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Who’s in Your School Learning Community Network?. Barbara Schultz-Jones, PhD Department of Library and Information Sciences College of Information University of North Texas Denton, TX ESC Region XI Virtual Technology Conference November 10, 2009. Agenda. Show me your network Background - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Who’s in Your School
Learning CommunityNetwork?Barbara Schultz-Jones, PhD
Department of Library and Information Sciences
College of InformationUniversity of North Texas
Denton, TX
ESC Region XIVirtual Technology Conference
November 10, 2009
11/10/09 Schultz-Jones / ESC XI 2
Agenda Show me your network Background Social network theory Social network analysis Texas schools Constructing a social network Applications of this approach
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Social Networking
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Background The application of social network theory to
the study of groups and group dynamics has its roots in the 1930s and the formulation of sociometry (Moreno, 1934).
Textile metaphors of fabric and web were used to describe interweaving relations of social action (1950 – 1970)
Diverse traditions culminated in the current use of social network analysis: anthropology, psychology, sociology and mathematics.
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Social network theory Seeks to explain the workings of networks Small-world method (Milgram, 1967)
6 degrees of separation (the Kevin Bacon Game) Two prominent network properties provide a
framework for viewing network behavior: the strength of weak ties (Granovetter, 1973,
1983) structural holes (Burt, 1992)
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Social network example
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Social network analysis The methodology used to research network
behavior The network diagram, or sociogram, is a crucial
means to demonstrate and illustrate the concepts, despite the limitations to its use by the difficulties of illustrating networks of high density.
In order to apply the concepts regarding the behavior of networks it is essential to identify the roles and positions of the members of the network.
The members of a network may be people, things or concepts depending on the focus of the analysis.
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Who uses this approach? Seven disciplines:
business and management computer science humanities information science medicine and health sciences social sciences
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Network approaches
Citation analysis Diffusion of information Information flow Degree of contact/interaction Role and position analysis
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How does this apply to the school learning environment?
Demonstrated levels of connectivity: Between individuals Within and between departments
Assessment tool for group interaction Analysis tool for students
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Frequency of Interaction SLMS 1
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
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Level of Interaction SLMS 1
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
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Frequency of InteractionSLMS 2
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
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Level of InteractionSLMS 2
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
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Frequency of InteractionSLMS 3
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
11/10/09 Schultz-Jones / ESC XI 16
Level of InteractionSLMS 3
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
11/10/09 Schultz-Jones / ESC XI 17
Frequency of InteractionSLMS 4
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
11/10/09 Schultz-Jones / ESC XI 18
Level of InteractionSLMS 4
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
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Frequency of InteractionSLMS 5
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
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Level of InteractionSLMS 5
Blue – Language ArtsGreen – Math/SciencePurple – History/Foreign Lang.Yellow – AdministrationRed - SLMS
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Frequency of Interaction2 Schools - Science
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Terminology Network: an interconnected system Node/actor/social entity: “discrete individual, corporate or collective
social units” (Wasserman & Faust, 1999, p.17) Level of analysis/discussion:
Egocentric: single node as the focus of attention Whole: consideration of all nodes in the environment
Ties: the relationship connection between pairs of nodes/actors/entities: Content: the resource shared, delivered or exchanged Directed/Asymmetrical: content flows in one direction Reciprocal/Symmetrical: content flows in both directions Undirected: physically proximate but no exchange, or the
exchange is not considered relevant to the research question Strong: close association, based on the research context Weak: distant association, based on the research context
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How is data gathered? Social network map – an instrument developed by
Todd (cited in Curtis, 1979) Surveys and interviews – personal or group network
surveys that identify information exchange connections (Cross & Parker, 2003)
Agent-based technology to capture email and document flow across servers
Metrics of journals, authors, citations, co-citations, websites, online community positions
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How is the data analyzed? Construct a matrix identifying connections between
nodes/actors/individuals
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How is the data analyzed? Employ software programs:
GraphPlot: a spreadsheet and a drawing tool for sociometric data KrackPlot: a network graphics computer program. Social Network Analysis Functional Utility (SNAFU): MacOS
network analysis and algorithm development software Social Network Visualizer for Linux (SocNetV): a GNU program
for Linux OS to visualize graphically and play with social networks
UCINET: a general program designed to facilitate the analysis of social network data (Borgatti & Freeman, 2002) http://www.analytictech.com/networks/
Pajek: a network drawing package; large density networks
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Practical Demonstration Sign-up sheet of attendees Distribute list and ask each attendee to
identify if they have met any other attendees Compile results in a matrix Input matrix to UCINET software program Produce sociogram of attending network Discuss results
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Classroom applications Math
Calculate distances between contacts Science
Map the connections between countries and animal species
English Map the connections between authors
(Shakespeare, for example), and derivative works (the movie Shakespeare in Love, for example).
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Future applications Within a subject area Within a school Within a district Within a state Within a region Anywhere the degree or frequency of
connectivity is important
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Thank You!
If you have any interest in exploring future applications of social network analysis
Please contact me:[email protected]
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ReferencesBorgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G. & Freeman, L.C. (2002).
Ucinet for Windows: Software for social network analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
Burt, R.S. (1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cross, R. & Parker, A. (2003). The hidden power of social networks: Understanding how work really gets done in organizations. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Granovetter, M.S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360-1380.
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References (cont.)
Granovetter, M.S. (1983). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory, 1, 201-233.
Moreno, J.L. (1934). Who shall survive? New York: Beacon Press.
Schultz-Jones, B. (2009). Collaboration in the school social network: School library media specialists connect. Knowledge Quest, 37(4), 20-25.
Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1999). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.