Where does conservation meet conservation?

Lida Miraj 2011

The Interface between Historic Buildings and their Contents. Development and practice of conservation, both of historic buildings and their contents. Taken together, the value that comes from the shared knowledge and experience of the authors is immeasurable.

Movable : Immovable – A Historic Distinction and its Consequences

The challenge to preserve both a historic building and its contents is but one example of the need to overcome traditional distinctions between immovable and movable property conservation. Nevertheless, historically they have been considered different fields of specialization, each with its own educational programes, practitioners, and professional organizations.

Beyond the Divide – Experiences from Scottish Conservation

Scotland’s distinctive integrated approach to conservation stems from the work of a few key individuals in the field from the 1960s onwards, who applied a single standard across artefacts and buildings conservation. The inspiration for a single centre for conservation research, practical work, training, information, and advice spanning private and public sectors came from this tradition.The role of a Scottish Conservation Forum in Training and Education is promoted as a means of contact and a forum for finding common ground.

‘Places’ and ‘Stuff’: Is it Only the Language of Conservation that is Changing?

Taking the three thematic areas of sustainability social, economic, and environmental, as the starting point, we consider the wider context within which conservation of the material heritage is practiced. In this, it is important to argue that similar influences and pressures affect society, the natural environment, and the material heritage, yet nature conservation has both ‘natural’ and ‘man-made’ protection.

Nature can renew itself if well managed, while material heritage cannot, and organizations supporting nature conservation have managed to raise public and political awareness in a way that conservation of the material heritage has not.

The argument in merits of conservation of the material heritage as being the management of a non-renewable resource, and that aligning material conservation with the ethical principles of sustainability will provide the societal context for wider recognition. Achieving a balance between conservation and access, as a cornerstone of heritage sustainability, will become a more realistic goal if conservation practitioners identify more closely with society’s interests.

One way in which this can be done is by involving

communities in conservation decisions.

Working BuildingsThe Effect of Building Use on the Conservation of Wall Paintings and Polychrome Surfaces

Although the medieval churches and cathedrals are primarily working buildings, their ancient fabric is highly vulnerable to deterioration, as are the historic artifacts contained within them. Often, the requirements of those using historic buildings are significantly different from those whose role it is to maintain and conserve them.

The expectations of modern congregations and visitors are very different from those of only a generation ago, and often place an enormous strain on both the building fabric and its historic contents. In particular, the impact of heating and ventilation on sensitive surfaces, such as wall paintings, is little understood by many charged with the care of such buildings and, as a result, damage can often be caused by actions intended to alleviate it.

In order for religious buildings to maintain their proper function, it is essential that the historic fabric remains in good condition. Equally, for the building to remain relevant, visited, and funded, it is important that the conditions within it are conducive to its working nature. It is the role of the conservator to advise on the ways in which conditions can be achieved that are acceptable to the people using the building, as well as being suitable for the conservation of the building fabric and the objects displayed within it.

When Conservator meets Architect and Engineer

Environmental monitoring in historic buildings has shown that the summer climate is usually benign for the collections housed within them. Solar gain is sufficient to reduce the naturally high relative humidity of our maritime climate below the level at which damp-related problems are triggered. Internally, however, comfort-heating levels for human occupants can produce relative humidity levels that are disastrously low or dangerously fluctuating, not only for collections but also for fixtures and the building structure.

Conversely, unheated buildings suffer from mould, rot, insect attack, and metal corrosion. The creation of the constant humidity at levels below the threshold for mould growth (65 per cent) by installing conservation heating systems controlled by humidistats. To ensure a holistic approach to preventive conservation, other services are often upgraded when conservation-heating systems are installed, along with maintenance of the building fabric. The associated building work threatens collections and historic interiors through physical damage, dust, and theft.

These risks are controlled through planning by a multidisciplinary team underpinned by good project management. Planning minimizes physical disruption, and programming ensures sufficient time for storage and protection as well as installing and commissioning new systems. Risks are controlled by specifying working methods, providing storage, designing protection, and employing specialist staff to ensure these measures are implemented.

Management of the Historic EnvironmentThe Broad Nature of the Process

The process of managing the conservation of the historic environment applies to artefacts as well as to their context and the lessons learned are common to all scales of conservation challenge. Indeed, the ethical nature of the process requires the building of consensus amongst all stakeholders involved. This can only be achieved by promoting the best scientific, social, and cultural understanding.

The process examines how conservation can be sustainable only if all threats and weaknesses have been accounted for. While the body of scientific knowledge and technology has greatly increased, social, economic, and cultural factors remain a necessary and integral part of the equation for achieving sustainability and the support of stakeholders. It is important to set the scientific and technical challenges into the context of the management process.

Traditions are very important

There are no Revolutions in Conservation.

• There is evolution, there are new concepts• Social and environmental issues are getting more

important within the conservation thinking• Management plans are part of the evolution and

of more comprehensive thinking.• Example: Defence-Paris, London’s skyline in

2012, Tel Aviv

Cultural Heritage covers much more than

conservation.

Ideological Change

Management Plans

• Subject driven-in our case, Culturally• Principle 1-Participatory Process, involving

stakeholders• Define cultural values• Define other values, according to stakeholders

input• Identity values conflicts• Identity protection tools (Legislation,

Administration, Economy and Finances, Human Resources, Enforcement, etc.)

• Analyses and identification or Problems• Preparing prioriteted action plan with time

tables and budget estimates.• Monitoring maintenance and reviews

Methodology and Concept of Development Plan

• Education• Conservation Plans• Social Aspects• Infrastructure• Presentation and Interpretation• Finances and Economy• Enforcement• Etc.

Main Plans

• Defining Objectives• Data Collection• Physical and Infrastructure Conditions• Existing Plans

Split-Historic Core

Conservation rather than restoration, the use of traditional materials and techniques, emphasizing the maintenance of properties and reconstruction of urban infrastructure are some of the basic principles of the recent conservation practice in the historic core of Split. Restoration of key buildings has being used as good practice examples. The objective of the new Management Plan is to preserve the Spirit of the Place by minimizing conflicts between cultural values and stakeholders’ interests, with a need for development and change. In line with its Action Plan, the City has launched several projects, some of which deal with the improvement of infrastructure and with the enhancement of energy efficiency in historic buildings.

Split's historic core

Diocletian's palace is today the heart of the inner-city of Split where all the most important historical buildings can be found. The importance of Diocletian's Palace far transcends local significance because of its level of preservation and the buildings of succeeding historical periods, stretching from Roman times onwards, which form the very tissue of old Split. The Palace is one of the most famous and integral architectural and cultural constructs on the Croatian Adriatic coast and holds an out- standing place in the Mediterranean, European and world heritage.In November 1979 UNESCO, in line with the international convention concerning the cultural and natural heritage, adopted a proposal that the historic Split inner city, built around the Palace, should be included in the register of the World Cultural Heritage.

Historic Core of Split

Historic Core of Split with characteristic urban zones

Analysis of Historic Core’s current condition shows its poor condition, which is a direct consequence of the natural deterioration process occurring faster than counter, human-triggered, revitalization activities. This equally applies to built heritage (where inadequate structure stability is present on many buildings, especially those within Diocletian’s palace, as well as poor state of façades, roofings and roof structures) and public utility infrastructure which by large is on the end (or beyond) of its lifecycle. Throughout the history, built heritage within the Historic Core experienced various transformations, so that today it represents symbiosis of various styles depending on construction and/or extension period.

Today Historic Core is characterised by 29 building blocks of a relatively high construction density (especially within the very centre of Historic Core; blocks 1-22), shown on the figure below

Block division of Historic core of Split Based on current data4, Historic Core of Split incorporates 66.372,25 m2 of residential space, as well as 104.235,09 m2 of business space, adding up to

170.607,34 m2 of total closed space.

Reconstruction of Diocletian's mausoleum with the sarcophagus, Emperor's burial place, in the middle of it

(E. Hebrard, 1912)

The Belltower in central Split and the part demolished by the fire in 1924

Since 1996, several conservation projects have been undertaken by the City of Split, including a systematic effort to clean façades and promptly remove graffiti in the historic core. Billboards have been removed from historic buildings, and a design competition for new signage for the historic center took place in 2006. Conservation of Diocletian's Palace, Split's key monument, is ongoing, with assistance from WMF

The marble of the Peristyle, a colonnaded courtyard in the complex, was successfully cleaned and completely conserved

by 2006 using an innovative laser cleaning method.

Peristyle capitals

KEYWORDS

Historic core, conservation, Management plan, cultural values, World Heritage, infrastructure, energy efficiency

THE HISTORIC CORE OF SPLIT A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

Founded in 305 as a fortified villa of a retired emperor, Split developed into a medieval town, keeping traces from all periods and incorporating them into one harmonic whole. The historic core of Split was declared a World Heritage Site on account of its well preserved architecture from all periods, but also because of the fact that it is still a living organism with all urban functions. It has been threatened by the rapid growth of the modern city, by the pressure of commercialization on the ground level of properties, and by unfavorable changes in the social structure of the population. Badly managed and steadily growing «cultural» tourism has made an additional impact on the quality of life in the historic core.

CONSERVATION OF THE OLD CITY CORE During the last two centuries the historic centre of Split has been a laboratory for practicing theoretical conservation principles. The centre of Split (like many other historic cities) has been too often understood as a container of fixed values, almost «frozen in time». Values-centred conservation acknowledges that values – and therefore ideas of cultural significance – are not fixed, but evolve over time. Culture is a process, not a set of things with fixed meaning. Today, we are in a position to reconsider our approach to conservation, and make a fresh start with a changed perspective. Restoration of key buildings such as the Cathedral (Diocletian’s mausoleum), the Baptistery (the Temple of Jupiter) and the Golden Gate has being used as good practice examples in order to display the basic principles which should be followed in everyday practice, such as conservation rather than restoration, the use of traditional materials and techniques, emphasizing the maintenance of properties and reconstruction of urban infrastructure.

Conservator at work

Conservator at Work

Conservator at work

Peristyle

MANAGEMENT PLANS Back in 1979, the historic core was inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage sites according to the usual practice of the time – without well defined borders, without a buffer zone, and without a Management Plan. Thirty years later, the making of a comprehensive Management Plan was not only an urgent need, but also an obligation according to the new UNESCO standards. That is why the City’s authorities have commissioned it, together with the Management Plan for the substructures of Diocletian’s Palace, which is an integral part of the same whole. The Plan was produced by „SolArc“ (Giora and Shahar Solar), in close cooperation with the Service for the Old City Core. Management Plans are considered to be one of the most important tools for the protection of cultural and natural heritage. The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (February 2005) require the preparation of a Management Plan or the existence of a management system for every WH site.

Management Plans for cultural heritage sites are the most holistic and comprehensive documents, which provide the vision, direction, tools and suggested actions for the long term, sustainable protection of the sites and their cultural values. A management plan should cover all the existing tools which make the development and protection of the site feasible, and make sure that there are linkages which make these tools useful (for example – legal tools alone, without enforcement, do not function, conservation plans without skilled professionals are just papers, different projects, including plans for infrastructure, without proper coordination mechanism among the different responsible authorities, might cause damage or waste resources, no consideration for community values and needs make the plans non sustainable, etc.).

A Management Plan is a cultural value driven plan. Therefore it refers to issues which have an impact on, or are impacted by the cultural values. At the same time, it should take into consideration other values, as expressed by different stake holders. However, it is not a substitute for detailed plans and conservation plans, which should be prepared as needed and following recommendations of the Management Plan and its Action Plan. By definition and as a matter of principle, a Management Plan is a living document, and should be easily amended, updated, extended and implemented in phases. Therefore, if some previously unnoticed stakeholders’ values appear, or when circumstances and concepts change, the way is open to improvements.

The document itself starts with definitions and identification of values. It continues with the description of existing situation in the historic core, its protection measures, conservation and actual management, accompanied by analysis, assessments and recommendations. A SWOT (Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat) analysis is followed by a suggested Action Plan. The objective of the Plan is to preserve the Spirit of the Place (Genius Loci) by minimizing conflicts between cultural values and stakeholders’ values, with a need for development and change. It proposes a new model of management, in order to improve the planning and coordination of activities which aim at better quality of life of its inhabitants and of the economy, while securing the long-term, sustainable protection of cultural values of the place.

Infrastructure

An important place in the Management Plan is given to the infrastructure. The historic core of Split, being a living place since more than 17 centuries, is crossed by infrastructure of all kinds and age, starting with an extensive sewage system of vaulted channels from the Roman period, which is blocked by a thick layer of organic deposit, and has only partly been explored and surveyed. The recent infrastructure which is currently being used can be divided into:

Macro infrastructure – such as sewage, drainage, water supply, electricity, telephone, cable TV.

Micro infrastructure – installed by citizens for their immediate needs (antennas, air conditioning etc.).

Planning, implementation and maintenance of infrastructure (above or underground) can have a big impact on the built heritage. Questions and uncertainty regarding the management, maintenance and liability might also damage the built heritage and influence the life in the historic core.

All wet infrastructure has tangible impact on the cultural heritage. Excavating for laying sewage and water supply pipes is an intervention in the archaeological context, leakage from one of the systems might cause stability and conservation problems, in addition to the nuisance to inhabitants and visitors. Since the location of the existing infrastructure lines is underground, maintenance and replacement affect archaeology and cause conflicts with archeologists who sometimes wish to excavate large areas, before the location of new lines. A thorough survey of existing wet infrastructure is needed, followed by replacement of old pipes accompanied by conservation and archeological supervision. Electricity has three main negative impacts on the built heritage: danger of electrification and fires, visual disturbances of the lines or the electricity connection boxes and small transformers located in strategic locations, and radiation which might cause cancer, if the exposure is severe in length or intensity. The link between safety and conservation in this case is obvious. Replacing old lines and redirecting them underground will not only be for the benefit of the built heritage and the visual aspect, but it is also safer since it reduces drastically the danger of fires and electrification. As with other infrastructure, replacement of old lines and redirecting them underground should be accompanied by conservation and archeological supervision.

The impact of telephone infrastructure is mainly visual – lines and boxes crossing the space, attached to facades and located in strategic locations. As with electricity, redirecting the lines under ground will be for the benefit of the city. A network of cellular antennas is needed in order to have a good coverage and low radiation for users. Around the world, two models are common: the first includes big antennas with high capacity and intensity of transmission and the second includes many small antennas with better geographical coverage and lower transmission intensity. Impacts of the cellular technology are double:

• Visual obtrusion in the historic core itself and in the buffer zone (since the existing antennas are very big and high, they are impacting a large area).

• Exposure of users to radiation from antennas (the amount of radiation depends on the size of the antenna and on distance from it).

From both aspects, the model of many small antennas (located discretely on the lighting system or other infrastructure) is better than the model of few big ones. New technologies (3rd generation mobile phones, internet hot-spots, solar panels for heating or electricity etc.) are being introduced faster then the planning process in general, or the development of best physical solutions for the application of these technologies in particular. A policy for dealing with new technologies is needed, which should determine if and how an infrastructure can be introduced (some technologies are not applicable in the historic core). Although the ideal solution for location of infrastructure would be service tunnels accomodating several types of infrastructure, they require large spaces, and are not usually feasible in the narrow streets of the historic core.

Two main kinds of TV antennas are common in the historic core: regular antennas and satellite dishes. Many of the antennas are located in strategic locations on facades and on the edges and ridges of roofs. The main problems that are being caused by wrong location or bad installation are physical damage to buildings and visual disturbance. Air condition condensers are also located on roofs, facades and in windows. The main problems caused by them are:

• Physical damage to buildings, by drilling, anchoring etc. • Visual disturbance, when in publicly exposed areas. • Acoustic disturbance. • Water condensed in the cooling process. If not properly

disposed of, water can damage buildings by accumulating in the ground and in walls and by dripping on public spaces.

Pocitelj-Bosnia HerzegovinaThe historic site of Počitelj is located on the left bank of the river Neretva, on the main Mostar to Metković road, and it is to the south of Mostar. During the Middle Ages, Počitelj was considered the administrative centre and centre of governance of Dubrava župa (county), while its westernmost point gave it major strategic importance. It is believed that the fortified town along with its attendant settlements were built by Bosnia's King Stjepan Tvrtko I in 1383. The walled town of Počitelj evolved in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Architecturally, the stone-constructed parts of the town are a fortified complex, in which two stages of evolution are evident: mediaeval, and Ottoman.

Panoramic view of Pocitelj

A view of Počitelj from the citadel

Pocitelj

Počitelj grabs his fortress on the slopes rising from the river Neretva. The mosque still claims its Ottoman origins,

restored since the war in Bosnia.

Pocitelj, Old Town, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Castle in Pocitelj

Mosque and watch tower (A view from above)

The Hadzi-Alija Mosque has been reconstructed as well as the Sisman-Ibrahimpasina medresa and the Gavran Kapetanovic house, all of which are open to visitors. T he most striking object in Pocitelj is the Sahat-kula, a silo-shaped fort that towers from the top of the hill above the town. It housed watchmen and military to guard against possible invasion from the Neretva Valley.

The first recorded reference to Počitelj dates from 1444, in Charters by Kings Alfonso V and Friedrich III. In the period between 1463-1471 the town housed a Hungarian garrison. In 1471, following a brief siege, the town was conquered by the Ottomans, and remained within the Ottoman Empire until 1878. From 1782 to 1879 Počitelj was the kadiluk (area under the jurisdiction of a kadija or qadi - judge) centre and it was the headquarters of the Počitelj military district from 1713 to 1835.The significance and the town's appearance has altered during the course of its history. As far as the development of Počitelj goes, three significant periods can be distinguished:1. The period of the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus during which the town had a major strategic importance (1463–1471)2. The period of the settlement development under the Ottoman Empire with the erection of public buildings: mosques, imaret (charitable kitchen), mekteb (Muslim primary school),, medresa (Muslim high school), hamam, baths, han (inn) and the sahat-kula (clock-tower) (1471–1698). In this period military conflicts were occurring in more remote areas.3. The period after the Venetians conquered and destroyed Gabela (1698–1878) and recovery of Pocitelj's strategic importance.

After the establishment of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, Počitelj lost its strategic importance and started deteriorating rapidly. The loss of the town's strategic role assisted in the preservation of the original urban architectural ensemble, so that the town remained in its original form to present day.However, the entire historic urban site of Počitelj and surrounding area suffered extensive collateral damage during the 1992-1996 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Namely, it was heavily damaged by Croatian forces during the 1993 Bosnian War. Following the bombing, Pocitelj's sixteenth-century master works of Islamic art and architecture were destroyed and a large part of the town's population was displaced.

Počitelj represents one of the few urban ensembles in Bosnia and Herzegovina that were preserved in their integrity to the present times. It was also developed through the several phases of the history beginning with the medieval period. Its significant strategic role from the 13th to 17th century gave its inhabitants the power to build one of the most important, and best preserved ensembles within the city walls in the region. The town can be compared with some of the noted world heritage sites as: Old Bridge Area of the Mostar's Old Town (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region (the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, City of Safranbolu (Turkey), Museum-City of Gjirokastra (Albania), etc. Počitelj's layout and use of building materials put it into the group of Ottoman-Mediterranean types of small settlements

The domeless mosque and damaged houses overlooking the main road and Neretva river

The splendour of the settlement before the war

Pocˇitelj grew to prominence as a strategic stronghold, frontier of Islam and mercantile centre following the Ottoman conquest in 1471, resulting in the construction of its exceptional architectural features based on its unique topography.Escaping the worst damages of open warfare in the recent conflict, subsequent depopulation of the majority Muslim population and ransacking by Herceg-Bosnan militia resulted in partial destruction of the mosque, general wilful damage to other key buildings, and symbols of Christianity erected. In addition, several years of neglect and damaging vegetation growth have highlighted the need to revitalise Pocˇitelj as a priority issue.These severe yet challenging conditions led to the creation of the plan to revitalise the settlement based on four key objectives: 1 Safeguard the cultural heritage; 2 Reconstruct lost facilities; 3 Encourage the return of the original residents; 4 Build peace in the region.

Alanya-TurkeyAlanya town is located about 100 kilometers (65 miles) to the east of Antalya, on a peninsula between the Mediterranean Sea in the south and the Taurus Mountains in the north. Historicaly, the town stood between Cilicia and Pamphylia regions in the south. The first foundations are not quite known but during the excavations in several caves nearby, it's discovered that the area was inhabited since the Paleolitic ages. Around the 4th century BC, the city was known as Coracesium. The Seleucids tried to capture it but failed. Later on it became the center of piracy in the Mediterranean especially during the reign of the rebel Diodotus Tryphon. Roman general Pompey the Great captured the city in 65 BC, putting an end to the pirates' rule. During the Roman period, the city prospered and minted its own coins in the 2nd century AD, which was a sign of richness and prosperity at that time.

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Byzantines ruled the city. They called it as Kalonorosa, meaning "beautiful mountain". There aren't much details from the Byzantine period but it must have been a Christian city like the rest of Cilicia and Pamphylia. During the Medieval ages the city was know with different names; Candelor, Scandelore or Galenorum, named by the Genovese, Venetians, and the Cypriots.Around 11th and 12th centuries the city changed hands between the Seljuk Turks, Byzantine ruler Alexios I Komnenos, First Crusade, and the Armenian ruler Kyr Vard. Finally, it was captured in 1221 by the Seljuk Sultan Alaaddin Keykubat who gave his name to the city and called it as Alaiye. During this time, the town lived its hay-days again. Major construction and repair projects were carried out buy the sultans, making the city an important trade port for western Mediterranean.After the fall of Seljuks, the city was captured by Karamanlids and other Anatolian principalities, as well as by Lusignan kings from Cyprus and then Egyptians. During the Ottoman rule after 15th century, the city lost its importance. It's said that Atatürk called the town as Alanya instead of Alaiye in 1933, so that became the modern name of the city.

Alanya Harbour

Alanya

Alanya Fortress

The fortress is built on a hilltop and surrounded by a 6,5 km (4 mi) long wall, equipped with 140 towers and about 400 cisterns. In the highest section, which is the western part of the hill, the fortress reaches at 250 meters (820 feet) above sea level. Eastern section of its wall is going down the hill all the way to the sea, until it reaches the Red Tower. The castle as we see it today was built in the 13th century by the Seljuk sultan Alaaddin Keykubat, but its foundations are dating back to the Hellenistic period. There were arched main gates with inscriptions on them and some smaller auxiliary gates, but many of them are damaged today. There are several old buildings inside the castle, such as brick cisterns, baths, and Byzantine churches. There is also a settlement inside. The road to the castle is open to traffic but very narrow, alternatively you can also walk to the top in about 1 hour. There are restaurants and cafeterias on the road along the sea side.

Kizil Kule (Red Tower)

The tower is one of the most prominent Seljuk monuments in Alanya. Located at the harbor, this 33 meters (108 feet) tall tower was built in the 13th century for the surveillance of the seaport and the dockyard. It became the symbol of Alanya today with its octagonal shape. There is a cistern in the middle of the tower, and you can reach to the top by big stone steps. Its name comes from the red bricks used in the construction of its top, meanwhile the lower part was built with local stone. There are five floors in the tower, where the lowest floor is used for exhibitions.

The Red Tower

Tel Aviv The concept for a new garden city, to be called Tel Aviv, was developed on the sand dunes outside Jaffa in 1909. One of the largest concentrations of Bauhaus architecture is located on the Israeli coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The White City of Tel Aviv was largely created in the 1930s by a group of 200 architects fleeing Nazi Germany. The community consists of 4,000 buildings covering almost one and a half square miles the city center. Influenced by Le Corbusier and Erich Mendelsohn, the White City addressed climatic, regional, and traditional building requirements and fulfilled aesthetic aspirations espoused by Bauhaus and other Modernist architectural theorists and practitioners.

Classical Bauhaus building with "thermometer" International style builiding, Piness Street, Tel Aviv

White and pastel exteriors, flat roofs, balconies, and minimalist, and functional designs dominate the streetscape of the White City. After many years of deferred maintenance and exposure to the Mediterranean sun, buildings in the White City were showing their age. By the mid 1970s, some had deteriorated enough that demolition was chipping away at the heart of the city. Twenty years later, a new conservation plan was undertaken to preserve the legacy of thousands of landmarked Modern buildings in this historic city center.

Map of the White City World Heritage Site in Tel Aviv• The widest architectural survey of the White City

has been held by Nitza Metzger Szmuk. It was later transformed into a book and an exhibition called "Dwelling on the Dunes". The exhibition was originally held at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art in 2004 and then traveled to Canada, Switzerland, Belgium and Germany. Established in 2000, The Bauhaus Center in Tel Aviv is an organization dedicated to the ongoing documentation of the architectural heritage. In 2003, it hosted an exhibition on preservation of the architecture that showcased 25 buildings. Further to this architectural culture in the city, a Bauhaus Museum opened in Tel Aviv in 2008. On occasion of the 100 years since the city's founding, Docomomo International published Docomomo Journal 40 in March 2009, with most of the coverage in the journal on "Tel Aviv 100 Years: A Century of Modern Buildings.”

Since Watch listing in 1996, dozens of buildings in this city within a city have been accurately restored. The municipality created an electronic database and archive on a large number of the buildings and continues to compile standards for appropriate preservation techniques. In 2003, the White City of Tel Aviv was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. A plan to preserve the low-rise Modern structures was approved in 2007 and more than 1,500 buildings have been preserved to date.The White City of Tel Aviv is the largest single urban ensemble of Modern architecture in the world and the first modern city in Israel. Developed as a garden city, the Modern White City of Tel Aviv offers its residents a high quality of life through suitable street proportions, intensive gardening and maintenance of commercial arteries in calculated separation from residential streets.

The White City refers to a collection of over 4,000 Bauhaus or International style buildings built in Tel Aviv from the 1930s by German Jewish architects who immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv has the largest number of buildings in this style of any city in the world. Preservation, documentation, and exhibitions have brought attention to Tel Aviv's collection of 1930s architecture. In 2003, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proclaimed Tel Aviv's White City a World Cultural Heritage site, as "an outstanding example of new town planning and architecture in the early 20th century.“ The citation recognized the unique adaptation of modern international architectural trends to the cultural, climatic, and local traditions of the city.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Dizengoff_Square_Tel_Aviv3.jpg

White building in ben yehuda st.jpg Building in Ben Yehuda Street

View from above

Hagilboa Street, Tel Aviv

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096/gallery/

Piazza Dizengoff

http://www.stayin-tel-aviv.com/Sc.asp?ID=2368

Included the Concept Of the

Spirit of Place

Identifying the ‘Carriers’ of the characteristics of the place and the creators of its Spirit.

City AdministrationMayor

City CouncilEtc.

Each Department has smalles unitYear Work Plan of each Department

Documentation Important in Managing Plan

In an age of increasing educational and professional specialization, there is a danger that policy and practice may suffer as a result of myopic perspectives and the lack of a common language to define the values and significance that must be defended. Sustainable solutions essentially involve multi-sectoral interests. This paper examines the common nature of the management processes that must be followed by all participants in any conservation project.