What were the democratic

trends between 1800

to 1830?

•Population shift and West becomes politically powerful

•Jackson appealed to the Common Man because he was one.

1790 voting

21 yrs. old, educated and property owner…….

Land easy to obtain, property qualifications and education dropped.

Why the growth in “Common Man” democracy?

1. Western Expansion created a sense of national pride and self-reliancy.

2. New western states granted universal manhood suffrage, and older states followed suit.

3. Massive rallies, parades, demonstrations created an “interest” in politics.

Voter Turnout: 1820 - Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601860

Voter Turnout: 1820 - Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860186026.9

57.4

55.4

57.8

80.2

78.9

72.7

69.6

78.9

81.2

Election of 1824 Pop.Vote Elec.Vote

Andrew Jackson 43% 38%

John Quincy Adams 31% 32%

Henry Clay 13% 14%

William Crawford 13% 16%

NO ELECTORAL MAJORITY, as per Constitution sent to House of Representatives to decide.

WINNER:

John Quincy Adams

In hopes of finding support for his ideas and perhaps securing a cabinet position, Clay through his political support to Adams.

When Clay was later named Sec. of State, charges of a “CORRUPT BARGAIN” were made.

Henry Clay’s American System for economic development

1. a tariff for the protection of industry

2. internal improvements under Federal coordination

3. greater reliance on domestic financial resources

GOALS: Economic Growth and Self-Sufficiency

Protective TariffsIn order to protect American industry, a tax is placed on all imported goods. Raises prices for consumers, raises costs for foreign manufacturers.

National Bank of the U.S.

FUNCTION:1.Held the Federal Government’s money.

2.Made commercial loans to businesses.

3.Controlled state banks.

Adams attempts to push through the American System, but serves a fairly fruitless term knowing that Jackson was coming to get him in ’28.

ELECTION OF 1828Pop. Vote Elec.vote

Jackson 56% 68%

Adams 44% 32%

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACYRepublican Ideals-Yeoman Farmer-Small GovernmentRepublican Ideals-Yeoman Farmer-Small Government

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACYGoverning should be done by the Governing should be done by the common man.common man.

Government by the majority of people; instead of a Government by the majority of people; instead of a government governed by the upper class.government governed by the upper class.

New Democracy

Nullification CrisisNullification CrisisCause: Tariffs imposed in 1816, 1824, 1828, 1832. South opposed these tariffs because they feared retaliatory tariffs being placed on their goods by other nations.

John Calhoun’s response to the “Tariff of Abominations,” = Prices of some goods increased by 1/3 or ½.

“The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.”

Response: South Carolina issues, “Doctrine of Nullification.” saying any state can declare Federal laws unconstitutional, and refuse to follow the policy.

Jackson threatens military action (Force Act) to collect the taxes if necessary.

Result: South concedes, but secession is a legitimate threat now.

Popular move for Jackson who is seen as a strong leader.

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal Jackson’s Goal?

Expansion into the southwest for southern planters

1830: Indian Removal Act 5 Civilized Tribes forced removal to areas west

of the Mississippi

Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) “domestic dependent nation”

Worcester v. GA (1832) Cherokee law is sovereignsovereign and Georgia law

does not apply in Cherokee nation. Jackson: “John Marshall has made his

decision, now let him enforce it!”

FORCEFUL REMOVAL CONTINUES!!!

Internal Internal ImprovementsImprovements: Demand for expansive projects linking West to East and South with RR’s, canals, roads, etc.Jackson opposed to Federal funding of these projects on Constitutional grounds.

States spend a lot of money on these improvements:1820s = $26 million1830s = $108 million

Many go into debt, default on loans.

The Bank of the United States, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and

downs of the national economy

The Bank of the United States, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and

downs of the national economy

• In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay

decided to challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a

majority in Congress to pass a bank recharter

bill

• Jackson vetoed this bill

• In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay

decided to challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a

majority in Congress to pass a bank recharter

bill

• Jackson vetoed this bill

Jackson’s veto message affirms his commitment to democratic principles saying the bank was UNCONSTITUTIONAL, HARMFUL TO STATES RIGHTS, and “DANGEROUS TO LIBERTIES OF THE PEOPLE.”

A triumphant Jackson holds his order to remove

government deposits from the bank as the bank crumbles and a host of demonic

characters scurry from its ruins.

Effects of the Bank WarGovernment withdraws deposits.Government withdraws deposits.

Biddle responds by ordering Biddle responds by ordering repayment of all commercial loans. repayment of all commercial loans.

State banks offer widespread credit State banks offer widespread credit and loans. and loans.

Number of banks offering paper Number of banks offering paper currency increases.currency increases.

Economy is sent reeling!!!Economy is sent reeling!!!

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

Accomplishments– Enlarged the power of the presidency

• “The President is the direct representative of the American people”

• Only responsible to the people, not Congress

– Converted the veto into an effective presidential power

• The veto would help presidents shape legislation in Congress

Accomplishments– Enlarged the power of the presidency

• “The President is the direct representative of the American people”

• Only responsible to the people, not Congress

– Converted the veto into an effective presidential power

• The veto would help presidents shape legislation in Congress

Failures– Growing social stratification

• Gap between rich and poor visibly widened

– Jackson’s financial policies and lack of a national bank helped lead to the Panic of 1837, which was a serious depression that lasted until 1843

Failures– Growing social stratification

• Gap between rich and poor visibly widened

– Jackson’s financial policies and lack of a national bank helped lead to the Panic of 1837, which was a serious depression that lasted until 1843

WHIGSWHIGS

Formed from all opponents of Jackson:

Merchants and businessmen from North and Northwest. Southern Planters.

1. Strong national gov’t in economic and social affairs.

2. Best and privileged run the govt.

3. Believed in ideas similar to Clay’s American system.

DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATSRural dwellers in South

and West, northern industrial workers.

1. Believed in state’s rights and federal restrain in economic and social affairs.

2. Liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government.

3. Protected the common man….