What is first aid?

• First Aid is emergency help given to an injured or suddenly ill person using readily available materials.

• The objectives of first aid– Preserve life– Prevent the illness or injury from becoming worse– Promote recovery

Emergency Action Steps• Primary Survey – check for life threatening problems

– SRCC

SRCC:• Safety

– Fire, wire, glass, gas, etc• Leave dangerous situations and call for EMS (emergency medical services)• If the situation is safe for you continue with SRCC

Primary Survey

SRcc:• Responsiveness

– Verbally ask the casualty– Squeeze and shout

• Casualty responds - get help if needed – move to secondary survey

• Casualty does not respond – call EMS (emergency medical services)– Get AED Machine (If available)

Emergency Medical ServiceCall EMS• Most important step of CPR• Send a bystander or go for medical help

– Bystander:• “Hey You (be descriptive) in the blue shirt”• (What to do) “Call 911”• (What’s wrong) “We have an unconscious adult” • (Location) “2240 grant avenue @ Shaftesbury High School”• “Report back to me when you are done” (This way you know

EMS has been called) • “Do you understand?”

What does CPR do?

• CPR serves as an artificial heartbeat and an artificial respirator providing oxygenated blood to the brain and the heart long enough to keep vital organs alive until emergency equipment arrives.

Cardio = heart Pulmonary = lung Resuscitation = revive, revitalize

When the heart stops beating this prevents oxygenfrom circulating throughout the body, rapidly killing cells and tissue.

• Automated External Defibrillator

Primary SurveySRCC:• Circulation

– Check Pulse for 10 seconds• Carotid Artery

– Check the body for:• skin condition• Bleeding• Rise and fall of chest

http://www.safetravel.co.uk/images/DRABCBreathing.gif

If the Casualty is Breathing…

• Put casualty in the recovery position and monitor breathing until EMS arrives

Recovery Position

Casualty is Not Breathing…

sRCC:Compressions:Perform CPR - Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitationcompressions

– Landmark – Middle of chest (sternum)– Use…

• 2 fingers for babies• 1 hand for children• 2 hands for adults

– Chin over hands– As hard as you can– 30X then re-assess (SRCC)– Then continue Compression until…..

Only stop CPR if…

• Scene becomes unsafe• Another trained first aider arrives and takes over• Casualty shows signs of recovery• You become physically unable• EMS arrives

(Mr. Bean Video)

If an AED is available:

1. Turn on AED (Follow AED directions)2. Connect electrodes

• One pad on right side next to breastbone below collarbone • Other pad on the opposite side below left nipple

3. Press to analyze (If the AED has an analyze button otherwise AED will automatically analyze) – do not touch patient as AED is analyzing)

4. Press the shock button If AED states a shock is indicated,– clear rescuers and bystanders from patient

5. Resume compressions after delivery of 1 shock6. Push analyze button after 2 minutes of compressions to re-

analyze rhythm. – If no analyze button, AED should automatically reanalyze patient’s rhythm.

Review Primary Survey• SRCC

– Safety• Fire, wire, glass, gas, etc

– Responsiveness• Pinch and shout

– responds - get help if needed– no respond - call EMS – Get AED Machine

– Circulation• Visual inspection• Carotid pulse

– Compressions• 30x• Re-assess• Continue compressions

ChokingState of Casualty Signs and Symptoms Care and Treatment

Conscious

Partial -Difficulty breathing-Wheezing-Coughing-Blue skinCAN MAKE NOISE

-Encourage them to cough-Place small children and infants face down-Call 911 if blockage can not be cleared-Hit them on the back

Complete -Unable to breathe-Unable to speak or cough-Agitated and distressed-Gripping throat-Blue skin-Rapid loss ofconsciousnessCAN NOT MAKE NOISE

-Call EMS-Adults & Children:

- 5 back blows- 5abdominal thrusts

(Heimlich maneuver)-Infant:

-5 back blows-5 chest compressions

RepeatUnconscious -nonresponsive -Call EMS

-SRCC-Compressions

Shock• Inadequate circulation to the body tissues• It results when the brain and other vital

organs are deprived of oxygen• Can be gradual or rapid• Can be life threatening

Causes of Shock• Breathing problems• Severe bleeding (external or internal)• Severe burns• Spinal cord injuries• Heart attack• Medical emergencies (diabetes, allergies,

poisoning, etc.)

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

• Decreased consciousness• Pale skin, bluish/purple lips, and fingernails• Cold clammy skin• Profuse sweating• Nausea and vomiting• Shallow irregular breathing: could be rapid and gasping

for air• Weak, rapid pulse• Anxiety• Confusion• Extreme thirst• Feel faint

Treating Shock• Call EMS• Give first aid for the injury or illness• Reassure the casualty often• Loosen tight clothing at neck, chest and waist• Place casualty in best position for the condition• Cover casualty to preserve body heat• Give nothing by mouth (moisten lips if casualty

complains of thirst)• Monitor and stay with the casualty until EMS arrives

Severe BleedingExternal BleedingTreatment:• Call EMS• RED:

– Rest, Elevation, Direct pressure

Internal BleedingTreatment:• Call EMS• Treat for shock

Nose Bleeds• Nose bleeds are rarely dangerous and can usually be stopped

by applying continuous pressure.• Nosebleeds may be a symptom of a more serious injury• May be caused by…

– a fall– a strike to the nose– head injury

• Treatment:– Pinch the nostrils shut and maintain pressure for 5 to 10 minutes– Have the victim sit or stand upright to slow down the flow of blood– Do NOT tilt the victim's head backward – Loosen any tight clothing around the victim's neck

• Avoid blowing nose for at least an hour after bleeding stops

• If the victim's nose continues to bleed or if the blood flow appears to be excessive, or if the victim feels weak or faint call EMS or take him to the nearest emergency room.

Sprains, Strains & Fractures

• Sprain - is an injury to a ligament (connects bones)• Strain - is an injury to a muscle or tendon (connect bone to muscle)

– Treatment for sprains and strains: RICE– Rest the injured limb or body part– Ice the area– Compress the area with an elastic wrap or bandage– Elevate the injured limb or body part if possible to prevent swelling

• Fracture - is a broken bone • Sometimes it is hard do tell if a bone is fractured unless it is a

compound fracture - bone protruding through the skin– Typical symptoms of a fracture are:

• Immediate and excessive swelling • Injured area appears deformed • Slight movement or contact to the injured area causes excessive pain

– Treatment: call EMS

Burns• There are three different types of burn

injuries: – First-degree burn– Second-degree burn– Third-degree burn

BurnsMinor Burns:

First-degree burn• only the outer layer of skin is burned• skin is usually red, with swelling and sometimes mild pain

Second-degree burn• the first layer and the second layer of skin (dermis) are

burned • blisters develop and skin has an intensely reddened,

splotchy appearance• severe pain and swelling

Treatment for Minor Burns:• cool the burn with cold water for at least five minutes, or

until the pain subsides • cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage

BurnsMajor Burns:

Third-degree burn• involves all layers of the skin • areas may be charred black or appear dry and white• difficulty inhaling and exhaling• painless

Treatment for Major Burns:• call EMS• do NOT remove burnt clothing

– this will expose open wounds to the elements and potential infection • do NOT immerse large severe burns in cold water (could cause

shock) • check for signs of breathing - If there is no breathing begin CPR • elevate burned body part(s) above heart level, when possible • cover burn with a cool, moist, clean bandage to reduce the pain and

swelling

Environmental ConditionsHypothermia

Signs & Symptoms– Pale, cold skin – fingernails– Slow pulse– Slow shallow breathing– Absence of shivering– Blurred or double vision

Care & Treatment

– Call EMS– Actively warm casualty– Shelter from cold, rain and

wind– If wet, change clothing– If conscious, give warm

drink– DO NOT rub affected area

or expose to excessive heat

HeatConditions

Signs & Symptoms Care & Treatment

Dehydration & Heat Exhaustion

-Pale, cool, clammy skin-Rapid breathing-Profuse, prolonged sweating-Thirst-Cramps in limbs and abdomen-Loss of skin elasticity (pinch back of hand)-Children – sunken eyes and soft spot

-Rest in cool area-Remove unnecessary clothing-Cool water to drink-Cool by sponging water-Seek medical help if severe

Heat Cramps -Pale, cool, clammy skin-Sweating from exertion-Cramps in limbs and abdomen-Nausea-Uncontrolled spasms in affected muscle

-Rest in cool area-Gently stretch affected muscle-Apply ice-Cool water to drink-Do not massage muscle-Avoid activity

Heat Stroke -Flushed hot dry skin-Ceased sweating-Irrational-Fatigue-Vomiting-Seizure-Coma

-Call 911-Cool casualty-Rehydrate

Anaphylaxis

Signs & Symptoms:• break out in hives/

swelling• inside of throat might swell• difficulty breathing• shock• dizziness • confusion• abdominal cramping• nausea• vomiting• diarrhea• blood pressure drops

Treatment:• Call EMS• Check for special medications

– Epinephrine – EpiPen – temporary • remove safety cap• press the auto-injector against

outer thigh• hold it in place for 10 seconds

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction can be life-threatening.

Diabetes

High• Flushed, hot, dry skin • A strong, fruity breath odour • Loss of appetite, abdominal

pain, and vomiting• Restlessness• Rapid, deep breathing • Confusion• Drowsiness

Low• Tired• Anxious• Weak• Shaky• Sweaty• Rapid heart rate• Irritable• Confused

• Type 1• pancreas is unable to produce insulin

• Type 2 • pancreas does not produce enough insulin• the body does not effectively use the insulin

Treatment for a high and a low: give sugarrecheck blood glucose in 15 minutes to make sure it is 70 mg/dL or above

If it’s still too low, another serving of a quick-fix food should be eaten

Asthma • Asthma Attack:

– Triggers (dust, pollens, animals, tobacco smoke and exercise) cause airways to swell and narrow, causing wheeze, cough and difficulty breathing.

• Treatment– Sit the person comfortably upright – Be calm and reassuring – Give medication, wait 5 minutes

• if no improvement give medication again• Still no improvement – call EMS

Test Review

1. What is first aid?2. What are the 3 objectives of first aid?3. What does EMS stand for?4. What does CPR stand for?5. When is CPR used?6. What is the primary survey and when should it be used?7. What is the Secondary survey and when should it be used?8. When should you call EMS?9. How do you treat…

1. External and internal bleeds

THE END!

Practical Test Written Test

The most important part of first aid and CPR….

• Call EMS– Unconscious or altered level of consciousness – Breathing problems (difficulty breathing or not

breathing)– Persistent chest pain or pressure– Severe bleeding– Vomiting or passing blood– Poisoning – Convulsions, sever headache, or slurred speech– Injuries to head, neck or back– Broken bones