What is Window

8/7/2019 What is Window

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What is WINDOW??- A window is a transparent opening in a wall or door that allows the passage of

light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound. Windows are usually glazed or covered in some other

transparent or translucent material like a float glass. Windows are held in place by frames, which

prevent them from collapsing in. Many glazed windows may be opened, to allow ventilation, or closed,

to exclude inclement weather.

Types Of Window:-

Double-hung sash window

This sash window is the traditional style of window in the United Kingdom, and many other

places that were formerly colonized by the UK, with two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly andslide up and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size.

Single-hung sash window

One sash is movable (usually the bottom one) and the other fixed.

Casement window

Main article: Casement window

Casement window

A window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung,

top-hung (also called "awning window"; see below), or occasionally bottom-hung sash or acombination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the sash.

Jalousie window


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Jalousie or louvered window

Also known as a louvered window, thejalousie window consists of parallel slats of glass or

acrylic that open and close like a Venetian blind, usually using a crank or a lever. They are used

extensively in tropical architecture. A jalousie door is a door with a jalousie window.

Skylight

Main article: Daylighting

A flat or slope window used for daylighting, built into a roof structure that is out of reach.

Roof window

A sloped window used fordaylighting, built into a roof structure.

Bay window:-

A multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a

protrusion from the wall line.

Thermal window

Thermal, or Diocletian, windows are large semicircular windows (or niches) which are usuallydivided into three lights (window compartments) by two vertical mullions

Fixed window


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A window that cannot be opened, whose function is limited to allowing light to enter (Unlike anunfixed window, which can open and close). Clerestory windows are often fixed. Transom

windows may be fixed or operable.

Picture window

A very large fixed window in a wall, typically without glazing bars, or glazed with onlyperfunctory glazing bars near the edge of the window. Picture windows are intended to provide

an unimpeded view, as if framing a picture.

Emergency exit/egress window

A window big enough and low enough so that occupants can escape through the opening in anemergency, such as a fire. In the United States, exact specifications for emergency windows in

bedrooms are given in manybuilding codes. Vehicles, such asbuses and aircraft, frequently haveemergency exit windows as wel

French window

A French window, also known as aFrench dooris really a type ofdoor, but one which has oneor more panes of glass set into the whole length of the door, meaning it also functions as a

window. In Italy they are very common, usually overlooking a terrace, known asportafinestra(door-window).


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What Is Ergonomics??

Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, itsmovements, and its cognitive abilities.

The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows:

[1]

Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding ofinteractions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies

theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overallsystem performance.

Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the two goals of health and productivity. It is relevant in the

design of such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines. Proper ergonomicdesign is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead

to long-term disability.


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Time And Motion Study:-

Time and motion study have to be used together in order to achieve rational and reasonableresults. It is particularly important that effort be applied in motion study to ensure equitable

results when time study is used. In fact, much of the difficulty with time study is a result of

applying it without a thorough study of the motion pattern of the job. Motion study can beconsidered the foundation for time study. The time study measures the time required to perform agiven task in accordance with a specified method and is valid only so long as the method is

continued. Once a new work method is developed, the time study must be changed to agree withthe new method.[3]

Time study is a direct and continuous observation of a task, using a timekeeping device (e.g.,

decimal minute stopwatch, computer-assisted electronic stopwatch, and videotape camera) torecord the time taken to accomplish a task

[4]and it is often used when:

[5]

y there are repetitive work cycles of short to long duration,y

wide variety of dissimilar work is performed, ory process control elements constitute a part of the cycle.

The Industrial Engineering Terminology Standard defines time study as "a work measurementtechnique consisting of careful time measurement of the task with a time measuring instrument,

adjusted for any observed variance from normal effort or pace and to allow adequate time forsuch items as foreign elements, unavoidable or machine delays, rest to overcome fatigue, and

personal needs

Purpose

The main objective of a time and motion study is to determine reliable time standards for the

efficient and effective management of operations. Through the establishment of reliable and

accurate time standards, companies can better define their capacity or output, thus increasing theefficiency of equipment and obtaining optimum utilisation of the workforce.

Time standards can be used to investigate the difference between actual and standard

performance and take appropriate action where necessary. It can also be used to facilitate jobdesign as a basis for comparing different work methods, introducing sound production controls,

designing an efficient workplace layout, and balancing between work schedules and available

manpower.[7]

Other benefits include budgetary control, development of incentive plans, andensuring that quality specifications are met.

Direct time study procedure

Following is the procedure developed by Mikell Groover for a direct time study:[10]

1. Define and document the standard method.


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2. Divide the task into work elements.Steps 1 and 2 These two steps are primary steps conducted prior to actual timing. They

familiarise the analyst with the task and allow the analyst to attempt to improve the work

procedure before defining the standard time.

3. Time the work elements to obtain the observed time for the task.4. Evaluate the workers pace relative to standard performance (performance rating), to determine

the normal time.

Note that steps 3 and 4 are accomplished simultaneously. During these steps, several different

work cycles are timed, and each cycle performance is rated independently. Finally, the values

collected at these steps are averaged to get the normalised time.

5. Apply an allowance to the normal time to compute the standard time. The allowance factorsthat are needed in the work are then added to compute the standard time for the task.

Types Of Budget:-

Housekeeping and added departments in the auberge accomplish aural two types of

budget. The Operational account and the Capital Expenditure Budget.

1) Operational Budget is the Allocation of costs for anniversary item/s appropriate by the

administration in adjustment to accomplish smoothly. In case of auberge operation, ascendancyof costs are based on ascendancy percentage. The approaching bulk for the ages can be

capricious back there are assertive aeon area ascendancy forecasts in added areas or countries arecapricious or unpredictable.

The basal Housekeeping operational account are as follows:

a) Staffingb) Linen & Towels

c) Guest Supplies & Amenitiesd) Cleaning Supplies

e) Laundry Suppliesf) Machine, Tools & Equipment

g) Decoration

h) Miscellaneousi) Printing and stationeries

There are approaching item/s or sections in Housekeeping that are usually disconnected amidadded departments such as follows:

1) Repairs and Maintenance


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This blazon of operational account is usually disconnected amid housekeeping and Engineering

2) compatible Budget

Uniform costs is Able by the Executive Housekeeper with all the elegance, comfort, durability,

styles, colors and functionality of the compatible called for anniversary department. Once aspecific appearance of compatible has been chosen, it is again accommodating with the affairadministration and back the Executive Housekeeper gets the approval she again submits them to

the General Manager for all-embracing Allocation of styles, colors, functionality etc. that reflectsthe Able angel acumen of the absolute auberge in the eyes of the guests. The aftermost footfall

will be to endorse them to the Financial Controller for Allocation of approaching bulk toanniversary department.

3) Decoration

Housekeeping is one of the administration in the auberge which helps and assists in the

Beautification of the auberge central and alfresco the building. Decoration can be flowerarrangements, beginning and artificial depending on the action of the auberge back there arehotels that prohibit the use ofartificialflowerarrangements for blaze hazard issue, account

frames, statuary, carvings, tapestry, artifacts and abounding others are examples of decorations.Requests forflowerarrangements seemed to be the best bare items in the auberge whether for

the guestrooms, Food and Beverage functions, alfresco Catering, Lobby of the hotel, Conventioncenters and added areas that requires flowerarrangements.

4) Printing and Stationeries

Front Office and Housekeeping are the two departments that allotment this budget.

5) Miscellaneous

This blazon of account can be answerable amid Housekeeping and any added administrationdepending on what blazon of costs is incurred.

The added blazon ofHousekeeping account is Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)

Capital Expenditure account is the Allocation of funds for a specific activity or items that willadvice and abetment the operation of the hotel. In case of Housekeeping, projects can be article

that crave backup or added Housekeepers cart, Laundry washer & dryer, architecture a new

Laundry boutique for alfresco customers, backup of exhaustion cleaners, backup of beat out bedsor furnitures which is usually done attic by attic or by segments. Usually the CAPEXarmamentarium is allocated aforementioned way as how the operational account has been

allocated for the advancing year. Therefore on a annual base project/s is/are Able and completedabnormally if the item/s accept specific activity bulk area backup are fabricated accurately

anniversary year. This way the auberge or ability is able-bodied maintained, Able and preservedlike new. It is through CAPEX armamentarium that aliment of the auberge works best and at the


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aforementioned time alienated abrasion of items in ample quantities area it is difficult toboldness back they crave huge bulk to achieve.

Therefore in adjustment to accept a bland operating and able-bodied maintained auberge or

facility, it is important that Allocation of funds for the operational needs and aliment of the

auberge should be handled and monitored finer based on ascendancy allotment area keyadministration active are abreast on how to acclimatize their account accordingly. Key Personnelamenable for the alertness of the account should see to it that the allocated armamentarium is

spent accurately for what it is advised for. Side tracking the set ambition will be an amaranthinetasks that won't accept a audible or specific accomplishment accomplished. Not actuality Able to

adviser the operating account finer will advance to the annihilation of Capital Expenditure.

Capital Expenditure Budget is as important as Operating Budget back it comes to aubergebusiness.

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What is Window