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What is Evolutionary Classification?
What criteria do biologists use to classify organisms?
LEQ
What criteria do biologists use to classify organisms?(to group, categorize, arrange, sort or cluster)
According to evolutionary classification which is more closely related a chimpanzee and a human or a koala and a panda?
What evidence would you expect to have to support your claim?
Taxa (or “Groups”)o Organisms are classified by
the number of characteristics they have in common.
o The more characteristics organisms have in common the more taxa they have in common.
Traditional Scientific Classification
Panda
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ailuropoda
Species: A. melanoleuca
Koala
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Phascolarctidae
Genus: Phascolarctos
Species: P. cinereus
Scientific Classification
Human Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: H. sapiens
Chimp
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: Pan
Species: Pan paniscus
CladisticsTakes into consideration a number of derived characters, like…
1. Morphology2. DNA or amino acid
sequence
KEY TERMSPhylogeny (phyl- meaning “race or distinct type of organism”
or group + -gen meaning “producing” i.e. reproducing)
Tribe in which one is born
Cladistics (clade = family group)
System of organizing groups by # of shared traits & their order of appearance (or disappearance)
PHYLOGENYo The idea that all organisms are
thought to have descended from an ancient common ancestor.
o Hypothesized evolutionary paths taken by organisms over long periods of time is depicted by a tree.
PHYLOGENIC TREE
CLADISTICS o Grouping organisms into a “clade”
(group) that includes an ancestor and all descendants
o It’s a hypothesis depicting one possible path of speciation (based on the inheritance of derived traits)
CLADOGRAM
Characteristics of a Cladogramo Shows order of derived traits (lower branches
showed up earlier)o Shows which groups share the same traitso All taxa that are "upstream” from the point where
one line becomes two (traced directly to one node) are said to be members of a group
o Any two branch tips sharing the same immediate node are most closely related
CLADOGRAM1. Which of these
is most unlike the others?
2. And which trait separates this organism from the others?
CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)
segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs
kangaroo + + + - + +
earthworm + - - - + -
amoeba - - - - - -
lizard + + - - + +
cat + + + + + +
sponge - - - - + -
salmon + + - - + -
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)
segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs
kangaroo + + + - + +
earthworm + - - - + -
amoeba - - - - - -
lizard + + - - + +
cat + + + + + +
sponge - - - - + -
salmon + + - - + -
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)
segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs
kangaroo + + + - + +
earthworm + - - - + -
amoeba - - - - - -
lizard + + - - + +
cat + + + + + +
sponge - - - - + -
salmon + + - - + -
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)
segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs
kangaroo + + + - + +
earthworm + - - - + -
amoeba - - - - - -
lizard + + - - + +
cat + + + + + +
sponge - - - - + -
salmon + + - - + -
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)
segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs
kangaroo + + + - + +
earthworm + - - - + -
amoeba - - - - - -
lizard + + - - + +
cat + + + + + +
sponge - - - - + -
salmon + + - - + -
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)
segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs
kangaroo + + + - + +
earthworm + - - - + -
amoeba - - - - - -
lizard + + - - + +
cat + + + + + +
sponge - - - - + -
salmon + + - - + -
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
What are the relationships between A, B, C, D, and E?
Build A Cladogram
SOLUTION