When do Organisms When do Organisms need Transport need Transport

Systems?Systems? We need TRANSPORT when

2 cells are far from each other

materials needed to be moved

from one place to another

huge sum of substances to be

moved

Why do Organisms need Why do Organisms need Transport Systems?Transport Systems?

ensure a continual supply of nutrients,

oxygen and other useful materials for

metabolism and removal of toxic waste

products produced by metabolism

small animal can undergo this by

diffusion but large animal cannot,

they need a transport system 　　

Blood ComponentsBlood Components

blood cells include red blood cell

(erythrocytes), white blood cells

(leucocytes ) and blood platelets where

red blood cells are the most numerous

blood cells and give blood the red colour

(straw-coloured fluid)

(corpuscles)blood = plasma + blood cells

Separation of bloodSeparation of bloodBlood components can be separated by centrifuge

A Centrifuge for

separationBlood cells

Plasma

Composition of Composition of Mammalian BloodMammalian Blood

Plasma (55% by volume)

Blood Cell (45% by volume)

Whole Blood

White Blood Cell

Red Blood Cell

Platelets10% Dissolved Substances

90 % Water

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

Blood PlasmaBlood Plasma

Plasma is approximately 55% by volume and containsWATER (as a solvent)SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES

mineral salts

protein

dissolved food substances metabolic wastes

hormones gases

Blood CellsBlood Cells

Platelets

White Blood Cell

Red Blood Cell

Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells (red corpuscles, (red corpuscles,

erythrocytes)erythrocytes) form within bone marrow

short life span with about 120 days old red blood cells are destroyed in liver & spleen

they have no nuclei when mature

- it increases the space to carry

haemoglobin

they have biconcave disc shape

- which provides large surface area

to diffuse oxygen

possess of haemoglobin

– enable red blood cell to carry oxygen

from lungs to all parts of the body

– haemoglobin is an iron-containing

compound and its presence is

responsible for the colour of red blood

cell

Red blood cells

Transport of OxygenTransport of Oxygen

haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen when the concentration of oxygen is high

Oxygen + haemoglobin

oxyhaemoglobin

In lung

In tissue

change of haemoglobin to oxyhaemoglobin is accompanied by the colour change from purplish red to bright red

Transport of Carbon Transport of Carbon DioxideDioxide CO2

(from tissue)CO2

(in bloodstream)

CO2 + H2O

H+ + HCO3-

hydrogen- carbonate

ion

HCO3-

(in plasma)

H2CO3

carbonic acid

enzyme

(In red blood cell)

To Test a Sample of To Test a Sample of Blood Plasma Blood Plasma

(chicken/pig/ox) for (chicken/pig/ox) for glucoseglucose

Name the supernatant obtained after centrifugation.

Ans: It is plasma.

centrifuge

chicken blood

supernatant

Fehling’s solutions A and B

boiling water

What does the precipitate in the centrifuge tube consist of ?Ans: The precipitate contains blood cells.

centrifuge

chicken blood

supernatant

Fehling’s solutions A and B

boiling water

What happens to the supernatant when it is heated with Fehling’s solutions A and B ?

Ans: The supernatant forms an orange precipitate.

centrifuge

chicken blood

supernatant

Fehling’s solutions A and B

boiling water

White Blood Cells (white White Blood Cells (white corpuscles, leucocytes)corpuscles, leucocytes)larger than red blood cells

and irregular in shape

prominent nucleus

no haemoglobin

kill germs, defend against disease

two main kinds of white blood cells: phagocytes and lymphocytesRed blood cells

White blood cells

White Blood Cells White Blood Cells - Phagocytes- Phagocytes

made in bone marrow but different from the

place where red blood cells are made

irregularly shaped nucleus

move like Amoeba

can squeeze out through the walls of

capillaries into the surrounding tissues

engulf dead cells or pathogens

made in bone marrow, then

migrate to lymph nodes

large nucleus which nearly fills

up the cells

White Blood Cells White Blood Cells - Lymphocytes- Lymphocytes

produce antibodies to attack germs

by reaction with their surfaces and

often cause them to clump together

produce antitoxins to neutralize the

toxins secreted by germs

Platelets Platelets (thrombocyt(thrombocyt

es)es)platelets are not cells

fragments budded off from specialized

cells in bone marrow

smaller than other blood cells

life-span is about 5 to 9 days

agent for initializing blood clotting

Blood ClottingBlood Clottingwhen platelets are damaged in an

injury, it releases a chemical substance

which starts a chain of reactions

results: fibrinogen

fibrin

fibrin acts like a net, trapping blood cells

and plugging the wound so bleeding stops

when new skin formed

under the scab, it loosens

and comes off

The clotting of blood

(plasma protein)

serum are yellowish fluid which

is plasma without fibrinogen

clot dries up and harden to form a

scab

Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood It acts as a transport medium for oxygen,

carbon dioxide, food, urea, hormones,

antibodies and heat

It contains white blood cells and platelets for

body defense against infection

It helps in maintaining body temperature

constant

In emergencies an injured person may die...

How can we save his life?

Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion

Any criteria for Blood Transfusion?

Donor’s blood and recipient’s blood must be compatible, otherwise, agglutination will occur which will block the blood vessels

Blood GroupingBlood Groupinga person’s blood group determined

by the protein present on the surface

of red blood cells called antigens

there are two different antigens

called antigen A and antigen B. For a

person in group A contains antigen A

in human, there are mainly four

different blood groups called A, B, AB

and Oin plasma, there may contain

antibodies known as anti-A and anti-

B. They will react with certain red

blood cells which contain the wrong

antigen

The ABO Blood GroupThe ABO Blood GroupR

ed

blo

od c

ell

Pla

sm a

Type A Type B Type AB Type OAntigen A Antigen B Neither

antigen A or B

Antigens A and B

Antibody B Antibody ANeither

antibody A and B

Antibodies A and B

HumanHuman BloodBlood GroupsGroups

BloodGroup

Antigen(RBC)

Antibodies(Plasma)

Recipient

A A Anti-B A & AB

B B Anti-A B & AB

AB A & B NO AB only

O NO Both anti-A& anti-B

ALL

Agglutination ReactionAgglutination Reaction

Type A blood of donor

Type B antibody in type A blood of

recipient

A

B

Type A blood of donor

Type A antibody in type B blood of

recipient

No agglutination

Agglutination

Human Blood GroupsHuman Blood Groups

AgglutinationA BDonor Recipient

AB = universal recipientO = universal donor

Blood VesselsBlood Vessels

there are three main kinds of vessels:

arteries, veins and capillaries

arteries carry blood away from the heart while

veins carry blood towards the heart

Blood CirculationBlood Circulation

Heart

Venule ArterioleCapillary

Vein Artery

Blood VesselsBlood Vessels

Artery

Vein

ArteryArtery

Artery

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and so

the blood is under high pressure

wall of arteries are

thick and supported

with muscles and

elastic fibres

VeinVein

Vein

• Blood pressure is much lower in vein as blood has flowed slowly through the capillaries

before entering the vein

• vein has larger lumen and thinner walls than artery

valves present to prevent backflow of blood and ensure that it flows towards the heart

Valve openblood can flow

Valve closedblood can’t flow back

Valves closedPrevent back-flow

Muscle contracted

Blood squeezed towards heart

return of blood to heart is aided by contraction of body muscles as they squeeze the blood along the vein

Differences between Differences between Arteries and VeinsArteries and Veins

Arterie

s

Veins

Direction

of blood

flow

carry blood

away from the

heart

return blood to

the heart

Wallthick wall made

up of muscles

and elastic

fibres

thin wall made

up of muscles

and elastic

fibres

Differences between Differences between Arteries and VeinsArteries and Veins

Arteries

Veins

Pulse blood flows with pulse

blood flows steadily with no

pulseBlood

Pressure

blood is under high pressure

blood is under low pressure

Differences betweenDifferences between Arteries and Veins Arteries and Veins

Arteries

Veins

Valves

possess no valves along their lengths (except the pulmonary

artery)

possess valves at intervals along their lengths to prevent

backflow of blood

Lumen small large

Differences between Differences between Arteries and VeinsArteries and Veins

Arteries

Veins

Oxygenation of blood

Blood is oxygenated (except in pulmonary

artery)

Blood is deoxygenated

(except in pulmonary

vein)Locatio

n

deep inside the

body

close to the surface

Demonstration of Demonstration of Venous Flow in Venous Flow in the Fore the Fore

ArmArm

What structure in the vein is indicated by the appearance of the bulge at S shown in diagram C ?

Ans: The valve in the vein.

A

C D

B

vein

YX

SR

finger X pressing down

on R

finger Y squeezing blood towards S

finger X still pressing down

on R

finger Y removed

both fingers are removed

elbow joint

What is the purpose of tying the arm with a piece of rubber tubing ?

Ans: This makes the vein more conspicuous.

A

C D

B

vein

YX

SR

finger X pressing down

on R

finger Y squeezing blood towards S

finger X still pressing down

on R

finger Y removed

both fingers are removed

elbow joint

With reference to the steps shown, explain why the part of the vein between R and S has disappeared ?Ans: In step B, finger Y squeezes the vein towards point

S. Blood in this segment is therefore pushed along …

Ans: On the other hand, finger X is still pressing down on point R which prevents blood flowing into R.

A

C D

B

vein

YX

SR

finger X pressing down

on R

finger Y squeezing blood towards S

finger X still pressing down

on R

finger Y removed

both fingers are removed

elbow joint

Ans: Since there are valves at point S, blood is prevented from flowing back …

Why is it necessary to take the rubber tubing away as soon as the demonstration has been completed ?

Ans: It is because we need to restore the normal blood flow for the arm as soon as possible.

A

C D

B

vein

YX

SR

finger X pressing down

on R

finger Y squeezing blood towards S

finger X still pressing down

on R

finger Y removed

both fingers are removed

elbow joint

CapillariesCapillariesIt is the smallest blood vesselsIt is the site of exchange (by diffusion)

Diffusion

Thin wall (one cell) Nutrients

O2

CO2 Waste

Adaptation of Adaptation of CapillaryCapillary It has many branches

to increase the surface area for diffusion

of materials like glucose, amino acids,

water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, mineral

salts and metabolic wastes between

blood and tissue cells

It has thin wall (only one-cell thick)

to decrease the diffusion distance

for exchange of materials between

blood and tissue cells

Exchange of Exchange of MaterialsMaterialsIt is carried out by diffusion through the whole

length of capillaries

O.P. O.P.

B.P.B.P.

blood flowarteriole end venule end

(B.P. > O.P.)substance pressed out

to the tissue cells

(O.P. > B.P.)substances diffused into

the blood capillary

O.P.= osmotic pressure

B.P.= blood pressure

HeaHeartrtlocated inside the thorax,

between the lungs

enclosed by the pericardium

the wall of heart is made of

cardiac muscle and it works days

and nights throughout one’s life

oxygen and nutrients are supplied

to heart through coronary arteries

while wastes are carried away by

coronary veins

Structure of Structure of HeartHeartthe heart is divided into right and left

halves internally by a central wall or

partition called septum

heart is divided into four chambers

with the two chambers at the top of

heart are auricles and the two down

at the bottom called ventricles

walls are relatively thin

right auricles receives deoxygenated blood from

the venae cavae (superior vena cava and inferior

vena cava) which collect blood from all parts of

the body except lungs

left auricle receives oxygenated blood from the

pulmonary veins which come from the lungs

Heart-Auricles Heart-Auricles (Atrium)(Atrium)

Direction of Blood Flow Direction of Blood Flow from Auricles to from Auricles to VentriclesVentriclesRight Left

Right auricle(atrium) Left auricle

(atrium)

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary veins

Heart-VentriclesHeart-Ventricles have thicker and more muscular walls than

the auricles

right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood

to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

left ventricles pumps oxygenated blood into

the aorta which takes the blood around the

body

right ventricle pumps blood to the

lungs, which lie very close to the

heart but left ventricle needs to

pump blood all around the body

left ventricle has a thicker wall of muscles

Heart-ValvesHeart-Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards,

ensuring blood flows through the heart in

only one direction

there are three types of valve present in

heart, they are : Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid

valve and Semilunar valves

Tricuspid valve

-valve on the right hand side lying

between the right auricle

and right ventricle has three parts

Bicuspid valve

- it situates at the left hand side lying

between the left auricle and left

ventricle is made up of two parts

REMARKS: chordae tendineae (heart tendon)

are attached between the two

valves above and the muscular

walls of the ventricles to prevent

the one-way valves from being

turned inside out

Semilunar valves

-situated at the entrances of the

aorta and the pulmonary artery.

They are pocket- shaped

valves to prevent the backflow of

blood into the ventricles

Aorta

Pulmonary veins

Bicuspid valve

Tricuspid valve

Venae cavae

Pulmonary arteries

- prevent valvesto turn inside out

Blood Flow from Ventricles Blood Flow from Ventricles to Other to Other parts of the Bodyparts of the Body

Semilunar valves

Ventricles Septum

Heart tendon

Cardiac muscle

Articles

To left lungTo right lung

To head

To body

Examination of a Examination of a Pig’s Heart Pig’s Heart

Why do the ventricles have thicker walls than the auricles ?Ans: It is because ventricles need to

pump blood to other parts of the body.

first cut

aorta

pulmonary artery

right auricle

right ventricleleft

ventricle

left auricle

pulmonary artery

right auricle left

auricle

second cutthird cut

heart tendonleft

auricle open

Which ventricle has a thicker wall than the other ? What is the reason for this difference ?Ans: Left ventricle. As it needs to pump blood

all around the body but right ventricle pumps blood to lungs which lie close to heart.

first cut

aorta

pulmonary artery

right auricle

right ventricleleft

ventricle

left auricle

pulmonary artery

right auricle left

auricle

second cutthird cut

heart tendonleft

auricle open

What are the structures separating the auricles and ventricles ?Ans: It is septum.

first cut

aorta

pulmonary artery

right auricle

right ventricleleft

ventricle

left auricle

pulmonary artery

right auricle left

auricle

second cutthird cut

heart tendonleft

auricle open

Why is it necessary to have the chordae tendineae ?Ans: It is used to prevent the one-way

valves from being turned inside out.

first cut

aorta

pulmonary artery

right auricle

right ventricleleft

ventricle

left auricle

pulmonary artery

right auricle left

auricle

second cutthird cut

heart tendonleft

auricle open

What is the function of the coronary artery ?

Ans: It is used to supply nutrients and oxygen to the heart.

first cut

aorta

pulmonary artery

right auricle

right ventricleleft

ventricle

left auricle

pulmonary artery

right auricle left

auricle

second cutthird cut

heart tendonleft

auricle open

Heart AttackHeart Attack cardiac muscle differs from other kinds

of muscle as it is able to contract

repeatedly without getting tired

coronary arteries are branches from

aorta which supply nutrients and

oxygen to the cardiac muscle

coronary heart disease is the slow down

of the flow of blood through coronary

arteries which is caused by the deposition

of a fatty substance called cholesterol on

the inside wall of these arteries, making

them narrower and rougher

heart attack is a result of blocking

coronary arteries so cardiac muscle

cannot obtain oxygen or nutrients

from blood and die as a result, the

person may die excess animal fat in the diet,

smoking, high blood pressure, lack

of exercise and stress may lead to

heart attacks

Heart BeatHeart Beat

as cardiac muscle in its walls contracts

and relaxes, heart beats

systole is the time when cardiac muscle

contracts and the heart becomes

smaller which squeezes blood out

diastole is the time when cardiac

muscle relaxes and the heart becomes

larger which allow blood to flow into

the auricles and ventricles

it consists of auricular systole,

ventricular systole and diastole

Auricular systole

- it is about 0.1 second in duration

- contraction of the two auricles,

squeezing blood into the ventricles

Ventricular systole

- it is about 0.3 second in duration

- contraction of the two ventricles

- tricuspid and bicuspid valves are forced to close

by the pressure of the blood, producing

the

first heart

sound “lub”

- semilunar valves are forced open by the

pressure of the blood, so blood is forced

out of the ventricles into the arteries

Diastole

- it is about 0.4 second in duration

- all four chambers relax

- blood pressure in the ventricles

decreases and this causes the

closure of the semilunar valves,

producing the second heart sound

“dup”

Cardiac cycle is the duration between

one contraction of the auricles and

the next and it is about 0.8 seconds

Blood Circulation Blood Circulation in Manin Man

In one complete circulation, blood flows through heart twice but flow through the body once only

consists of two circuits: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

body

lungs

heart

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

Pulmonary CirculationPulmonary Circulation

Tissue P

ulm

onary

arte

ry

Venae cavae

Deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary vein

Oxygenated blood

Right auricle

Right ventricle

Lung

Left auricle

Left ventricle

Systemic CirculationSystemic Circulation contraction of left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood out of

the heart via aorta to all parts of

the body (except lungs)

exchange of materials occurs when

blood flows through the capillaries

and become deoxygenated

finally, blood is collected by the

venae cavae which drains them into

the right auricle of the heart

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Tissue fluid

- fluid formed when the high blood

pressure at the arterial end of a

capillary forces fluid out through

it but red blood cells, platelets and

plasma proteins stay back in the

bloodstream

- used to bath the cells and keeps

them in the right condition and

provides a medium for exchange

of materials between blood and

cells

Lymph

- excess tissue fluid which cannot be

returned to the capillaries

by osmosis but drained into

lymph capillaries

- lymph capillaries are colourless

vessels present in the

tissues and it will join up to

form large lymph vessels

- lymph vessels carry lymph to

subclavian veins which

empty into the heart through the

superior vena cava- lymphatic vessels contain valves, which

help to keep the lymph flowing in the

right direction

- contraction of skeletal muscles also

aids the flow of lymph

Lymph nodes (lymph glands)

- situated on the way from the

tissue to the subclavian veins

Lymph nodesLymph nodes

- made up of tiny spaces like a

sponge and lymph is filtered

through these spaces before it

can continue to return to the

bloodstream - contain large numbers of white

blood cells to destroy bacteria

and toxin in lymph

– to return excess tissue fluid to

blood system

– as a medium for material

exchange between

capillaries and tissue cells

Functions of Lymphatic Functions of Lymphatic SystemSystem

- fats are absorbed by lacteals

which join the lymphatic system

so it transport absorbed fats

- the lymph node filters the lymph,

it also produce lymphocytes

which make antibodies

Functions of Transport Functions of Transport System System

in Angiospermsin Angiosperms carries water and mineral salts

from the roots to the

mesophyll cells of the leaves for

photosynthesis by xylem

xylem and phloem are together

called vascular bundles

carries foods made in the leaves

by photosynthesis to other cells

of the plant by phloem

Arrangement of Conducting Arrangement of Conducting Tissues in AngiospermsTissues in Angiosperms

in root

- close to central position in which

xylem is found in the centre in a

star-like arrangement and

phloem lies between the radial arms

of the xylem

in stem

- close to the epidermis where the

conducting tissues are arranged

in a ring near the outside edge, with

phloem lying outside and

xylem inside

- to resist the strong pulling force

from the wind blowing the shoot

- to resist the strong bending force

produced by wind

in leaves

- vascular bundles are often called

veins in which xylem lies

above the phloem

XylemXylem consists of long tubular vessels

each vessel is made up of many dead cells

which are hollow and joined end to end

xylem vessels run from the root,

through the stem and finally branch

out into every leaf of the plant

the end walls of the cells have disappeared

and so a long and open tube is formed

xylem vessels contain no cytoplasm

or nuclei

to prevent xylem from collapsing, they

have thick cell walls made of cellulose

and strengthened by rings of a

woody substance called lignin

PhloemPhloem made up of tube cells called sieve tubes

which are living cells joined end to end by

perforated horizontal walls called sieve plate

the perforations allow dissolved substances to

flow through them so food made in the leaves

can be carried to other parts of the plant

sieve tubes contain cytoplasm but

no nuclei and they do not

have lignin in their cell walls

each sieve tube has a companion cell

next to it but this companion cell

does not have nucleus and

contain many other organelles

Comparison between Comparison between Sieve Tubes and Sieve Tubes and

VesselsVesselsSieve Tubes

Vessels

living cells dead cells

smaller diameter

larger diameter

walls relatively thin, flexible, composed of

cellulose

walls relatively thick, hard,

strengthened by rings of lignin

Comparison between Comparison between Sieve Tubes and Sieve Tubes and

VesselsVesselsSieve Tubes

Vessels

the lumens of mature cells are

filled with cytoplasm

the lumens of mature cells are empty

end walls of adjacent sieve

tubes from sieve plates

end walls of adjacent vessels

cells break down

Upward Transportation of Water Upward Transportation of Water and Mineral Saltsand Mineral Salts

• root pressure

• capillarity

• by transpiration pull

Transpiration PullTranspiration Pull most of the water rising up in the xylem of the stem is pulled up by this

during transpiration, water is continually removed from the top of xylem

vessels to supply cells in the leaves so pressure at the top of xylem

reduces and water flows up

Transport of Organic Transport of Organic NutrientsNutrients

translocation is the process of

transporting the manufactured

carbohydrates in photosynthesis via

phloem from the leaves to other parts

of the plant

~ ~ EndEnd ~~