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WHAT IS NATIONALISM?Pride in your country
People built nation-states; Loyal to the people w/common bond
Those w/single “nationality” should unite
Independence displays a nation’s identity
Negative: Nationalist movements capable of breaking up huge empires! (i.e. Austro-Hungarian, Russian, & Ottoman Empires)
Positive: Nationalism can also build nations
ITALY
Italy formed from crumbling empire of Kingdom of 2 Sicily’s (North: Austria and South: Spain)
3 leaders with diff. goals & diff. personalities unite ItalyGuiseppe Mazzini
Count Camillo di Cavour
Guiseppe Garibaldi
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI
1832, formed YOUNG ITALY (40 yrs. old & younger)
Believed nation-states were best hope for Europe
But rebellions failed &
he was exiled
COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR
1848, people look to Kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership
King Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister
Wants to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power while achieving unification of Italy
Cavour not out to unite Italy…only wants power!
Takes over all of N. Italy & to take the south, secretly helps nationalist rebels in S. Italy
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI May 1860, he led small army of Italian nationalists to
capture Sicily
He and his followers always wore bright red shirts “RED SHIRTS”
People (voted) to unite Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia & let King Emmanuel continue ruling
1866, gains Venetia & becomes part of Italy
1870, last part of Italy conquered—Papal States
Rome capital; pope governs section of Rome Vatican City
ITALY’S UNIFICATION Despite unification, major problems
People in N & S had different ways of life & different dialects
Peasants revolt in South
Strikes/riots in North
Big economic problems Italy a poor country
REVIEW OF IMPORTANT MEN MAZZINI BEGINS ITALY’S REVOLUTION
FOR UNIFICATION
CAVOUR UNIFIED NORTHERN ITALY
GARIBALDI JOINED SOUTHERN ITALY TO NORTHERN ITALY
Papal states (including Rome) became last to join Italy
MAIN EMPIRES
Like Italy, Germany and Prussia have unity in 1800s
39 German states = German Confederation
2 largest states of Austro-Hungarian & Prussian Empires dominate
PRUSSIA
Mostly German population
Nationalism high & unites Prussia but tears apart Austria-Hungary
Prussia’s army most powerful in central Europe
Prussia creates liberal constitution by Wilhelm IV
NEW POWER IN PRUSSIA
1861, Wilhelm I (son of Wilhelm IV) took throne & wanted army to double his power, but parliament refused to give him money
Saw it as challenge of his
authority, so assigns
OTTO VON BISMARCK
as prime minister (tough guy)
OTTO VON BISMARCK
Institutes REALPOLITIK—“politics of reality,”
aka, tough power
Parliament not agreeing with him, so went to king & got permission to rule w/o consent of Parliament & w/o legal budget
Famous “blood and iron” speech
WHAT ELSE DID BISMARCK DO? 1864, created empire by forming alliance
w/Prussia & Austria, fought Denmark for land, & increased nationalism
Provoked war between Austria & Prussia Seven Weeks War
Prussia won Venetia & German territories from Austria
For 1st time E. & W. parts of Prussia kingdom joined
BISMARCK STARTS A WAR BY GOSSIPING 1867, some German states remained
independent, but problem majority of S. Germans Catholic controlled by Protestant Prussia
Bismarck tried to win over southerners, so sent false telegrams of Wilhelm insulting the French led to Franco-Prussian War (CREATES THE GERMAN STATE!)