7/27/2019 Whitaker, Ecological Revolution (2009) Summary, August 2013

1/5

Uuffnry djBedhd`ienh Qbvdhutidl(1339)

Pgitnobr, Fnro M. fwgitnobCsse.wise.bmu

Sn`b > dj 2

]gis rbsbnreg wdl nl nwnrm jrdf tgb Nfbrienl Udeidhd`ienh Nssdeintidl il

edlkuletidl witg tgb R.U. Lntidlnh Ueibleb Jdulmntidl il 13>3.

]gis rbsbnreg ab`nl td ab puahisgbm il addo jdrf il 1339.

Pgitnobr, Fnro M. 1339.Bedhd`ienh Qbvdhutidl; ]gb Sdhitienh Dri`ils dj BlvirdlfbltnhMb`rnmntidl nlm tgb Blvirdlfbltnh Dri`ils dj Nxinh Qbhi`idls? Egiln, Knpnl, Burdpb.Edhd`lb, @brfnly; Hnfabrt Nenmbfie Suahisgil`, N@. (Nprih 1339? IUAL; 907-5-7575-

3311->? :19 pn`bs) Nastrnet; Fdst nr`ub blvirdlfbltnh fdvbfblts nrb n ldvbh jbnturb

dj wdrhm pdhities. I nr`ub tgnt tgby nrb n murnahb jbnturb dj n mb`rnmntivb pdhitienhbedldfy. Snst dr prbsblt, blvirdlfbltnh pdhities nlm seibltijie fdvbfblts abenfb

bxprbssbm il rbhi`idus egnl`b fdvbfblts ns dppdsitidls td stntb blvirdlfbltnh

mb`rnmntidl usil` misedursbs nvnihnahb.Bedhd`ienh Qbvdhutidlmbseriabs egnrnetbristies

wgy dur gistdrienh stntbs edhhnpsb nlm abenusb dj tgbsb egnrnetbristies nrb dppdsbmprbmietnahy ay rbhi`id-seibltijie-bedhd`ienh fdvbfblts. Ns n rbsuht, dri`ils dj dur hnr`b

senhb gufnldebltrie nxinh rbhi`idls' nlm pbridms dj seibltijie nmvnleb il gufnl gistdry

nrb edllbetbm td nlti-systbfie blvirdlfbltnh fdvbfblts. Fnly fnkdr rbhi`idusfdvbfblts dj tgb pnst wbrb blvirdlfbltnhist ay abil` gbnhtg, bedhd`ienh, nlm bedldfie

fdvbfblts, rdhhbm iltd dlb. Uileb bedhd`ienh rbvdhutidls nrb blmbfie td n mb`rnmntidl-

ansbm pdhitienh bedldfy, tgby edltilub tdmny. Egiln, Knpnl, nlm Burdpb nrb nlnhyzbmdvbr 1,233 ybnrs sgdwil` gdw rbhi`id-bedhd`ienh nlm seibltijie fdvbfblts `bt pnirbm

n`nilst egdsbl jdrfs dj stntb-hbm blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl il n prbmietnahb jnsgidl. ]gb

addo mbseriabs sdhutidls td tgis murnahb prdahbfntie ns wbhh. It sgduhm ab usbjuh td nhh

pbdphb sbboil` sdhutidls td blvirdlfbltnh prdahbfs.

7/27/2019 Whitaker, Ecological Revolution (2009) Summary, August 2013

2/5

Uuffnry djBedhd`ienh Qbvdhutidl(1339)

Pgitnobr, Fnro M. fwgitnobCsse.wise.bmu

Sn`b 1 dj 2

Hdl`br nastrnet (>,:02 wdrms);

]gdu`g fdst ehnif blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl dr blvirdlfbltnh sdeinh

fdvbfblts nrb dlhy fdmbrl pgbldfbln, tgis is tgb jirst edfpnrntivb gistdrienh trbntfblt

dj hdl`-tbrf pnttbrls dj blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl nlm blvirdlfbltnh sdeinh fdvbfblts.Qbspbetivbhy, tgbsb twd jnetdrs nrb ilvdhvbm il n hdl`-tbrf, rbpbntil`, sdeidhd`ienh

prdebss nrdulm nl ulrbprbsbltntivb stntb jdrfntidls sdeinh nlm blvirdlfbltnh

pblbtrntidl vbrsus its sdeinh dppdsitidl. ]gb prdebss dj blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl isnr`ubm td ab enusbm ay ulrbprbsbltntivb stntb bhitb dr`nlizntidlnh egnl`bs il

blvirdlfbltnh rbhntidls jdr tgbir dwl sgdrt-tbrf pdhitienh bedldfie ablbjits dj

kurismietidl nlm bxtrnetidl tgdu`g witg anm hdl`-tbrf edlsbqublebs. ]gis pdhitienhdr`nlizntidlnh egnl`b jneihitntbs n fuhtitumb dj blvirdlfbltnhhy edltbxtunhizbm sdeinh

fdvbfblts pnst dr prbsblt. ]gb senhb dj tgis rbhntidlnh pgbldfbldl `bts ai``br dvbr

tifb.

Dlb pnrt dj tgb nr`ufblt is blvirdlfbltnh sdeinh fdvbfblt pdhities pnst dr

prbsblt abenfb bxprbssbm il fnkdr rbhi`idus egnl`b fdvbfblts, ns dppdsitidls td stntbblvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl usil` misedursbs nvnihnahb. Nldtgbr pnrt dj tgb nr`ufblt is

tgnt tgbsb fdvbfblts nrb edllbetbm bqunhhy witg pbridms dj gufnl gistdry wgbrbbfpirienh seibltijie nmvnleb deeurs, ns hilobm td it.

Ns n rbsuht, dri`ils dj pbridms dj wimblil` bfpirienh rbsbnreg edllbet td tgb snfb

pbridms dj tgb ilvbltidls dj dur hnr`b senhb gufnldebltrie nxinh rbhi`idls. Adtg il turlnrb edllbetbm il dri`il td nlti-systbfie blvirdlfbltnh fdvbfblts. ]gb seibltijie

bhbfblt gbrb is tgnt fnly fnkdr rbhi`idus fdvbfblts dj tgb pnst (dr prbsblt) wbrb

blvirdlfbltnhist ay abil` fntbrinhist ilstbnm dj fbrbhy imbdhd`ienh il tgbir edlebrl;tgby wbrb nlti-systbfie imbdhd`ienh fdvbfblts dj `rbntbr fntbrinh edlebrl jdr pbrsdlnh

gbnhtg (il fbmienh fdvbfblts dj mbantb nlm rbsbnreg), jdr hdenh bedhd`ienh gbnhtg, nlmhdenh bedldfie edlebrl, rdhhbm iltd dlb. ]d`btgbr tgbsb fntbrinh nlm imbdhd`ienh egnl`b

tgbfbs ilerbnsil`hy mbhb`itifntbm pnrtieipntidl witgil hnr`br ilstitutidls tgnt ilerbnsil`hy

wbrb sbbl ns aril`il` fdrb riso iltd tgbir hivbs. Uileb bedhd`ienh rbvdhutidls nrb nl

blmbfie pnrt dj nl ulrbprbsbltntivb, mb`rnmntidl-ansbm pdhitienh bedldfy dj bxpnlsidl,tgby edltilub tdmny. Egiln, Knpnl, nlm Burdpb nrb nlnhyzbm dvbr 1,233 ybnrs sgdwil`

gdw stntb-hbm blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl `bts pnirbm witg rbhi`id-bedhd`ienh nlm seibltijie

fdvbfblts il n prbmietnahb jnsgidl. ]gb addo mbseriabs sdhutidls td tgis murnahb nlmrbpbntil` dr`nlizntidlnh prdahbfntie ns wbhh. It sgduhm ab usbjuh td nhh pbdphb sbboil`;

sdhutidls td blvirdlfbltnh prdahbfs? ulmbrstnlmil` tgb dri`ils dj tgb nxinh rbhi`idls tgnt

nrb stihh witg us ns blvirdlfbltnhhy iljhublebm, ns wbhh ns bxphdril` tgb pdhitienhbedldfie nlm blvirdlfbltnh edlmitidls dj gufnl hijb ns nl ifpdrtnlt edltbxtunhizil`

rntidlnhb wgy nlm wgbl ebrtnil seibltijie nmvnlebs tddo phneb il pnrtieuhnr rb`idls dj tgb

wdrhm.]d bhnadrntb tgb fdmbh, it nr`ubs jrdf n edfpnrntivb gistdrienh vibw tgnt edffdl

pdhitienh dr`nlizntidlnh jnetdrs nrb td ahnfb jdr blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl.Bedhd`ienh

Qbvdhutidlmbseriabs edffdl pdhitienh mbsi`l egnrnetbristies ns tgb rntidlnhb wgy dur

gistdrienh stntbs jneihitntbm blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl tgnt edltriautbm td tgbir edhhnpsbedltriautil` pdhitienhhy, bedldfienhhy, nlm euhturnhhy. Abenusb dj mb`rnmntivb stntb

7/27/2019 Whitaker, Ecological Revolution (2009) Summary, August 2013

3/5

Uuffnry djBedhd`ienh Qbvdhutidl(1339)

Pgitnobr, Fnro M. fwgitnobCsse.wise.bmu

Sn`b 5 dj 2

pdhitienh prbssurbs, tgby abedfb dppdsbm prbmietnahy ay rbhi`id-bedhd`ienh nlm seibltijie

fdvbfblts.Bedhd`ienh Qbvdhutidlmbseriabs n edffdl erdss-euhturnh nlm gistdrienh pnttbrl

tgnt rbpbntbmhy gns bfbr`bm il wgieg twd pdwbrjuh edfpbtil` `rdups, il tgbir bjjdrts td

datnil tgb suppdrt dj (dr mbrivb ablbjit jrdf) n wbnobr `rdup, bl`n`b il netivitibs tgnt

mb`rnmb tgbir edffdl blvirdlfblt. Dlb dj tgb twd `rdups ilehumbs tgb mbspntinhizbmlbtwdros dj tbrritdrinh stntb-ansbm bhitbs witg tgbir jdrfnh ilstitutidlnh, fntbrinh

misaursbfblt, nlm imbdhd`ienh spdlsdrsgip fbegnlisfs tgby utihizb td edlsdhimntb pdwbr

nerdss hnr`br tbrritdribs. Jirst, tgis strntb`y dj bhitb-spdlsdrbm stntb jdrfntidl vinebltrnhizbm edlsufptivb nlm imbdhd`ienh nfaivnhbleb gns n fntbrinhedlsbqubleb. It

hbnms td edlsdhimntidl dj bedldfie rbhntidls nlm bedldfie sgnobdut dj tgb tbrritdry dvbr

tifb, rbsuhtil` il fdultil` prdahbfs il gbnhtg, bedhd`ienh sdulmlbss, nlm bedldfiemurnaihity. Ubedlm, tgis strntb`y dj bhitb jneihitntbm blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl gns nl

imbdhd`ienh nlm euhturnhedlsbqubleb. ]gb sdeinh risos dj its pdhitienh bedldfie

edlsdhimntidl shdwhy mbhb`itifntbs nly dri`ilntil` imbdhd`ienh spdlsdrsgip dj stntb bhitbs

nttbfpts td edlstruet tgbir stntbs ns hb`itifntbm hnr`br ilstitutidls. Fdultil`

mbhb`itifntidl mub td tgb tgrbb fntbrinh prdahbfs nadvb erbntbs mbsirbs il tgb dtgbr `rduptd arbno nwny jrdf tgb hnr`br tbrritdrinh stntb ehibltbhisf, fntbrinhhy nlm imbdhd`ienhhy.

]gis is n hdenh sbhj-iltbrbst fbr`il` witg prd-blvirdlfbltnh sbltifblt iltbrhilobm, i.b., iltgb lnfb dj tgbir rb`idlnh bedhd`ienh sbhj-iltbrbst tgnt is ilerbnsil`hy ulmbrfilbm ay

ulrbprbsbltntivb stntb bhitb pdhieibs.

]gb dtgbr `rdup ilehumbs tgbsb fuhtiphb rb`idlnh nrbns dj fdrb `bd`rnpgienhhybfabmmbm pbnsnlts/eitizbls. ]gis `rdup rbspdlms il n vnribtydj bedhd`ienh

rbvdhutidlnry wnys td pdhitienh bedldfie sujjbril` jrdf stntb-ansbm blvirdlfbltnh

mb`rnmntidl. ]gis hbnms td n fdrb nlti-systbfie, hdenhizbm dr`nlizntidlnh euhturbhb`itifntil` n vnribty dj fdrb nutdldfy-ilehilbm nlm/dr mbpdhitieizbm fdvbfblts nhdl`

witg fdvbfblts dj wgnt enl ab enhhbm gbrfbtie seibleb fdvbfbltswitg tgb ldvbhiltbrbst il fdrb ilmbpblmblt bfpirienh nlm fntbrinh bxphdrntidls dj tgbir prbmienfblt nlm

tgb ldvbh bxtbrlnhitibs il tgbir hivbs, pnrtieuhnrhy il bxphdril` dr il su``bstil` nhtbrlntivb

sdeinh dr`nlizntidlnh nlm fbmienh issubs. ]gus tgb edltbxt dj bedhd`ienh rbvdhutidl

nmmitidlnhhy bxphdrbs wgy ebrtnil pbridms dj seibltijie nmvnlebfblt gnvb abblprdldulebm witgil sueg brns dj fnssivb rbhi`idus egnl`b ns wbhh; adtg nrb nutdldfdus

fdvbfblts sbboil` tgbir wny il n ldvbh phurnhity dj fdrb ilmbpblmblt fnllbrs dj

imbltity. ]gby nrb sifuhtnlbdushy dppdsitidlnh fntbrinh nlm imbdhd`ienh suppdrtjrnfbwdros jdr tgb hnttbr `rdup n`nilst mb`rnmntidl-bledurn`il`, stntb ansbm bhitbs.

]gb tbrf bedhd`ienh rbvdhutidl is strbssbm abenusb tgb fntbrinh nlm bedhd`ienh

rbhntidls il wdrhm gistdrys dppdsitidlnh sdeinh fdvbfblts gnvb abbl dvbrhddobm. ]gbsbdppdsitidlnh imbdhd`ienh fdvbfblts gnvb tgrbb edffdl blvirdlfbltnhhy hilobm jnetdrs.

]gby nrb nlti-systbfie gbnhtg prnetiebs, hdenh bedhd`ienh prdtbetidl fdvbfblts n`nilst

stntb/bhitb kurismietidl nlm bxtrnetidl, nlm ilvdhvb fdrb bedhd`ienhhy rntidlnhizbmbedldfie-tbegldhd`ienh ilstitutidls witgil n rbhi`idus fdaihizntidl. Uueg fnkdr rbhi`idus

sdeinh fdvbfblts il wdrhm gistdry tnob phneb il edltbxts dj fnssivb blvirdlfbltnh

mb`rnmntidl, pdhitienh bedldfie edlsdhimntidl, nlm iffisbrntidlnlm sdeinh

rbdr`nlizntidl nttbfpts nt bsenpil` tgis edltbxt. Ns n edlsbqubleb, sd-enhhbmimbdhd`ienh/rbhi`idus fdvbfblts gnvb il fnly ensbs gnm fntbrinh sdeinh ilstitutidlnh

pridritibs nlm/dr fntbrinh eritiqub pridritibs iltbrtwilbm witg seibltijie fdvbfblts.

7/27/2019 Whitaker, Ecological Revolution (2009) Summary, August 2013

4/5

Uuffnry djBedhd`ienh Qbvdhutidl(1339)

Pgitnobr, Fnro M. fwgitnobCsse.wise.bmu

Sn`b = dj 2

Bxphieithy, tgb gistdry dj seibltijie nmvnleb gns abbl ilvdhvbm iltbhhbetunhhy il sueg

pbridms dj rbhi`idus nlm fntbrinh dppdsitidlnh gistdry ilstbnm dj abil` mijjbrblt dr mistiletjrdf it. Fbmintil` vnrinahbs td tgis pbnsnlt/eitizbl rbspdlsb wduhm ab tgb ensb-spbeijie

issubs dj giltbrhnlm/jrdltibrs, pnrtieuhnritibs dj sueg `bd`rnpgibs, gistdrienh bvblt

dutedfbs, dl`dil` stntb/fdvbfblt iltbrnetidls, mbptg dj pblbtrntidl dj stntb bhitbs iltd n

wimbr sdeibty, nlm nr`unahy tgb nvnihnaihity dr il`bluity dj nhtbrlntivb misedursbs nlmedlebptidls dj rbvdht.

@hdanh rbhi`idus fdvbfblts nlm imbdhd`ienh/euhturnh egnl`b nrb djtbl nlnhyzbm il

isdhntidl jrdf fntbrinh, pdhitienh bedldfie, nlm seibltijie issubs bxebpt il gistdribs djseibleb nlm fbmieilb wgbrb sueg iltbrnetidls nrb fdrb bstnahisgbm nlm wbhh oldwl. Fdst

rbsbnreg gns abbl enrribm dut il isdhntidl jrdf tgb bedhd`ienh edltbxts dj adtg tgbsb

egnl`bs. Nmmitidlnhhy, nlnhysis dj stntb jdrfntidl gns djtbl abbl enrribm dut witgdutrb`nrm td bedhd`ienh edltbxts. ]gbrbjdrb, adtg tgbsb nlti-systbfie nlm systbfie jdrebs il

wdrhm gistdry rnrbhy nrb nlnhyzbm ns hilobm witg n sgnrbm egnl`il` blvirdlfbltnh

rbhntidlsgip il n hdl`-tbrf prdebss.Bedhd`ienh Qbvdhutidledltriautbs td aril`il` tgb

blvirdlfblt aneo il ns nl dvbrhddobm tgbfb il adtg tgbir dri`ils nlm il edlebivil` dj

tgbir dl`dil` blvirdlfbltnhhy fbmintbm, rbhntidlnh iltbrnetidl.Jirst, tgb addo tribs td sgdw nl iltbrnetivb prdebss dj gdw n phurnhity dj rbhi`idus

sdeinh fdvbfblts `bts pnirbm n`nilst n edffdl stntb-jneihitntbm blvirdlfbltnhmb`rnmntidl il n prbmietnahb jnsgidl, nlm gdw juturb stntb jdrfntidl bhitbs gnvb mijjieuhty

il edlstruetil` tgbfsbhvbs ns hb`itifntb il tgb wnob dj sueg euhturnhhy mbebltrnhizil`

bedhd`ienh rbvdhutidls.Ubedlm, it gbhps bxphnil gdw wb `dt dur gufnldebltrie rbhi`idus misedursbs

wdrhmwimb jrdf n edffdl fbegnlisf dj mb`rnmntivb stntb jdrfntidl edltriautil` td

ulmbrfilil` nlm td mbhb`itifntil` rb`idlnh, bedhd`ienhhy sblsitivb rbhi`idus imbltitibstdwnrm fdrb nastrnet gufnldebltrie dlbs (witgdut tgbsb gufnldebltrie dlbs il prnetieb

abil` mivdrebm jrdf blvirdlfbltnhhy edltbxtunhizbm edlebrls dr dri`ils). Dlb tgb dlbgnlm, blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl prdebssbs dj sueg prifnry stntb jdrfntidl

edlsdhimntidls il mijjbrblt nrbns dj tgb wdrhm gnvb abbl vbry mbstruetivb dj gufnl-

blvirdlfbltnh edllbetivity nlm imbltity rbhntidlsgips il tgb pnst. Dl tgb dtgbr gnlm, wb

nrb tgb egihmrbl dj blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl, ns it sbbfs tgb pnrblt dj tgb edltbxts tgntgnvb erbntbm nly ilvbltbm, wimbr gufnldebltrie prileiphbs nlm sgnrbm btgienh gbritn`bs dj

tgb nxinh rbhi`idls nlm dj sgnrnahb seibltijie nmvnlebs ns wbhh.

]girm, ns tgb gistdry dj seibleb nlm fbmieilb sgdws, sueg suanhtbrl seibltijiefdvbfblts nrb gi`ghy iltbrnetivb witg tgb suanhtbrl rbhi`idus fdaihizntidls dj tgbir brns.

Jdurtg, ns gistdry prdebbms, tgb snfb fbegnlisf dj dl`dil` tbrritdrinh stntb

bxpnlsidl sddl ed-dpts its ldvbh dppdsitidlnh (nlm seibltijie) misedursbs nlm turls tgbfiltd n wimbr stntb jdrfntidl hb`itifntidl nppbnh dr spdlsdrbm vbrsidls dj tgbf. ]gis

bxphnils euhturnhhy wgy il tgb wdrhm gistdrienh rbedrm tgbrb nrb bvbr-hnr`br senhbs dj

tbrritdrinh stntbs edlstruetbm dvbr tifb, mub td tgb hnr`br nastrnet euhturnh misedursbserbntbm il tgb prbvidus eyehb dj blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl nlm bedhd`ienh rbvdhutidl--

bvbl ij bneg stntb jdrfntidl tblms td jnih il sifihnr fnllbrs il tgb juturb mub td sifihnr

sbhj-mb`rnmntivb, sbhj-mbhb`itifntil` prdebssbs dj bedhd`ienh rbvdhutidl dleb fdrb, tgnt

rbfnil ulsdhvbm.Il nl bjjdrt td bledurn`b n hbss Burdebltrie sdeidhd`y nlm wdrhm gistdry, tgb addo

bxnfilbs ensbs dj tgis blvirdlfbltnhhy-fdmuhntbm systbfie nlm nlti-systbfie iltbrnetidl

7/27/2019 Whitaker, Ecological Revolution (2009) Summary, August 2013

5/5

Uuffnry djBedhd`ienh Qbvdhutidl(1339)

Pgitnobr, Fnro M. fwgitnobCsse.wise.bmu

Sn`b 2 dj 2

il Knpnl, Egiln, nlm Burdpb dvbr tgb pnst 1,233 ybnrs nlm iltd tgb prbsblt. Uileb tgis

addo nr`ubs tgnt tgbsb bedhd`ienh rbvdhutidls nrb nl blmbfie pnrt dj n mb`rnmntidl-ansbmpdhitienh bedldfy, it gns n prbmietidl. Ilstbnm dj dlhy gnppblil` dlhy dleb, tgis

bedhd`ienh rbvdhutidlnry prdebss edltilubs iltd tgb prbsblt. Mijjbrblt 'brns' (I egnhhbl`b

tgb wgdhb imbn dj mijjbrblt pdhitienh bedldfie brns) sgdw tgb snfb mylnfie, pnst dr

prbsblt, ns tgb bvbr-bxpnlmil` senhbs dj tgis snfb prdebss dj iltbrnetidl.It is ldt nr`ubm tgnt nhh jdrfs dj sueg imbltity, seibltijie, btgienh, nlm

fbmienh/seibltijie egnl`b nrb tibm td blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl. It is dlhy nr`ubm tgnt nl

dvbrhddobm pdilt nadut truhy wimbsprbnm rbhi`idus nlm imbdhd`ienh egnl`bs il wdrhmgistdry (nlm seibltijie nmvnlebs) gns abbl tgbir edllbetidl td fdaihizil` n hdenh fntbrinh

pdhities n`nilst mb`rnmbm stntb pdhitienh bedldfibs, nlm tgb dtgbr dvbrhddobm pdilt nadut

gdw ulrbprbsbltntivb bhitb jdrfs dj pdhitienh bedldfie dr`nlizntidl nrb rbpbntbmhy nlmprbmietnahy td ahnfb jdr blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl. Rlrbprbsbltntivb bhitb egdiebs

typienhhy gnvb abbl sbhj-mbstruetivb dj tgbir dwl blvirdlfblt, tgbir hb`itifntbm

hbnmbrsgip, nlm tgbir stntbs murnaihity.

I jnih td nr`ub tgnt tgis blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl is juletidlnhhy rbquirbm td deeur

gdwbvbr, sileb strntb`ibs nlm egdiebs dj pdhitienh dr`nlizntidlnh (euhturnh nlm fntbrinh)vnrinahbs nrb tgb enusb. ]gbrbjdrb, blvirdlfbltnh mb`rnmntidl fny ab sdhvbm ay mijjbrblt

egdiebs dj strntb`ibs bqunhhy, mbseriabm il fy dtgbr addo ]dwnrm n Aidrb`idlnh Utntb.