What’s in that cloud anyway?A quick trip inside the internet cloud

Catherine SeoInformation Research & Technology

Cambridge College

What Is the Internet?

• A network of networks, joining manygovernment, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources

• The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world.

Written by William F. Slater, III 1996President of the Chicago Chapter of the Internet Society

Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

• The largest network of networks in the world.

• Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching .

• Runs on any communications substrate.

What is the Internet?

From Dr. Vinton Cerf, Co-Creator of TCP/IP

A Brief Summary of the Evolution of the Internet

1945

1995

Memex Conceived

1945

WWWCreated

1989

MosaicCreated

1993

A Mathematical

Theory of Communication

1948

Packet Switching Invented

1964

SiliconChip1958

First Vast ComputerNetwork

Envisioned1962

ARPANET1969

TCP/IPCreated

1972

InternetNamed

and Goes

TCP/IP1984

HypertextInvented

1965

Age ofeCommerce

Begins1995

Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

Historical Context• Invented in the late 50’s, Bob Taylor, JCR

Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Larry Roberts, Alan Kay et al

•Big ideas: packet switching, self contained messages

• The Internet got started as the Arpanet • inherently decentralized •designed to survive atomic attack•designed to scale in a biological manner

• 1969 -The Mansfield amendment changed the focus• ARPA -> DARPA• everyone heads for the exits, including

• Bob Taylor• Alan Kay

• and the result is Xerox PARC• Taylor was hired to start a Computer Science Lab• Mission was to create an “architecture of information”

Out of the Pentagon, Into the Bean Bag Chairs

Xerox PARC was responsible for many firsts…

• PC’s

• Graphical user interfaces (GUI)

• Laser printing

• Object oriented programming

• Client/server

• email

• and….networking, specifically the ethernet

Meanwhile…

• Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn design the TCP protocol on top of the existing IP

• IP - Internetwork Protocol - how to send packets across networks, regardless of hardware and operating system incompatibilities

•TCP - Transmission Control Protocol - how to break up logical messages into packets and put them back together at the other end on top of IP

The combination of their efforts was key…

• An elegant decentralized network interface - Ethernet

• An elegant decentralized protocol - IP

• An elegant decentralized higher protocol – TCP

• Together they form the foundation of the Internet

• The year is 1973

Open Standards Accelerate Growth & Acceptance

• ARPANET continued to grow throughout the 70’s• Researchers and Academics began to use the network• 1976 - Queen Elizabeth goes online with the first royal

email message.• In 1985 the National Science Foundation launched a

program to establish access across the U.S.• In 1989 ARPANET was shut down by Defense

Communications Industry due to limited funding and support from the military

Bring on the applications• Email is the first killer app, and was added right away

• SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol• POP3 - Post Office Protocol v3

• Other document transfers were invented over time:• FTP - File Transfer Protocol• NNTP (Netnews) - threaded discussions• Gopher - text search and archive• Telnet- allows a user to “log-in” to a remote computer• and many more

Now for the World Wide Web• The Internet was in common use for scientists and

academics and Unix geeks for 20+ years• Tim Berners-Lee wanted to send formatted text with

hyperlinks (1989)• Thus was born the next higher protocol - HTTP: the

Hypertext Transport Protocol• But the new documents needed a description to be

properly displayed with links - and thus we have HTML - the Hypertext Markup Language

Power to the people• 1992 - The first audio and video broadcasts take place over the "MBONE."

More than 1,000,000 hosts are part of the Internet.

Let there be browsers -

HTML display applications that use HTTP

to send and receive stuff

• 1993 - Mosaic, the first graphical user interface to the WWW developed by Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois becomes available

• Traffic on the Internet expands at a 341,634% annual growth rate.

To God’s ears…

• 1995 - NSFNET reverts back to a research project, leaving the Internet in commercial hands. The Web now comprises the bulk of Internet traffic. The Vatican launches www.vatican.va.

• James Gosling and a team of programmers at Sun Microsystems release an Internet programming language called Java, which radically alters the way applications and information can be retrieved,displayed, and used over the Internet.

Grow, growing, grooooooowing…

• Users in almost 200 countries around the world are now connected to the Internet.

Technology Trends

Computing power

will double in

power and

halve in price

every 18 months

Moore’s Law

Price of Price of ComputingComputing

Internet Growth Trends• 1977: 111 hosts on Internet• 1981: 213 hosts• 1983: 562 hosts• 1984: 1,000 hosts• 1986: 5,000 hosts• 1987: 10,000 hosts• 1989: 100,000 hosts• 1992: 1,000,000 hosts• 2001: 150 – 175 million hosts• 2002: over 200 million hosts• By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on the

Internet

March 2001

>Over 115 Million Hosts(As of Jan. 2001)

>Over 407 Million Users(As of Nov. 2000)

>218 of 246 Countries(As of Jan. 2000)

>About 100 TB of Data

>31 Million Domain Names

Dr. Vint Cerf presents in Chicago/March 2001

Digital Photo March 2001 by William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

By September 2002

Netsizer.com – from Telcordia

The Internet Reached TwoImportant Milestones:

Not-so-famous last words…

•"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.“

~Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943

And now…

• The real question is how to harness this expansive resource to find exactly what you are looking for…

• Ladies and gentlemen!

•Welcome to the TREASURE HUNT!

Questions?

World Wide Web