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How did WWII serve as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?
blacks fought and died for U.S. then came home to discrimination
Why was it such a big deal that Jackie Robinson played
baseball?
it was America’s past time, everybody paid attention
What did the Emmitt Till case demonstrate about the Southern
Judicial System?
no justice for blacks from all white system
Who was chosen to lead the boycott?
What was the key principle of his strategy to end segregation?
Martin Luther King Jr.
non-violence/passive resistance
What organization was founded by King & other ministers in
1957?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
How did President Eisenhower support the integration of Central
High School in Little Rock?
Sent in National Guard troops to keep the peace and protect the
students
Give 2 examples of tough conditions faced by black
students at Central High School in Little Rock.
soldier escorts, name calling, fights, threats
What was the SNCC? What was their first big action in the
movement?
The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, Sit Ins
What was the goal of the Freedom Riders? What
challenges did they face?
Integrate bus terminals and take the movement to the deep South,
bombings, beatings, arrests, etc.
Why was JFK reluctant to fully support the Freedom Riders?
He was afraid of America looking bad on the world scene (Cold war,
tension with the Soviets)
Why was Bull Connor so infamous?
Symbol of white resistance and oppression; ordered use of police dogs & fire hoses on protestors in
Birmingham
What did the SCLC do to expose Bull Connor’s tactics in 1963? What happened to MLK there?
Marches in Birmingham, he was put in jail
What was MLK’s chief purpose in his “Letter from a Birmingham
Jail”?
He will be an extremist in the cause of morality, it is not the fault of the movement that their actions result
in violence
What was the purpose of the March on Washington in 1963? What famous speech was given
there?
pressure for Civil Rights Legislation, MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech
What was the focus of the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project?
increase # of black voters in Mississippi
What happened to three of the volunteers who went down to
help?
Kidnapped and murdered by local Klan members
What kinds of groups believed blacks must rely on themselves
and not on integration?
Black Separatists
Give an example of a Black Separatist Organization. Where
was separatism & militancy more rampant among blacks?
Black Panthers, Nation of Islam
Northern Cities
According to Malcolm X, who would it be OK to use violence
against?
someone who had “laid a hand” on you
Name two demands of the Black Panthers.
full employment, self determination, blacks should not serve in
Vietnam, decent housing, better education
Who fled the inner cities for the suburbs after WWII? What did
they take with them?
middle class whites, tax dollars needed for social services
Name two places riots broke out in response to poor conditions in
the cities.
Watts (1965) Newark and Detroit (1967)
What was John Kennedy’s plan for America called? What were
two of its major goals?
New Frontier, reinvigorate the United States & continue the
triumph of capitalism Space Race (NASA, Peace Corps, Civil Rights)
What was Lyndon Johnson’s plan for the United States called?
What were two of its goals?
Great Society, eliminate poverty, improve civil rights & provide
health care
What was AIM? What were two of their demands?
American Indian Movement; treaties upheld, original land back, better
education, equal rights
What was NOW? What were two issues they focused on?
National Organization for Women, equal pay, equal rights, sexual discrimination in the work place
Who did the U.S. install as the leader of South Vietnam in the
late 1950s? How was he received by the South Vietnamese?
Ngo Dinh Diem, poorly – much protest (monks immolating
themselves)
What theory proposed that if South Vietnam fell to
Communism, the rest of SE Asia would soon follow?
domino theory
What program was started to win over the hearts and minds of the South Vietnamese and clear rural
areas of VC?
pacification
List two ways combat conditions in Vietnam were unlike those
soldiers had prepared for.
jungle, traps & guerrilla tactics, heat & rain, unknown enemy
What event led to the arrest of the Chicago 7?
anti-war protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention
What impact did the 1968 Tet Offensive have on public opinion
about the war? Why?
turned many against it, showed that the VC and North Vietnamese
were still strong and willing to fight
Name one factor that made our involvement in Vietnam so
controversial.
just cause?, high cost ($ & lives), impatience with lack of progress, it
was all there on TV
Name two ways people tried to avoid the draft.
go to college, start a family, self inflicted wound, act crazy
What event immediately preceded the fall of South Vietnam? What was the fate of many South Vietnamese families who supported the U.S.?
full withdrawal of U.S. troops, became refugees
What documents, printed in the NY Times in 1971, exposed the
truth about U.S. plans for Vietnam?
Pentagon Papers
Why did the U.S. attack Cambodia and Laos in 1970? What was the response in the
United States?
there were bases for the VC and NVA, massive protests (students
killed at Kent State & Jackson State)
What did the 26th Amendment do? Who did this favor in the
election of 1972?
Lowered voting age to 18, George McGovern (he was an anti-war
candidate favored by the young)