Who Pays What for University Education: The Case of Jordan pays wha… · Adnan Badran, Who Pays What for University Education: The Case of Jordan 2 • Financing higher education

Who Pays What for University Education:

The Case of Jordan

Adnan Badran

"Arab Universities: an Urgent Need for Change"

Arab Academy of Sciences (AAS) Int’l Conference

Gefiner Rotana Hotel

Beirut, Lebanon

4h – 5th Nov. 2016

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Adnan Badran, Who Pays What for University Education: The Case of Jordan 2

• Financing higher education in the arab region is not homogenous. It varies among countries.

• Francophone public universities in North Africa and Lebanon with one public University “the Lebanese University” which follow the example of France of free education.

• Gulf Countries nationals enjoy free education and living allowance.

• Countries who embraced socialism in the past, Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Iraq and Yemen, their education cost is covered by governments.

• Medium countries have mixed policy of financing higher education through student-tuition fees & subsidy from government as Jordan, has ten public, Palestine has one public university “Palestine Technical University – Kadoorie”.

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3 Adnan Badran, Who Pays What for University Education: The Case of Jordan

The First category is state free higher education. Public

universities suffered greatly under this category by reduction

of government subsidies below the real cost of students,

governments did not give priority to education over other

expenditures as defense and social subsidies. Thus resulted

in lower quality of public higher education and as

consequence, the university lost its momentum of reforms

and catching up with modernization and technology

How Arab universities Finance Higher Education:

http://www.google.jo/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjyuNrct4jQAhWBtRoKHa_HBtcQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmonitor.icef.com%2F2015%2F03%2Fafrican-summit-calls-for-major-expansion-of-higher-education%2F&psig=AFQjCNEgSE55u9kXq0m2UE12oy9WPk31Eg&ust=1478119721785386


The Second category is free public higher education in rich-oil arab countries, particularly the Gulf states who provided free education to its citizens and supplemented it with high subsidy of monthly allowance to pay for students-living cost.

Public universities under this category enjoyed good annual income from governments to cover its cost, and provided students with free education and free living. After graduation, their employment was secured, in the public or private sectors. Although graduates under this category enjoyed free education, they lack competitiveness for entrepreneurship and innovations.

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GDP (ppp) per capita Ranking 2015: U.S.$


Source: World GDP per capita ranking 2015- Statistics Times.com

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000 143,532

93,174 85,198

72,370 70,914

67,445 65,149

61,836 58,731

56,428 56,421

53,149 52,515 9.17 5.95 5.44 4.62

4.53 4.31

4.16 3.95

3.75 3.6

3.6 3.39

3.35

GDP capita (Int. $)

times to world

ppp: Purchasing Power Parity

Top Ten Countries (ppp):


Qatar, Luxembourg, Singapore, Brunei, Kuwait, Norway, USA, San Marino, Switzerland & Hong Kong.

Qatar GDP per capita $143,532.

9.2 Times higher the World.

In nominal ranking, Qatar 3rd after Lux. & Switz.

Source: World GDP per capita Ranking 2015- Statistics Times.com

7

Source: “The World Factbook” the website

www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/rankorde

Adnan Badran, Who Pays What for University Education: The Case of Jordan


The Third category comprises Arab countries with poor natural resources as Lebanon, Jordan and the Palestinian territory. Those countries lack financial resources to support public higher education, although they provide free general education.

Students in this category pay tuition fees to cover 50-94% of the cost of education, the rest is subsidized by annual donations from government’s budget. However, government subsidy is declining due to other governmental priorities, therefore public universities are suffering from lack of income to pay the cost of education. In Jordan for example, government subsidy has been declining to cover merely 6.6% of the students cost. Donations and return on their fund-in-trust are covering to some extent, but not enough, the shortage incurred in their budget.


The Fourth category is the establishment of private universities,

because of the tight funding of public universities, through

licensing by ministries of higher education, controlled by

accreditation boards. Some was established as nonprofit where

financial gains were recycled to improve the infrastructure and

invest more in the quality of education and research. While others

were established as profit-generating for the owners and share

holders. The cost of education by private universities is covered by

tuitions paid by students with 10-20% extra gain goes to

improvement of quality of education & research, or as profit to

share holders.

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Private universities have reduced

the burden of cost on public sector

in Lebanon. In Jordan, 35% of

students are enrolled privately.

However, few has achieved quality

in teaching and research, while

others were more of commercial

style.

The average tuition fees of student

in private university is $6500 per

year in Lebanon, $5400 in Jordan.

http://www.google.jo/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjp2Pvev4jQAhVMVhoKHVX_CaoQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positionu4college.com%2Fprivate-colleges-and-universities-make-sure-you-get-your-moneys-worth%2F&bvm=bv.137132246,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNGLRM0Aq2ftB9TlI3dL0tsPR-XENg&ust=1478121656957822


In Jordan, because of the government

budget constraint, there are plans for

raising tuitions to cover student cost,

and any subsidy from government &

other contribution go to student-fund

to support needy students who cannot

afford paying their tuition partially or

totally, or as loans or scholarship. The

current annual university cost of

student in public universities in Jordan

is on the average $4,500 per year, at the

current rate (2016).

Arab government expenditure on education as a share of GDP (%), 2008 - 2013 or closest years


Source: Regional overview: Arab States UNESCO Science Report, Towards 2030.

0

0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.6

3.8

4

4.2

4.3

4.6

4.9

5.1

6.2

6.3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Syria

Iraq

Sudan

Qatar

Bahrain

Lebanon

Egypt

Mauritania

Oman

Algeria

Yemen

Jordan

Saudi Arabia

Tunisia

Morocco

Wealth of nations is an important criteria who pays what for higher education in arab countries.


Expenditure on University Education worldwide as compared to arab countries


Country Spending per University

student $

U.S. 24,370

Japan 12,000

OECD 11,512

Brazil 10,000

Chile 7,000

Lebanon 6,500

Source: Financing Higher Education in Arab Countries, A. Galal – T. Kanaan.

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Share of Medicine, Technical & Engineering enrollment in University education:


48% Tunisia

40% Jordan

34% Syria & Lebanon

22% Morocco

18% Egypt 18

22

34

40

48

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Egypt

Morocco

Syria & Lebanon

Jordan

Tunisia


Share of Humanities & Social Sciences


Two third of University arab students are enrolled in humanities & social sciences.

75% Egypt & Morocco

60% Lebanon & Syria

56% Jordan

49% Tunisia


49%

56%

60%

75%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Tunisia

Jordan

Lebanon & Syria

Egypt & Morocco

http://www.google.jo/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwinvOfDmYPQAhXFPRoKHX2GAb8QjRwIBw&url=http://oaji.net/journal-detail.html?number=733&bvm=bv.136811127,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNFB_HTZeudlhhbJ4ik1kkU4xOxMlw&ust=1477939737078943

International Perspective:


Facts:

Higher education, particularly research-based is costly.

They never go down, always up annually.

Must be met by:

- student tuition fees.

- family and alumni contribution.

- government-public subsidy.

- return form patents & contractual research.

- consultancy, students services, long-life education.

- earning form univ. investments & Fund-Trust.

- philanthropy, donations.

Facts Lead to austerity measures:


• Increase efficiency, reducing cost of administration, and services: adopt mechanization & computerization, paperless.

• Restructuring & Lay-off extra workers & reduce heavy weight of employees.

• student-faculty-employee efficient ratio to reduce cost.

• Alteration of curricula & instructional methodology-videos, learning packages etc.

• On-line education, injecting virtual classrooms & labs, blended learning and flip-classroom.

Facts Lead to austerity measures: (continue)


• Make use of free lectures from outstanding universities abroad through the internet.

• Joint lectures and joint collaborative research to share the cost of teaching & research.

• E-mail use to reduce stationary and communications cost.

• Electronic bulletin-boards.

• Increase the use of part-timers.

• Outsourcing to reduce the cost.

Obstacles: resistance to change


• Resistance of faculty to yield away with

costly benefits.

• Resistance of administrators, to yield

away with bureaucratic structures and business-as-usual.

• Resistance of grounds-and-maintenance to shift to mechanization to reduce labor-cost.

• Resistance of librarians and accreditation boards, to shift to paperless e-library.

• Slow shifting to renewable energy and recycling water and use of internet–phones to reduce bill of power, water, and telephones.

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Wealth per capita for higher education:


• Countries are not homogenous in financing higher education.

• They vary according to their wealth per capita.

• Higher education is costly to government and households.

• Although, higher education economical return is acceptable (9%), but on longer terms.

• Higher education has a high social return in the arab region where intellectual and academic status is counted highly for social connections.

Wealth per capita for higher education: (continue)


• Low income countries find it difficult to raise taxes to support higher education under strained budget. Results poor quality-delivery of public education.

• In addition to higher education, there is competition for the state budget by free elementary and secondary education, health, transport, housing, subsidy of social-net etc.

• This competition does not exist in wealthy economies as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and rich-oil countries.

Meeting the cost: by different political systems


I. U.S & UK

• Shifting cost of public institutions from state to parents through higher tuition fees and privatization of food & lodging i.e. U.S, UK universities are becoming corporates, when it comes to financing higher education.

• Expanding enrollment, dealing with students as customers paying cost plus profit.

• Cost-effective: management, outsourcing, resource allocation.

Meeting the cost: by different political systems (continue)


U.S & UK - continue

• Students and parents, increasingly concerned about the

cost of higher education in the U.S. They are looking

more carefully at why public institutions are more

expensive than they used to be. The root-cause is

decreasing state funding, which will force those same

parents and students to ask where their tax-dollars are

going, why not supporting higher education.


II. Scandinavia:

• HE aligned with social welfare in a democratic socialist regime, cost covered from high taxes & universities are considered state agencies.

• Through high taxes, government regulations deal with universities as state agencies.

III. China: Market Socialism, free education.



IV. Latin America:

• Opposition to raise tuition fees by existing public universities (freeze).

• The alternative solution is to absorb students demand and expansion through establishing new private colleges.



V. Russia & others emerging from former USSR:

• Maintain the social legacy of free higher education.

• Free higher education is kept to academically selected on merits only, who obtain the highest grades in the university entrance examination where government can afford to support.

• Charge full-cost tuition fees to other students scoring below the cut-off scores on the entrance examination.


Demographics pressure on financing Higher Education:


• University–youth age declining in many countries.

• Accordingly, student enrollment is declining and resulting of low-income of tuition fees.

• Thereby, universities may become less selective in admission policy thereby affecting academic quality.

• Or compensate for the decline by aggressively marketing for international students, as the case of Japan, with negative population growth, and other high income countries with a consequence of lowering quality.

Demographics pressure for financing Higher Education: (continue)


• While low-income and middle-income countries having high fertility rate, may expand with scarce state public revenues, on the expense of quality.

• In Egypt 35% of population is below the age of 15, while in Jordan is 37%.

• Expected 15% demand increase in higher education in these two arab countries.

• Morocco & Syria the “youth bulge” expected to fall to 18%.


• Tunisia and Lebanon fertility rate is declining, and expected a decline in the number of students at the age of higher education.

• Lebanon youth expected to decline 4% compared with 16% increase in Egypt and 28% in Jordan (18– 24 years age).

Demographics pressure for financing Higher Education: (continue)

Global Competitiveness Report Ranking (134 countries across the world based on quality of higher education)


Tunisia ranked 17th

Jordan ranked 27th

Syria ranked 91th

Morocco ranked 100th

Egypt ranked 126th

Source: Financing Higher Education in Arab Countries, A. Galal – T. Kanaan

17

27

91

100

126

0 50 100 150

Tunisia

Jordan

Syria

Morocco

Egypt

https://www.google.jo/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjdr-v6xIjQAhWGfRoKHSOLAXMQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.total-croatia-news.com%2Fitem%2F14233-croatia-improves-its-position-on-global-competitiveness-rankings&bvm=bv.137132246,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNEnuMuGoo9-mAYtwQvdXVd5WKQvNQ&ust=1478123371479339

Tuition fees-dependent private universities:


• Encouraging fees dependent, non-profit or for-profit is a forward approach to ease burden of financing higher education.

• Generate greater higher education space for less money with greater efficiency than required for public sector.

• Guarantee of quality of private HE through licensing and

international and national accreditation, with over-all

supervision by the council of higher education.

• Private HE institutions are expanding in the arab region

while households, are bearing the total cost.

The total amounts allocated in the budgets of the Jordanian Universities, Public & Private, 2014

Total $ 1,212,300,603

Adnan Badran, Who Pays What for University Education: The Case of Jordan

Source: Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Jordan

Public Universities: Total JD 655,604,667 $ 917,846,534

33

Private Universities: Total JD 210,324,335 $ 294,454,069

20,093,200

22,897,420

35,867,500

43,000,000

66,233,250

73,552,000

79,715,912

84,534,000

86,675,000

143,036,385

28,130,480

32,056,388

50,214,500

60,200,000

92,726,550

102,972,800

111,602,277

118,347,600

121,345,000

200,250,939

0 100,000,000 200,000,000 300,000,000

German Jordanian University

Tafila Technical University

AL-Hussein Bin Talal University

Al albayt University

Yarmouk University

The Hashemite University

Mutah University

AL-Balqa Applied University

Jordan University of Science & Technology

The University of Jordan

Budget $

Budget JD

3,750,451

5,250,700

6,049,124

7,723,000

8,440,000

8,934,646

9,531,250

11,106,000

16,688,500

16,888,219

18,200,000

19,200,000

21,880,155

24,438,090

32,244,200

5,250,631

7,350,980

8,468,774

10,812,200

11,816,000

12,508,504

13,343,750

15,548,400

23,363,900

23,643,507

25,480,000

26,880,000

30,632,217

34,213,326

45,141,880

0 20,000,000 40,000,000

Ajloun National University

Amman Arab University

Irbid National University

Jadara University

American University of Madaba

Middle East University

Jerash University

Princess Sumaya University for Technology

Al - Ahliyya Amman University

Isra University

Philadelphia University

Zarqa University

Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan

Petra University

Applied Science University

Budget $

Budget JD

Summary Data of Students Enrolled at the Jordanian Universities by Degree for the year 2014/2015



Public Universities Private Universities

Total Public 214,193 Total Private 76,140

Grand Total of Public & Private

290,333

195688

239 150

15053

3063

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

B.A/B.Sc. V.Dip. H.Dip. M.A / M.Sc. Ph.D

71801

0 46 3199

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

B.A/B.Sc. V.Dip. H.Dip. M.A / M.Sc.

•V. Dip vocational

•H. Dip Higher

Summary Data of Students Admitted to the Jordanian Universities by Degree for the year 2014/2015




Private Total 9952 Public Total 58049


68001

435

50473

122

5993

1026

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

V.Dip. B.A/B.Sc. H.Dip. M.A / M.Sc. Ph.D

0

8647

46

903

356

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

V.Dip. B.A/B.Sc. H.Dip. M.A / M.Sc. Ph.D

Distribution of Graduate Students Admitted to the Universities by Degree for the Year 2014/2015






8881

435 122

5993

939

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

V.Dip. H.Dip. M.A / M.Sc. Ph.D

46

903

356

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

H.Dip. M.A / M.Sc. Ph.D






6010

Distribution of Graduate Students Graduated from the Jordanian Universities by Degree for the Year 2014/2015

379 149

3946

335

26 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

V.Dip. H.Dip. M.A / M.Sc. Ph.D High major

66

1166

322

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

H.Dip. M.A / M.Sc. Ph.D



Universities Budget

Total

Enrolled

undergrad.

&

graduate

Cost of

Student

Profit (+) in

parallel

program

Loss (-) in

regular

program

difference

between

loss (-) and

profit (+)

$ JD $ JD $ JD * $ JD ** $

German Jordanian University

20,093,200 28,130,480 3682 5457 7639.8 2925+ 4095+ 4479- 6271- 2176-

Tafila Technical University

22,897,420 32,056,388 5496 4166 5832.4 1634+ 2288+ 3188- 4463- 2175-

AL-Hussein Bin Talal University

35,867,500 50,214,500 5276 6798 9517.2 4266+ 5972+ 5820- 8148- 2176-

Al albayt University

43,000,000 60,200,000 16410 2620 3668 88+ 123+ 1642- 2299- 2176-

Yarmouk University

66,233,250 92,726,550 37697 1756 2458.4 776+ 1086+ 778- 1089- 3-

The Hashemite University

73,552,000 102,972,800 29021 2534 3547.6 2+ 3+ 1556- 2178- 2175-

* tuition fees for regular prog. 978 JD per student

** tuition fees for parallel prog. 2532 JD per student

Who Pays What: Cost of Students in Public Universities in Jordan 2014/2015



Universities

Budget Total

Enrolled

undergrad.

&

graduate

Cost of

Student

Profit (+) in

parallel

program

Loss (-) in

regular

program

difference

between loss

(-) and

profit (+)

$ JD $ JD $ JD * $ JD ** $

Mutah University 79,715,912 111,602,277 20556 3878 5429.2 1346+ 1884+ 2900- 4060- 2176-

AL-Balqa Applied University

84,534,000 118,347,600 28665 2949 4128.6 419+ 587+ 1971- 2759- 2172

Jordan University of Science & Technology

86,675,000 121,345,000 24887 3483 4876.2 951+ 1331+ 2505- 3507- 2176-

The University of Jordan

143,036,385 200,250,939 42764 3,345 4683 813+ 1138+ 2367- 3314- 2176

Total 655,604,667 917,846,534

* tuition fees for regular prog. 978 JD per student

** tuition fees for parallel prog. 2532 JD per student

Who Pays What: Cost of Students in Public Universities in Jordan 2014/2015 (continue)



Universities Budget

Total

Enrolled

undergrad.

&

graduate

Cost of Student

Estimated 25%

of the

company's

profit student

cost $

Total profit

attributable

$ JD $ JD $

Ajloun National University

3,750,451 5,250,631 1243 3017 4223.8 1056 1,312,658

Amman Arab University

5,250,700 7,350,980 1015 5173 7242.2 1811 1,837,745

Irbid National University

6,049,124 8,468,774 3283 1843 2580.2 645 2,117,194

Jadara University 7,723,000 10,812,200 3266 2365 3311 828 1,512,281 American University of Madaba

8,440,000 11,816,000 1322 6384 8937.6 2235 2,703,050

Middle East University

8,934,646 12,508,504 3068 2912 4076.8 1019 3,127,126

Jerash University 9,531,250 13,343,750 4220 2259 3162.6 791 3,335,850 Princess Sumaya University for Technology

11,106,000 15,548,400 2896 3828 5359.2 1340 3,887,100

Who Pays What: Cost of Students in Private Universities in Jordan 2014/2015

Who Pays What: Cost of Students in Private Universities in Jordan 2014/2015 (continue)



Universities

Budget Total

Enrolled

undergrad.

&

graduate

Cost of Student Estimated 25%

of the

company's

profit student

cost $

Total profit

attributable $

JD $ JD $

Al - Ahliyya Amman University

16,688,500 23,363,900 5517 3025 4235 1059 5,840,975

Isra University 16,888,219 23,643,507 5755 2934 4107.6 1027 5,910,877

Philadelphia University

18,200,000 25,480,000 6921 2630 3682 921 6,370,000

Zarqa University 19,200,000 26,880,000 7103 2703 3784.2 946 6,720,000

Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan

21,880,155 30,632,217 7794 2807 3929.8 953 7,658,054

Petra University 24,438,090 34,213,326 6533 3740 5236 1309 8,553,332

Applied Science University

32,244,200 45,141,880 6542 4929 6900.6 1725 11,285,470

Total JOD 210,324,335 294,454,069 66478 72,171,712

Government Subsidy to Public Universities in Jordan (2016)


• JD 72 million ($100.8 million) current governmental subsidy to 10 public universities in Jordan distributed as follows:

1. JD 20 million ($28 million) goes to student-aid, a fund at the ministry of higher education and is supporting student-tuition to 38000 student annually.

2. JD 52 million ($72.8 million) distributed to the ten public universities.

3. Public universities under constraint due to low level student-tuition fees and low level of government subsidy.

4. As consequence. Public universities loans have soared to JD 150 million ($210 million).

How to ensure sustainable finance of public higher education leading to excellence in Jordan


• The basic principle that every student should pay the cost of his education. This is a strict principle with no compromise.

• Policy of admission should be based on merits. This is a strict principle with no compromise.

• Student-fund should be established for needy students who

cannot afford paying their tuition-fees at each public

university.

• The student-fund is supported from the government annual

aid given to every university and supported by donations

raised by the board of trustee of each university, to feed the

student-fund.

How to ensure sustainable finance of public higher education leading to excellence in Jordan (continue)


• Another student-fund at the ministry of higher education to support needy students of governmental quotas i.e. military youth and retired army personnel, handicapped, martyrs', etc.

• The student-fund should support needy students partially or totally or giving loans paid back by students once they graduate and fully employed without interest.

• Student-fund should support scholarship of excellent students who attain high grade point-average.

• The student fund should be managed efficiently to avoid delay or beauracary, computerized, for student-aid and scholarship.

How to ensure sustainable finance of public higher education leading to excellence in Jordan (continue)


• This way, we ensure that student-aid will go only to those needy students and scholarship on merits, who deserve financial subsidy but not to those who can afford it.

• The current subsidy policy to all students, including those wealthy who can afford the cost of their higher education, will drain the financial resources of the university and government. This is madness.

I strongly believe: this scheme will put the financial problem of public universities, finally at rest.

46

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Who Pays What for University Education: The Case of Jordan pays wha… · Adnan Badran, Who Pays What for University Education: The Case of Jordan 2 • Financing higher education