighting a stubborn delaying ac-

tion against corrosion's attack. • No other material pro-

vides the combination of strength, corrosion-resistance

and economy found in galvanized steel. That's why it's

so widely used in guard rail, bridges, transmission tow-

ers, reinforcing rods, automobiles and many other indus-

trial applications.

Puzzle Page

A five dollar prize will be awarded to the firstengineering student to turn in the correct solutionsinRm. 210 E.B.

1. A rook and a bishop are placed at random ondifferent squares of a chessboard. What is theprobability that one piece threatens the other?

2. What is the missing number in the sequence? 1011, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,20,22,24, , loo!121, 10,000.3. The crescent is formed by two circles, and C isthe center of the larger circle. The width of thecrescent between B and D is 9 inches, and betweenE and F 5 inches. What are the diameters of thetwo circles?

4. A farmer owned the three square fields as shown.In order to get a ring fence around his property hebought the four triangular fields. What is the totalarea of the farmer's land?

Hydrogenesis. What is it? Hydrogenesis is the naturalphenomenon whereby liquid moisture is created fromair. It also is the name given to the phenomenon ofwater being generated in the aggregate base of a con-ventional-design Asphalt pavement during cyclic tem-perature change. During warming cycles, moisture invapor form is drawn from the subgrade and pavementshoulders into the aggregate base. Then, during cooling,the resultant condensation introduces liquid moistureinto the subgrade. Moisture reaching the subgrade underany pavement hastens pavement distress and failureunder traffic.

Full-Depth Asphalt pavement is the most effectivepavement type in excluding moisture from the subgrade.There are no joints to admit surface moisture, and thereis no granular base to admit moisture by lateral seepageor to permit generation of moisture by hydrogenesis.Full-Depth Asphalt pavement is placed directly on thesubgrade or improved subgrade; pavement thickness iscalculated in accordance with traffic requirements andsubgrade soil characteristics. Placed rapidly by machineand promptly consolidated by rolling, Full-Depth Asphaltpavement becomes at once water impermeable and pro-vides longer-lasting, low-maintenance service at low-first cost. Driving is safer, quieter and more comfortable.

For more information about Asphalt technology andFull-Depth (TA) Deep-Strength Asphalt pavement, mailcoupon today.

by Larry Barazsu and Dave Zolynsky

Believe it or not, there are real job opportunitiesfor graduating engineering students. The situationmay not be like the early 60's, when engineeringgraduates received an average of 3.73 job offers.Perhaps it should be noted that most of these offers(2.73) came from the space industry.

The prospective employee today must be skilledat "selling" himself, along with his ability andpaper credentials. What this means is that he mustbe pleasant to work with, in addition to the selfconfidence and poise he exhibits. Like the mansaid: "If you don't like yourself, why should any-one else"?

The world of work, especially in metropolitanareas, usually require mobility and flexibility. So itis very important to decide where you prefer towork and what sort of responsibility you wish toshoulder. It apparently makes it easier to find a jobif the prospective employer has more options at his

When talking to a prospective employer, he willmake a mental note of your appearance-the lengthof your hair, your taste in clothes, that elusive airof professionalism. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ '

You must also remember that in order to find ajob, you have to go out and hunt for it. Today'semployer can be highly selective; many have moreapplicants than they can accomodate even forinterviews. One thing is fairly certain: they're notgoing to go out and beat the bushes to find you.

For those who might underestimate its im-portance, take note that we have one of the finestplacement centers in the country. Stop over in theStudent Services Building and check it out foryourself. By talking with their trained personnelyou will probably find an easier and more effectiveway to get the job done. These people are there tohelp you hunt. In short, go where the action is!

If we can believe in the reliability of some em-ployment information described in other studentengineering magazines and the September 24,1971 Engineers Joint Council Newsletter, someengineering areas have not been overly affected bythe national economic slowdown. These areas in-clude civil, petroleum, environmental, sanitary, andchemical engineering among others. There alsoseems to be a continued need in agricultural andmining engineering.

It also appears that most engineering employ-ment opportunities presently are rooted in theMidwest. This is probably related to the presenceof metropolitan areas, such as Chicago, St. Louis,Cleveland, Detroit, the Twin-Cities, etc.

In the last analysis, it is necessary to persevere inyour efforts of earning that B.S. degree in yourpreferred area of engineering. One statistic I found,stated that those individuals who have worked intoan engineering position via seniority but withoutany degree have an employment problem 44%higher than those with degrees.

Like they say: "It's one thing to find a job; it'squite another to be able to keep it."

AN INTERVIEW

WITH BILL MACLEOD

by Don Willemsen

Don: How many engineering students were em-ployed through the Summer Job Programat MSU last summer?

Bill: The exact number we cannot be sure of.However, the number is fewer than in re-cent years. Generally "Business" employerswho interview at the Placement Bureau forsummer employment take a strong look atthe technical fields.

Don: What type of students seem most in de-mand by the employers?

Bill: Vocationally oriented summer employmentis becoming increasingly difficult to obtainduring the summer months; although it canbe an invaluable experience to both thestudent and employer. In most cases, weanticipate students will be employed duringthe summer in work such as in the campand resort areas or labor positions. To finda summer opportunity in engineering, stu-dents generally need to have completed atleast their Junior year in college. As the jobmarket tightens, specific training and thestudent's grade point will strongly affectthe possibilities of obtaining technicalsummer employment.

Don: Do you expect this year's summer jobmarket to do better or worse than lastyear's?

Bill: We anticipate jobs for the summer definite-ly to drop from last year. I would urgeengineering students interested in summerjobs to fill out a Summer Employment Ap-plication with the Student EmploymentOffice of the Placement Bureau. These ap-plications will be made available to em-ployers at the Placement Bureau requestingsummer job applicants. Students shouldalso start watching the job opportunitieslisted in the Summer Job Catalogs at theStudent Employment Office made availableat the beginning of Winter Term. This infor-mation is very limited at this time; althoughwe expect an increase in engineering jobsaround February, March, and April. Stu-dents may also wish to take the summerFederal Civil Service Examination whichwill be administered on campus during themonths of January, February, and March1972.

Don: Do many summer jobs lead to full-timeemployment?

Bill: There is a definite advantage to obtaining asummer job experience. This not only givesemployers a better knowledge of yourinterests and working ability; but moreimportant, it will give you that sameinformation.

IDENTITY! worth $50by Dr. John V. Polomsky

Yes, the big hang up today in many areas ofAmerica is the lack of "Identity." The College ofEngineering is not immune from this contemporarymalady. We propose to do something about it withthe help of our students currently matriculating atMichigan State University.

We want your creations, ideas, and views ongood, sharp, meaningful emblem, trademark, orlogo, call it what you please. We want some snappysymbol to identify with that we can use as our of-ficial letterhead, for crests on jackets, pennants,stationery, to put on gavels, rostrums, etc. In otherwords we want something everyone can recognizeas that of the College of Engineering at MichiganState University.

Requirements for the contest

There should be a freehand sketch submittedthat is clear enough to be reproduced by an artistfor graphic work or engraving. It should be at least4" x 5" minimum, and not more than 6" x 8". Youshould color or at least color code your work soyour ideas are conveyed to the judges. Try to be asoriginal and creative as possible and try for morethan one, there is no limit to the number of entriesyou may present. You can incorporate letters,symbols, and any shapes you desire. We want some-thing snazzy, so let's get with it. Be sure to putyour name and phone number on all entries. Turnyour entries in to: Dr. John V. Polomsky

106 Engineering Building.The winner will receive a $50 cash prize.

A buff will probably tell you you've got to dropa bundle to get a really great stereo system.

Nonsense.Stereo is all in the ear. It's how it sounds,

not how it costs, that makes a stereo systemgreat.

So next time some buff hands you that old linecall his bluff. See if he can figure out how muchyou paid for your Sylvania matched componentstereo system. Just by listening.

Pick your favorite record. Put iton the BSR micro-mini turntable.(If tape'syourthing, slipone intothe 8-track cartridge playback.)

Then balance the bass andtreble on the FM stereoFM/AM tunerand amplifier,And lethim have it.

Make sure hedigs those roundlow notes from thetwo six-inch woofers.And those high sweetones from the twothree-inch tweeters.Thev're all air-suspension speakers,so they sound as good as standardspeakers two sizes larger.

Your buff won't have a chance. He'll standthere, surrounded by sound, completely bluffed.Trying like crazy to figure out how much you laidout for a stereo that sounds that great.

But don't tell him.After all, you just want to call his bluff. Not destroy his ego.

by Douglas Franz

The job market is not as bad as many people areimplying. One can always drive a taxi or deliver afew of Domino's pizzas. But in the real money-making job market things are very stagnate.

In the mid 60's scholars and high school adviserswere explaining the many advantages and job op-portunities in the field of Engineering; so you went.Four years and 180 odd credits later even gradschool looks good.

The real world is in quite a mess. "Phase One"is "dead and buried," while "Phase Two" hasburst forth like a breath of spring after everythinghas been dead for two years. Unemploymentamong Engineers has steadily increased betweenMarch 1970 and June 1971 while the nationalunemployment has only risen 27 per cent in thesame period. It comes down to the plain fact thatthe job market is at its worst since the early dayso f F. D. Roosevelt.

To dramatize this, just gather nine of yourfriends and cut cards to find out who will be unem-ployed, one of you will be. The National Sciencefoundation has concluded 9.7% of Engineeringpeople are either: 1. not employed in Engineeringrelated work, or 2. not employed at all. While an-other 6.2% are not even looking for a job. In asurvey conducted by the Engineers Joint Councilfrom 1964 through 1969 only 1% of those re-sponding were unemployed.

The "employment problem" is very apparent inthe specialization fields. The highest on the lists:

Aerospace, which has an "Employment ProblemRate" of 7.6%, and Electronics, which has risen to7.7%, are only a few of many. The "employmentproblem rate" for the above mentioned specialtiesis over 60% higher than for all Engineers in general.

The real mind-boggier comes when you take alook at the main problem areas in engineering em-ployment, which are in citizenship, age, and levelof education. The unemployment among the agegroups under 25 or over 55 has the highest rate ofany age group. Ten percent of the people under 25years in engineering are under-employed. Meaningthey either don't have a job or they have a job, notby choice, outside of engineering. If you are not anAmerican Citizen, you are 80 per cent more likelyto have trouble getting a job, in comparison to anengineer who has U. S. Citizenship.

The "employment problem rate" is 44% higherfor Engineers without a college degree than thosewith the papers.

The future shows no tangible signs of improve-ment except for the decrease in engineering, en-rollment, one-fourth of all Scientists and Engineersworking on defense projects are being phased outof work. The large scale areospace production willnot revive itself unless something unforseeablearises. The only breath of hope lies in a consumerproducts race instead of an arms and space race be-tween the manufacturing nations. When thishappens attention will be placed on quality and ahigh demand for engineers will arise again.

Engineering Job StatisticsDue to popular demand many graduating Engineers did find jobs last year. Below are statistics compiled

from questionnaires returned to the Placement Bureau by last years graduates. Engineers are just as popularthis year.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Degree Organization Job Title Degree Organization Job Title

AGRICULTURAL ENGR

BS Michigan State Univ Grad AssistantBS US MarinesBS Univ of Hawaii Grad StudentBS Univ of Hawaii Grad StudentBS Michigan State University Grad StudentBS Babson Bros Co Field EngineerBS McNamee Porter & Seeley EngineerBS MSU Grad StudentBS Century Farms Manager

CHEMICAL ENGR

BS American Oil Co Chemical EngrBS Univ of Arkansas Grad StudentBS US Army Corps of Engr Engr AideBS US Air ForceBS Mass I nst of Tech Grad StudentBS Leeds & Northrup Sales EngineerBS Univ of MichiganBS Rice Univ Grad StudentBS Lansing Bd Water Light Chemical EngrBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Union Oil of California Comm RepBS Univ of MichiganBS Monsanto Salfex TechBS MSU Grad StudentBS US ArmyBS Marine Reserve PvtBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Univ of WiseBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS US ArmyBS Univ of Texas Grad StudentBS Albert Einstein CollegeMS American Oil Co Asst Chemical Engineer

CIVIL ENGINEERING

BS City of Detroit Junior Civil EngineerBS US Pub Health Service Asst Sanitary EngrBS Florida State Trans Dept Prof Eng TraineeBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS US Navy Project EngrBS ETC Inc EngineerBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Oldsmobile ClerkBS US Air Force 2nd LieutenantBS Wisconsin Dept of Nat Res Environ Eng IBS Mich Dept St Hwy Civil EngrBS Univ of IllinoisBS Ohio Dept of Highways Engineer in TrainingBS McNamee Porter & Seeley EngineerBS Mich Dept of Hwys Civil EngBS McNamee Porter & Seeley Design EngrBS M C S Engineers Design EngrBS Eastman Kodak Company Civil EngineerBS Spicer Engineering Civil EngineerBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS John E Hiltz Assoc Design EngineerBS EDCO Constr Inc EngineerBS Prog Engr Consultants Civil EngineerBS US Air Force Civil Engineering OfficerBS Prein & Newhoe Civil EngBS Dept of Natural Res Sanitary EngBS Army National GuardBS McNamee Porter & Seeley Civil Eng

BS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Univ No Carolina Grad StudentBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Fenske Excavations Consultant EngineerBS Michigan State Hwy Dept Engineer in TrainingBS Ebasco Services Asst EngineerBS US Dept of Agri Design EngineerBS National Guard E 1BS Tennessee Valley Author Design EngineerBS Brighton Engineering Co Civil EngMS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentMS American Test & Engineer Proj EngrMS Mich Dept St Highways Traffic EngrMS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentMS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentMS Williams & Works Construction EngineerMS Michigan Dept Pub Health Sanitary EngineerPh.D. Tri State College Asst Professor

COMPUTER SCIENCE

BS Consumers Power Co Systems AnalystBS National Cash Register Development ProgrammerBS Consumers Power Co Graduate AnalystBS IBM Mktg RepBS Bendix Associate ProgrammerBS Univ of Maryland Grad StudentBS US Army ReservesBS Yale University Grad StudentBS General Electric Co Systems ProgrammerBS Univ of Washington Research Grad AsstBS Farm Bureau Ins Programmer TraineeBS US Air Force Student PjlotBS Merritt Enterprises ProgrammerBS Control Data Corp Programmer AnalystBS Aeroquip Systems Programmer

TraineeBS US ArmyBS Burrcughs Corp Sales Support RepBS US Air Force Comp Sys ProgrammerBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Texas A & M Grad StudentBS Adams Tool & Engineering MachinistBS State Farm Mutual Ins EDP Specialist I I IBS Michigan State Univ ConsultantBS US ArmyBS Michigan State Univ Computer ProgrammerMS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentMS Uniroyal Inc Systems AnalystMS MSU Coll of Ed Grad StudentPh.D. Sacramento State Coll Asst Prof

ELECTRICAL ENGR

BS Ford Motor CoBS US Army Electrical EngineerBS US NavyBS General Electric Co Engr Training ProgramBS Georgia I nst of Tech Grad StudentBS US ArmyBS Detroit Edison Co Assistant EngineerBS McDonnell Aircraft Co Aerospace Grd EngrBS Dlcuhy Electric ElectricianBS Gen Tele of Mich Engr AsstBS Mi chigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Johnson & Johnson EngineerBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Stanford Univ G r a d StudentBS Consumers Power Co Grad Engineer

BS Harry Diamond Labs Electronic EngrBS Owens Illinois Elec EngineerBS Programmed Mach Sys Control Design EngineerBS Purdue University Grad Teaching AssistBS US Army Material Comm Gen EngBS Western Electric Co EngineerBS Oldsmobile Jr Plant EngineerBS Consumers Power Graduate EngineerBS Dun Ruvin Country Club Asst Greens KeeperBS Delco Remy Div of GM Product EngrBS MSU Grad StudentBS Motorola Inc Electronics EngineerBS Michigan State Univ LaborerBS Western Electric Electrical EngineerBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Univ of Colorado Grad StudentBS Lincoln Electric Co Engineer TraineeBS Kurtz Gravel CoBS Meijers Inc ButcherBS Newport News Shipyard Systems EngineerBS Westinghouse CorpBS US Air ForceBS Michigan State UnivBS Ford Motor Company Product Design EngrBS US Army Material Comm General EngineerBS Motorola Elec EngineerBS Stanford Univ Grad StudentBS General Electric Electrical Engr TraineeBS Consumers Power Co Assoc Elec EngBS Univ of So Cal Grad StudentBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Consumers Power Co Associate EngineerBS Manpower Inc General laborBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Michigan State Univ TAB OperatorBS US Air Force NavigatorBS Naval Missile Sys Electronic EngBS Detroit Edison Co Assistant EngineerBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS US ArmyBS Motorola Inc Development EngrBS US ArmyBS Eastman Kodak Electrical EngineerBS US Air ForceBS Tracy Design CorpBS Consumer Power Co Grad EngineerMS US Navy Lieutenant Junior GradeMS Lear Siegler Inc System EngrMS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentMS Mich State Univ Grad StudentMS Mich State Bd of Comm Staff EngineerMS John Hopkins Univ Associate EngineerMS IBM Assoc EngineerMS US Navy EnsignMS Essex International Proj EngineerMS Mi chigan State Univ Grad StudentPh.D. Bell Telephone Labs Member Technical StaffPh.D. Owens Illinois Inc Electrical Engineer

MATERIALS SCIENCE

BS Humble Oil & Refining Tech AnalystBS Stanford Univ Grad StudentBS Uniroyal Inc Develop Engineer

MECHANICAL ENGR

BS Oldsmobile EngineerBS Ford Motor Co Eng Grad TraineeBS Caterpillar Tractor Co Mech EngrBS Packard Elect Div GM Product EngBS US NavyBS Allis Chalmers Mechanical EngineerBS Chevrolet Div Coll Graduate in TrainingBS Purdue Univ Grad StudentBS Consumers Power Co Asst EngineerBS Bechtel Corp Cost EngineerBS Ford Motor Co Product EngineerBS Oldsmobile Div GMC EngineeringBS Chicago Pub Schls TeacherBS US Air Force Air Craft Maint Off

BS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Rapistan Inc Engineer TraineeBS Pontiac Motor Division Product Engr Coll Grad

in TrnBS Newport News Shipbldng Design EngBS Chrysler Corp M EngineerBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS B L Const Co Truck DriverBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentBS Union Pump Comp Test EngineerBS Univ of Michigan Grad StudentBS Michigan Cons Gas Co Graduate TraineeBS Mare Island Naval Shipyrd Asst Design EngineerBS Ford Motor Co Prod Dev EngineerBS Ford Motor Co Design EngrBS Foster Wheeler Corp Service EngineerBS Foster Wheeler Inc Service EngineerBS Saginaw Steering Gear Associate EngineerBS CW Smi th& Son MechanicBS Consumers Power Co Associate EngineerBS US Steel Maint ForemanBS Aeroquip Mechanical EngBS Michigan State UnivBS Oldsmobile Div GMCBS Stanford Univ Grad StudentBS Michigan State Univ Grad AsstBS Hartman Fabco Design EngineerBS Bendix Brake & Steering EgrBS Ford Motor Co Product EngineerBS General Motors Engineering TraineeBS US Air Force PilotBS Xerox Corp MFG EngineerBS Consumers Power Co Grad EngrBS Clark Equipment Co DraftsmanBS Seven Eleven Store ClerkBS Aeroquip Corp Jackson Corporate EngrBS Martin Marietta Mech EngineerBS US ArmyBS Board of Water & Light Test EngineerBS Oldsmobile Div GMC EngineerBS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentMS Eastman Kodak Co Design EngineerMS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentMS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentPh.D. NASA Lewis Res Center Aerospace EngrPh.D. General Motors Inst Associate ProfessorPh.D. US ArmyPh.D. Natl Aero Space AdmPh.D. General Motors Inst Prof of Mech Engr

MECHANICS

MS University of WisconsinMS Olds Div Project EngineerMS US Air Force Student Pilot 2 LtPh.D. Ford Motor Co Sr Res SciPh D Mich Dept of Highways Physical Research Engineer

12Ph.D. Wayne State Univ Research Assistant

METALLURGY

BS US ArmyBS Western Electric Member of Research StaffMS Hayes Albion Corp MetallurgistMS US Patent Office Patent ExaminerMS US Air Force Pilot OfficerPh.D. General Motors Senior Physicist

SYSTEMS SCIENCE

BS Bd of Water Light Systems EngineerBS Dept of Navy Gen EngrBS Air Force Inst of TechBS Michigan State University Research AssistantBS J M Fields Inc Systems TrainingMS Leeds and Northrup CoMS US Navy Officer LtMS Michigan State Univ Grad StudentMS US Navy OfficerMS US Navy Electronic EngrPh D. Turkish Sugar Corp Associate ResearcherPh D. Michigan State Univ Research Associate

"I shall now illustrate what I haveon my mind," said the E.E. Prof, as heerased the board.

The first woman was called Eve be-cause her arrival brought an end toAdam's perfect day.

"What you got?""Three eights and a pair of kings.

Ah wins.""No you don't, ah wins."'Three sevens and a razor.""So you does. How come you is so

lucky?"

A medical-school class was asked toname five reasons why mother's milk isbetter for babies than cow's milk.

One student wrote:1. It's faster.2. It's cleaner.3. It's safer; the cat can't get it.4. Easier to handle when traveling.5. Comes in more attractive con-

tainers.

Confucius say: "A bosom com-panion sometimes turns out to be afalse friend."

Typist: "But professor, isn't thisthe same exam you gave last year?"

Professor: "Yes, but I've changedthe answers."

The American business man is find-ing it harder than ever to get ahead.Every time he develops something newthe Russians have already invented itand the Japanese are making itcheaper.

The boss was chasing his secretaryas usual. He suggested, "Let's go up tomy apartment tonight."

She answered, "I am very didacticand pithy in my refusal of your veryderogatory, vituperative, and vitriolicproposition."

Stunned, he replied, "I don't getit."

She answered, "That's what I'vebeen trying to tell you."

Two drunks wandered into a zooand as they staggered past a lion'scage, the king of beasts let out aterrific roar.

"C'mon, let's get out of here," saidthe first."

"You go ahead if you want to,"replied his more inebriated cohort,"I'm gonna stay for the movie!"

If, as the scientists say, sex is sucha driving force, why is so much of itnowadays parked?

Rumor has it that manufacturers ofcertain feminine garments are currentlymaking only three types: The Russiantype, the Salvation Army type, andthe American type. The Russian typeuplifts the masses, the Salvation Armytype restores the fallen, and the Ameri-can type make a big thing out ofnothing.

Girl: How did you get that scaracross the bridge of your nose?

EE: From Glasses.Girl: Why don't you get contact

lenses?EE: They don't hold enough beer.

The ad shown below has told the public about a Kodak productintended to save people from a life of mental retardation.A young Kodak technical guy convinced uswe ought to market that product.Convincing us was not easy.Nobody who wants to do a little good in the world everhas an easy time of it, any place.

EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY

Baby picturesSeen here as strips beneath the familiar kind of baby snap-shots is a new kind, made from urine samples donated bythese healthy new citizens. (A test of blood plasma is alsodesirable,) The strips tell about body chemistry. One out ofmany thousands of such patterns may turn up with a promi-nent crescent in the lower row at this particular point

Such is the hint (hat the infant's body is mishandlingphenylalanine. a required substance that results from diges-tion of any natural protein food, like milk. If this continues,the child will probably suffer mental retardation.

Most states already require a test for this condition. If afterthe first weeks at home babies had an additional blood test

with one of these snapshots, chances would increase ofdetecting other such metabolic defects. Unrecognized anduntreated, many of these also lead to retardation and othersevere impairments.

Treatment consists of precise regulation of diet.Kodak, long known for simple snapshots, also makes the

material on which these simple non-photographic ones aretaken. (Thin-layer chromatograms. they're called.) Nocamera, only a few plastic accessories.

The physician's time and insight are required only forthe infant whose test falls outside the common range ofvariation—to decide on more detailed confirmation of ab-normality and. if confirmed, on remedial measures.

Cute baby pictures are both priceless and remarkablyinexpensive. So is this less cute, biochemical kind. Whoought to pay for it is an interesting question in ethics, politics,and economics. Here is one place where industry's ambitionsfor efficient production may encounter little opposition.

HOW CAN A MICROBEHELP TURN GARBAGE INTO FOOD?

The petn dish at the bottomof the page holds a specialstrain of thermophilic microbes.What does it have to do withgarbage?

The microbes digest cellu-lose. And cellulose is whatnearly two-thirds of all munici-pal garbage and farm refuse aremade of.

So the microbes can digestyour garbage. But that's not allthey can do. They can convertit into a high-protein substancethat livestock will accept as food.

This strain of microbes wasfirst isolated in a General Elec-tric research lab a few years back.

Today, our engineers areworking to design a pilot plantto make the waste-conversion

process work on a large scale.It's a technological innova-

tion with a good chance of solv-ing one of the biggest problemsfacing the country today. But,then, that's hardly surprising.Technology is one of the surestways of solving social problems.

That's why, at General Elec-tric, we judge innovations moreby the impact they'll have onpeople's lives than by their sheertechnical wizardry.

Maybe that's a standard youshould apply to the work you'llbe doing. Whether or not youever work at General Electric.

Because, as our engineerswill tell you, it's not so muchwhat you do that counts. It'swhat it means.