What is MI (multiple intelligence). How MI is different from traditional idea of intelligence How does it help the teacher in handling different types

•What is MI (multiple What is MI (multiple intelligence).intelligence).How MI is different from How MI is different from traditional idea of intelligencetraditional idea of intelligenceHow does it help the teacher in How does it help the teacher in handling different types of handling different types of students.students.How the teacher can give How the teacher can give different opportunity to different different opportunity to different students students

What is the theory of What is the theory of multiple intelligences (M.I.)?multiple intelligences (M.I.)?

Howard Gardner claims that all Howard Gardner claims that all human beings have multiple human beings have multiple intelligences. These multiple intelligences. These multiple intelligences can be nurtured intelligences can be nurtured and strengthened, or ignored and strengthened, or ignored and weakened. He believes and weakened. He believes each individual has nine each individual has nine intelligences: intelligences:

Howard Gardner (1993) Howard Gardner (1993) developed his theory of multiple developed his theory of multiple intelligence as a direct challenge intelligence as a direct challenge to what he calls the “classical’ to what he calls the “classical’ view of intelligence as a capacity view of intelligence as a capacity for local reasoning. for local reasoning.

Gardner was struck by the Gardner was struck by the variety of adult roles in different variety of adult roles in different cultures-roles that depend on a cultures-roles that depend on a variety of skills & abilities yet are variety of skills & abilities yet are equally important to successful equally important to successful functioning in those cultures functioning in those cultures

His observations led him to His observations led him to conclude that there is not just conclude that there is not just one underlying mental capacity one underlying mental capacity or g ,but variety of or g ,but variety of intelligences that work intelligences that work together in combination. He together in combination. He defines an Intelligence as the defines an Intelligence as the “ability to solve problems or “ability to solve problems or fashion products that are of fashion products that are of consequence in a particular consequence in a particular cultural setting or communitycultural setting or community”.”.

It is these multiple It is these multiple intelligences that enable intelligences that enable human beings to take on such human beings to take on such a diverse roles such as a diverse roles such as Physicist, farmer, dancer.Physicist, farmer, dancer.

He notes that the capacities He notes that the capacities of different adults in different of different adults in different cultures represent different cultures represent different combinations of the various combinations of the various intelligences.intelligences.

Although all normal people Although all normal people can apply all of the can apply all of the intelligences to some extent, intelligences to some extent, each individual is each individual is characterized by a unique characterized by a unique combination of relatively combination of relatively stronger & weakerstronger & weaker intelligencesintelligences, which help , which help account for individual account for individual differencesdifferences..

According to the Gardner’s According to the Gardner’s theory of multiple theory of multiple intelligences, there are nine intelligences, there are nine distinct kinds of intelligences distinct kinds of intelligences that are independent of one that are independent of one another, each operating as a another, each operating as a separate system (or module) separate system (or module) in the brain according to its in the brain according to its own rules. own rules.

1) Linguistic,1) Linguistic, 2) Musical, 2) Musical, 3) Logical-3) Logical-

mathematicamathematical,l,

4) Spatial,4) Spatial, 5) Bodily-5) Bodily-

kinesthetickinesthetic, ,

6) Interpersonal6) Interpersonal 7) 7) Intrapersonal Intrapersonal

8) Naturalistic8) Naturalistic 9) Existential 9) Existential

Verbal-Linguistic IntelligenceVerbal-Linguistic Intelligence – – Well-developed verbal skills and Well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, sensitivity to the sounds, meanings and rhythms of wordsmeanings and rhythms of words

Mathematical-Logical Mathematical-Logical IntelligenceIntelligence – – Ability to think conceptually and Ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and capacity to abstractly, and capacity to discern discern logical or numerical patterns logical or numerical patterns

Musical IntelligenceMusical Intelligence -- ability -- ability to to produce and appreciate produce and appreciate rhythm,rhythm, pitch and timberpitch and timber

Visual-Spatial IntelligenceVisual-Spatial Intelligence – – capacity to think in images and capacity to think in images and pictures, to visualize accurately pictures, to visualize accurately and and abstractlyabstractly

Bodily-KinestheticBodily-Kinesthetic IntelligenceIntelligence– – ability to control one's body ability to control one's body movements and to handle movements and to handle objects objects skillfullyskillfully

Interpersonal Intelligence Interpersonal Intelligence -- -- capacity to detect and respond capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, appropriately to the moods, motivations and desires of motivations and desires of others.others.

Intrapersonal IntelligenceIntrapersonal Intelligence -- -- capacity to be self-aware and capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs and thinking values, beliefs and thinking processesprocesses

Naturalist IntelligenceNaturalist Intelligence – –

ability to recognize and ability to recognize and categorize categorize

plants, animals and other plants, animals and other objects inobjects in

naturenatureExistential IntelligenceExistential Intelligence -- --

sensitivity and capacity to sensitivity and capacity to tackle tackle deep questions about human deep questions about human existence, such as the existence, such as the meaning of meaning of life, why do we die, and how life, why do we die, and how did did we get herewe get here

TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL VIEW OF VIEW OF

INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE

MULTIPLE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE THEORYTHEORY

Intelligence can Intelligence can be measured by be measured by short-answer short-answer tests: tests: Stanford-Binet Stanford-Binet Intelligence Intelligence Quotient Quotient

Assessment of Assessment of an individual's an individual's multiple multiple intelligences can intelligences can foster learning foster learning and problem-and problem-solving styles.solving styles.

Woodcock Woodcock

Johnson test of Johnson test of

Cognitive Cognitive Ability Ability Scholastic Scholastic

Aptitude TestAptitude Test

Short answer Short answer tests are not used tests are not used because they do because they do not measure not measure disciplinary disciplinary mastery or deep mastery or deep understanding.understanding.

They only They only measure rote measure rote memorization memorization skills and one's skills and one's ability to do well ability to do well on short answer on short answer tests. tests.

Wechsler Wechsler

Intelligence Intelligence

Scale for Scale for

Children Children

(WISCIV)(WISCIV)

Some states have Some states have developed tests developed tests that value processthat value process

over the final over the final answer, such as answer, such as PAM (Performance PAM (Performance Assessment in Assessment in Math) and PAL Math) and PAL (Performance (Performance Assessment in Assessment in Language) Language)

People are People are born with a born with a fixed amount of fixed amount of intelligence intelligence

Human beings Human beings have all of the have all of the intelligences, intelligences, but each but each person has a person has a unique unique combination, or combination, or profile profile

Intelligence Intelligence level does not level does not change over a change over a lifetime lifetime

We can all We can all improve each improve each of the of the intelligences, intelligences, though some though some people will people will improve more improve more readily in one readily in one intelligence intelligence area than in area than in othersothers

Intelligence Intelligence consists of consists of ability in logic ability in logic and language and language

There are There are many more many more types of types of intelligence intelligence which reflect which reflect different ways different ways of interacting of interacting with the world with the world

In traditional In traditional practice, practice, teachers teach teachers teach the same the same material to material to everyone everyone

M.I. pedagogy M.I. pedagogy implies that implies that teachers teach teachers teach and assess and assess differently differently based on based on individual individual intellectual intellectual strengths and strengths and weaknesses weaknesses

Teachers Teachers teach a topic teach a topic or "subject." or "subject."

Teachers structure Teachers structure learning activities learning activities around an issue or around an issue or question and question and connect subjects. connect subjects. Teachers develop Teachers develop strategies that allow strategies that allow for students to for students to demonstrate demonstrate multiple ways of multiple ways of understanding and understanding and value their value their uniqueness.uniqueness.

Individuals do not necessarily Individuals do not necessarily have the same strengths in each have the same strengths in each area or the same amalgam of area or the same amalgam of intelligences. intelligences.

Gardner further suggests that Gardner further suggests that individuals can improve at each individuals can improve at each of the intelligences,of the intelligences,

although hypothesizes that although hypothesizes that some will improve in one area some will improve in one area more readily than others. more readily than others.

The ways in which intelligences The ways in which intelligences combine and blend are as varied as combine and blend are as varied as

the faces and personalities of the faces and personalities of individuals individuals

Linguistic intelligenceLinguistic intelligence Linguistic intelligence is the ability to use Linguistic intelligence is the ability to use

language to excite, please, convince, language to excite, please, convince, stimulate or convey information.stimulate or convey information.

Linguistic Intelligence involves not only Linguistic Intelligence involves not only ease in producing language, but also ease in producing language, but also sensitivity to the nuances, order and sensitivity to the nuances, order and rhythm of words. rhythm of words.

Poets exemplify this intelligence in its Poets exemplify this intelligence in its mature form. mature form.

Ask lost of questionsAsk lost of questions Enjoy talkingEnjoy talking Have good vocabularyHave good vocabulary Can pick up new language easilyCan pick up new language easily Enjoy playing with words: word games, puns, Enjoy playing with words: word games, puns,

rhymesrhymes Enjoy readingEnjoy reading Like to writeLike to write Understand the functions of languageUnderstand the functions of language Can talk about language skillsCan talk about language skills Am good at memorising names, places, dates Am good at memorising names, places, dates

and triviaand trivia

How to nurtureHow to nurture

choral speaking choral speaking storytelling storytelling retelling retelling speaking speaking debating debating presenting presenting reading aloud reading aloud

dramatizing dramatizing book making book making nonfiction reading nonfiction reading researching researching listening listening process writing process writing writing journalswriting journals

Visual/Spatial IntelligenceVisual/Spatial Intelligence

Spatial intelligence is the ability to perceive Spatial intelligence is the ability to perceive and mentally manipulate a form or object, and mentally manipulate a form or object, and to perceive and create tension, balance and to perceive and create tension, balance and composition in a visual or spatial and composition in a visual or spatial display. display.

Spatial Intelligence is the ability to create Spatial Intelligence is the ability to create visual-spatial representations of the world visual-spatial representations of the world and to transfer those representations either and to transfer those representations either mentally or concretely. mentally or concretely.

Well developed spatial capacities Well developed spatial capacities are needed for the work of are needed for the work of architects, sculptors and engineers. architects, sculptors and engineers.

The students who turn first to the The students who turn first to the graphs, charts and pictures in their graphs, charts and pictures in their textbooks, who like to "web" their textbooks, who like to "web" their ideas before writing a paper, and ideas before writing a paper, and who fill the blank space around their who fill the blank space around their notes with intricate patterns are also notes with intricate patterns are also using their spatial intelligence. using their spatial intelligence.

Like to drawLike to draw Like to take things apartLike to take things apart Like to build thingsLike to build things Enjoy puzzlesEnjoy puzzles Have a keen eye for detailHave a keen eye for detail Have a good sense of parts to the wholeHave a good sense of parts to the whole Am mechanically adeptAm mechanically adept Remember places by description or imageRemember places by description or image Can interpret mapsCan interpret maps Enjoy orienteeringEnjoy orienteering Am good at imagining things, sensing Am good at imagining things, sensing

changes, mazes/puzzles, reading maps and changes, mazes/puzzles, reading maps and chartscharts


graphing graphing photographing photographing making visualsmaking visuals mapping stories mapping stories making 3D making 3D

projects projects painting painting

illustrating illustrating using charts using charts visualizing visualizing sketching sketching patterning patterning visual puzzlesvisual puzzles

Logical-Mathematical IntelligenceLogical-Mathematical Intelligence

Logical-Mathematical intelligence is the Logical-Mathematical intelligence is the ability to explore patterns, categories and ability to explore patterns, categories and relationships by manipulating objects or relationships by manipulating objects or symbols, and to experiment in a symbols, and to experiment in a controlled, orderly way.controlled, orderly way.

Logical/Mathematical Intelligence entails Logical/Mathematical Intelligence entails the ability to reason either deductively or the ability to reason either deductively or inductively and to recognize and inductively and to recognize and manipulate abstract patterns and manipulate abstract patterns and relationships.relationships.

Scientists, mathematicians and Scientists, mathematicians and philosophers all rely on this philosophers all rely on this intelligence. intelligence.

So do the students who love So do the students who love sport statistics or who carefully sport statistics or who carefully analyze the components of analyze the components of problems - either personal or problems - either personal or school-related - before school-related - before systematically testing solutions systematically testing solutions

Enjoy solving puzzlesEnjoy solving puzzles Play with numbers: countingPlay with numbers: counting Want to know how things workWant to know how things work Am oriented towards rule-based Am oriented towards rule-based

activitiesactivities Am interested in "if …. Then" logicAm interested in "if …. Then" logic Like to collect and classify thingsLike to collect and classify things Am analytical in approach to problemsAm analytical in approach to problems Am good at maths, reasoning, logic Am good at maths, reasoning, logic

and problem solvingand problem solving


problem solving problem solving measuring measuring coding coding sequencing sequencing critical thinking critical thinking predicting predicting playing logic playing logic

games games collecting data collecting data

experimenting experimenting solving puzzles solving puzzles classifying classifying using using

manipulatives manipulatives learning the learning the

scientific model scientific model using money using money using geometryusing geometry

Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligenceBodily-Kinesthetic intelligence

Bodily-Kinaesthetic intelligence is Bodily-Kinaesthetic intelligence is the ability to use fine and gross the ability to use fine and gross motor skills in sports, the performing motor skills in sports, the performing arts, or arts and crafts production.arts, or arts and crafts production.

Bodily Intelligence involves using Bodily Intelligence involves using the body to solve problems, to the body to solve problems, to create products, and to convey create products, and to convey ideas and emotions. ideas and emotions.

The capacity is also evident in The capacity is also evident in students who relish gym class students who relish gym class and school dances,and school dances,

who prefer to carry out class who prefer to carry out class projects by making models rather projects by making models rather than writing reports than writing reports

who pitch their crumpled papers who pitch their crumpled papers with annoying accuracy and with annoying accuracy and frequency into waste baskets frequency into waste baskets across the roomacross the room..

Athletes, surgeons, Athletes, surgeons, dancers, choreographers dancers, choreographers and craft people all use and craft people all use bodily-kinesthetic bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. intelligence.

Have a good sense of balanceHave a good sense of balance Have a good sense of rhythmHave a good sense of rhythm Am graceful in movementAm graceful in movement "Read" body language"Read" body language Have good hand-eye co-ordinationHave good hand-eye co-ordination Can solve problems through 'doing'Can solve problems through 'doing' Can communicate ideas through gestureCan communicate ideas through gesture Have early ease in manipulating objects, Have early ease in manipulating objects,

eg ball, needleeg ball, needle Am good at physical activities Am good at physical activities

(sports/dance/acting) and crafts(sports/dance/acting) and crafts


hands on hands on experiments experiments

activities activities changing room changing room

arrangement arrangement creative creative

movement movement going on field going on field

trips trips

physical physical education education activities activities

crafts crafts dramatizing dramatizing using using

cooperative cooperative groups groups

dancingdancing

Musical IntelligenceMusical Intelligence

Musical intelligence is the ability to Musical intelligence is the ability to enjoy, perform or compose a musical enjoy, perform or compose a musical piece.piece.Musical/Rhythmic Intelligence Musical/Rhythmic Intelligence includes sensitivity to pitch, timbre includes sensitivity to pitch, timbre rhythm of sounds, as well as rhythm of sounds, as well as responsiveness to the emotional responsiveness to the emotional implications of these elementsimplications of these elements. .

While composers and While composers and instrumentalists clearly instrumentalists clearly exhibit this intelligence, so do exhibit this intelligence, so do the students who seem the students who seem particularly caught by the particularly caught by the birds singing outside the birds singing outside the classroom window, or who classroom window, or who constantly tap out intricate - constantly tap out intricate - or irritating - rhythms on the or irritating - rhythms on the desk with their pencils. desk with their pencils.

Have sensitivity to sound Have sensitivity to sound patternspatterns

Hum tunesHum tunes Tape or sway in rhythmTape or sway in rhythm Discriminate among soundsDiscriminate among sounds Have a good sense of pitchHave a good sense of pitch Move rhythmicallyMove rhythmically Capture the essence of a beat Capture the essence of a beat

and adjusts movement patterns and adjusts movement patterns according to changesaccording to changes

Remember tunes and sound Remember tunes and sound patternspatterns

Seek and enjoy musical Seek and enjoy musical experiencesexperiences

Play with soundsPlay with sounds Am good at picking up sounds, Am good at picking up sounds,

remembering melodies, remembering melodies, noticing pitches/ rhythms and noticing pitches/ rhythms and keeping time.keeping time.


humming humming playing playing

background background music music

patterns patterns form form playing playing

instruments instruments

tapping out tapping out poetic rhythms poetic rhythms

rhyming rhyming singingsinging

Interpersonal IntelligenceInterpersonal Intelligence

Interpersonal Intelligence Interpersonal Intelligence is the ability to is the ability to understand other people, understand other people, to notice their goals, to notice their goals, motivations, intentions, motivations, intentions, and to work effectively and to work effectively with them. with them.

Teachers, parents, Teachers, parents, politicians, psychologists and politicians, psychologists and

sales people rely on sales people rely on interpersonal intelligence to interpersonal intelligence to

carry out their work. carry out their work.

Students exhibit this Students exhibit this intelligence when they thrive intelligence when they thrive on small-group work, on small-group work,

when they notice and react to when they notice and react to the moods of their friends and the moods of their friends and classmates classmates

when they tactfully convince when they tactfully convince the teacher of their need for the teacher of their need for extra time to complete the extra time to complete the homework assignment. homework assignment.

Demonstrate empathy towards othersDemonstrate empathy towards others Am admired by peersAm admired by peers Relate well to peers and adults alikeRelate well to peers and adults alike Display skills of leadershipDisplay skills of leadership Work co-operatively with othersWork co-operatively with others Am sensitive to the feelings of othersAm sensitive to the feelings of others Act as a mediator or counsellor to othersAct as a mediator or counsellor to others Am good at understanding peopleAm good at understanding people Am good at organising, communicating Am good at organising, communicating

and sometimes manipulating peopleand sometimes manipulating people


classroom classroom parties parties

cooperative cooperative learning learning

sharing sharing group work group work forming clubs forming clubs

peer teaching peer teaching social awareness social awareness conflict mediation conflict mediation discussing discussing cross age cross age

tutoring tutoring study group study group brainstormingbrainstorming

Intrapersonal IntelligenceIntrapersonal Intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence is Intrapersonal intelligence is

the ability to gain access to the ability to gain access to understand one's inner understand one's inner feelings, dreams and ideas.feelings, dreams and ideas.

Intrapersonal Intelligence is Intrapersonal Intelligence is personal knowledge turned personal knowledge turned inward to the self. inward to the self.

This form of intellect entails the This form of intellect entails the ability to understand one's own ability to understand one's own emotions, goals and intentions.emotions, goals and intentions.

Although it is difficult to assess Although it is difficult to assess who has this capacity and to who has this capacity and to what degree, evidence can be what degree, evidence can be sought in students' uses of sought in students' uses of their other intelligencestheir other intelligences

how well they seem to be how well they seem to be capitalizing on their strengths, capitalizing on their strengths,

how cognisant they are of their how cognisant they are of their weaknesses weaknesses

how thoughtful they are about the how thoughtful they are about the decisions and choices they make. decisions and choices they make.

The two personal intelligences The two personal intelligences are, perhaps, the hardest to are, perhaps, the hardest to observe and at the same time, observe and at the same time, are the most important to are the most important to success in any societal domain. success in any societal domain.

Can express strong like or Can express strong like or dislike or particular activitiesdislike or particular activities

Can communicate feelingsCan communicate feelings Am aware of strengths and Am aware of strengths and

weaknessesweaknesses Am confident of my own Am confident of my own

abilitiesabilities Set appropriate goalsSet appropriate goals Work toward ambitionWork toward ambition

Am good at understanding Am good at understanding myself and focusing inward on myself and focusing inward on feelings and dreamsfeelings and dreams

Am good at following my Am good at following my instinctsinstincts

Am good at pursuing my Am good at pursuing my interests and goalsinterests and goals

Like being originalLike being original


personal response personal response individual study individual study personal goal personal goal

setting setting individual projects individual projects journal log keepingjournal log keeping

personal choice personal choice in projects in projects

independent independent readingreading

IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS AND STUDENTS

each of us use seven (or more) each of us use seven (or more) "intelligences" (learning styles). "intelligences" (learning styles).

all intelligences need to be all intelligences need to be equally valued. equally valued.

all intelligences can be taught, all intelligences can be taught, nurtured and strengthened. nurtured and strengthened.

not all students are well not all students are well served by schools that focus served by schools that focus primarily on the linguistic and primarily on the linguistic and logical/mathematical learning logical/mathematical learning styles. styles.

everyone learns in different everyone learns in different ways at different rates for ways at different rates for different reasons. different reasons.

stronger intelligences may be stronger intelligences may be used to awaken and strengthen used to awaken and strengthen weaker ones. weaker ones.

strength with an intelligence may strength with an intelligence may manifest itself in diverse ways. manifest itself in diverse ways.

assessment becomes "How are assessment becomes "How are you smart?" not "How smart are you smart?" not "How smart are you?" you?"

ActivityActivity

Suggest activities for each of Suggest activities for each of the MI .the MI .

Which MIs are high in you?Which MIs are high in you?

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What is MI (multiple intelligence). How MI is different from traditional idea of intelligence How does it help the teacher in handling different types