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Europe & Africa meet the Americas

�Mesoamerica: Aztecs & Maya

�South America: Incas �North America: Anasazi (Pueblo)

�North America: Mound Builders �American Indian Life:

• Nuclear & extended families

� Some matrilineal/matriarchal

• Women worked fields while

men hunted

� Gender equality was common

• Religion = animism

� Visions, dreams, dances

• Cooperation & social

conformity/reciprocity

� Communal ownership

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�Mali: 1300s dominate empire

• Muslim leaders trade w/N. Africa & Middle East

� Imports: brass, copper, cloth, spices, manufactured

goods, & Arabian horses

• Exports: gold & slaves

• Timbuktu: intellectual & religious center

�Mali: 1400s royal

family power struggle

• empire crumbles under

Moroccan invasion

�New states emerge to

trade gold w/Euros

• Guinea, Benin, Kongo

�Way of life:• Families had extensive kinship/clan ties

• Dowry paid to wife’s family; matrilineal

• Children = wealth (high child mortality)

• Agriculture: used crop rotation; rice & cotton

• Ancestor worship; merchants embrace Islam

• Art: music, dance, sculpture

�Renaissance

• Renewal of classical thought

• Explore the mysteries of nature

• Intense artistic creation

• Glorified “order” to promote

stability

� Scientific advances

�Emergence of “nation-state” as monarchs

consolidate power over nobility

• Ferdinand & Isabella (Spain)

• Henry VII & Tudor Dynasty (England)

• Holy Roman Empire (Central Euro)

�Population Concerns

• 75 % peasants: revolts due to high taxes

• 55 million (1450) to 100 million (1600)

• Concerns of land availability

• Economic decline begins urban immigration

• Vagrancy laws & debtors

prisons

• Overseas might bring

economic opportunity

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�Protestant Reformation• Martin Luther; German monk� Attacked selling “indulgences”

� Salvation by faith alone

• John Calvin; French/Swiss� Predestination

� Godly behavior was a sign of salvation

• Anabaptists = adult baptism� anti wealth/power

• Counter-Reformation

�Reformation in England• Henry VIII: divorce Spanish wife� Pope denies; starts Anglican Church

• Six wives & three children� Edward VI adds Calvinism to Anglican Church

� Mary I brings Catholics back; persecutes Anglicans

� Elizabeth I returns Anglican with Catholic elements

• Rise of Puritans (often Calvinists) & Separatists

�Problem with land routes?

• Christian v. Muslim tensions in Middle East

• High costs (sea based might max profits)

�Technological Improvements

• Triangular sails

• Caravel

• Astrolabe

• Compass

�Portugal’s Leadership

• Prince Henry “the

Navigator”

• Bartolomeu Días, 1488:

Cape of Good Hope

• Vasco da Gama, 1498:

India

�Spain looks westward

• Columbus, 1492: Cuba & Hispaniola

• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

�Early Conquistadors

• De Balboa, 1513: crossed Isthmus of

Panama, & saw Pacific Ocean

• Cortés, 1519: conquered Mexico

• Pizarro, 1532: conquered Peru

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� From “Old World”• horse, cow, sheep, pig, chicken, goat

• apple, banana, carrot, coffee, eggplant, lettuce, okra, olive, opium, rice, sugar, tea, wheat, watermelon

• Bubonic plague, chicken pox, leprosy, malaria, measles, smallpox, yellow fever

� From “New World”• alpaca, guinea pig, llama, turkey

• avocado, beans, blueberry, cashew, cocoa, corn, cotton, peanut, pineapple, potato, tobacco, vanilla

• syphilis

�Exists in nearly every culture

• Debtors/bonded servants

• Prisoners of war

� Old System

1. From local region

2. Typically small scale

3. Considered “persons

of low status”

4. Lived as part of

master’s household

� Domestic servants

5. Even own ethnic group

� “New Slavery”

1. Shipped across world

2. Significant magnitude

� Est. 12 million

3. Regarded as property

4. New forms of

dehumanization

� Large scale plantations

5. Focused on other race

� Intensified racism

�Vikings

• Colony in Greenland, 10th Century

• L’Anse aux Meadows: Leif Ericson settlement in

Newfoundland

• Rune stones (Minnesota & Oklahoma)

�Polynesians

• Sweet potato in the Cook Islands, dated to 900s

• Chicken bones in Chile pre-date Columbus &

match similar bones from Tonga

Cook Islands Tonga

�Evidence is lacking:

• British legend: Welsh Prince Madoc visited

Mobile Bay (Alabama) in 1170; supposedly

Mandan tribe speaks Welsh

• Terracotta head

supposedly of 2nd Century

Greek origin found in a

pre-Columbian grave near

Mexico City; discounted as

a hoax

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�Evidence is lacking:• Statues in Mayan ruins resemble “Africans”; Arabic sources describe what might be a Mali based voyage in 1311

• Temple in south India: goddess holding “maize”

• Chinese fleet of Zheng He arrives in 1421 is basis of recent book by Gavin Menzies; Mayans & Chinese both valued jade

� Aztec & Maya empires map: http://meyerisland.wikispaces.com/file/view/AztecMayaMap2.jpg/31943155/AztecMayaMap2.jpg

� Aztec temple: http://www.citrus.k12.fl.us/staffdev/Social%20Studies/Images/WH1/aztec-pyramid-1.jpg� Maya temple: http://guatemala-pr.com/pyramids-guatemala/tikal-pyramid.jpg� Inca Empire map: http://dollardaze.org/blog/posts/2009/February/02/1/map.png� Machu Picchu photo: http://deitchman.com/mcneillslides/images/machu_picchu.jpg� Anasazi/Hohoham map: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Anasazi-es.svg/487px-Anasazi-

es.svg.png� Mesa Verde photo:

http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/science+society/lectures/illustrations/lecture18/anasazi1.jpg� Chaco Canyon photo: http://scotthaefner.com/photos/images/fullsize/kap/chacoCanyon02.jpg� Mound Builders map: http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/~walters/web%20103/map%20AdenaHopewellMiss.jpg� Serpent Mound photo: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=84499&rendTypeId=4� Spiro Mounds photo: http://www.ou.edu/cas/archsur/counties/images/lf46.jpg� North America cultures map: http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/~walters/web%20103/Indian%20cultures%20map.jpg� Mali Empire map: http://www.amoeba.com/dynamic-images/blog/Eric_B/mali-empire.PNG� Mali Mosque: http://www.sacredsites.com/africa/mali/images/mosque-of-djenne-500.jpg� Africa map: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/history-of-africa2.gif� African statue: http://images.oneofakindantiques.com/6286_african_sculpture_1.jpg� African mask: http://darbalina.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/african-mask.jpg� Pietà photo: http://www.toffsworld.com/art_artists_painters/images/pieta_small.jpg� Pisa Tower photo: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_(1).jpg� Renaissance map: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/europe1560_shepherd.jpg� Ferdinand/Isabella etching: http://www.christianhistorytimeline.com/DAILYF/2003/03/daily-03-31-2003.shtml� Henry VII painting: http://everythingtudor.com/newforum/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/henry_seven_england.jpg� Economic decline chart: http://premodeconhist.wordpress.com/2008/05/18/van-zanden-j-l-2002-the-revolt-of-the-

early-modernists-and-the-first-modern-economy/� Reformation map: http://www.uoregon.edu/~dluebke/Reformations441/EuropeanReligions1560.jpg� Henry VIII & wives image: http://pavellas.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/henryviii.jpg� Henry VIII & children painting:

http://www.homeatfirst.com/2007/King%20Henry%20VIII%20with%20Royal%20Family.jpg

� Caravel image: http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~vaucher/Genealogy/Documents/Asia/Ships/caravels5.jpg

� Astrolabe image: http://www.astrolabes.org/Mariners_Astrolabe_Jeff.jpg

� Compass image: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/hindsight/galleries/2007/1932356/full/04compass.jpg

� Da Gama map: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/history-of-portugal0.gif

� Da Gama painting: http://www.freewebs.com/brandenburgstudies/300px-Vascodagama.JPG

� Tordesillas map: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture14/fig_14-01.jpg

� Triangular Trade map: http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba94/slavemap.png

� Chinese painting:

http://www.mitchellteachers.net/WorldHistory/AncientChinaCurriculum/Transparencies/HansTransSlaves.jpg

� Greek urn: http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/people/pictures/baby.jpg

� Egyptian fresco: http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/ancient_hebrews/pages/exodusfromegypt.htm

� African drawing: http://z.about.com/d/africanhistory/1/0/t/I/IndigenousSlavers001.jpg

� Leif Ericson painting: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Christian-krohg-leiv-eriksson.jpg

� L’Anse aux Meadows photo: http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/vinland/photo.jpg

� Kensington (Minnesota) Runes: http://www.christerhamp.se/runor/nya/usa-kensington.jpg

� Heavener (Oklahoma) Runes: personal photograph taken by David C. Burton

� Cook Islands map: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cw.html

� Tonga map: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tn.html

� Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca head: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Tecaxic_calixtlahuaca_head.jpg

� Olmec colossal head: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/San_Lorenzo_Monument_4.jpg

� 1421 book cover: http://newworlddispatches.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/14211.jpg

� Indian temple fresco: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/IMG_3512.JPG