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Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 8 1 6 3 5 7 4 9 2 Add numbers 19 to the 3x3 table with the summation each row, column and diagonal line is equal to 15. A magic square is a square with numbers such that the summation of each of each row, column and diagonal line is the same. In a n × n magic square, if the numbers in the table are 1, 2, 3, .., n² we will call it a usual magic square. What is a Magic Square? Each vertical, horizontal and diagonal sum is the same. We call that that sum that the Magic Constant. We can also modify the magic square to be unusual. In Lanna, we found some special magic squares which are not usual magic squares. What is a Magic Square?

What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

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Page 1: What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

Dr. Atichart KettapunDepartment of MathematicsFaculty of Science, Chiang Mai University

Magic Square (One of the solution)

8 1 6

3 5 7

4 9 2

Add numbers 1‐9 to the 3x3 table with the summation each row, column and diagonal line  is equal to 15.

A magic square is a square with numbers such that the summation of each of each row, column and diagonal line is the same.

In a n × n magic square, if the numbers in the table are 1, 2, 3, .., n² we will call it a usual magic square.

What is a Magic Square?Each vertical, horizontal and diagonal

sum is the same. We call that that sum that the Magic Constant.We can also modify the magic square to

be unusual. In Lanna, we found some special magic squares which are not usual magic squares.

What is a Magic Square?

Page 2: What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

Magic Squares in Many Nations A magic square was found

about 4,000 years ago. The Emperor Yu found a

magic square on the back of a turtle while crossing the Yellow River about 2,200 BC. In the Yih King (อีจ้งิ), this square is called Lo-Shu (เลอ่-ซ)ู.

Magic Squares in Many NationsMagic squares are mathematical works.

Moreover, some nations use them as amulets. For examples, The Hebrews use numbers of miracles for

their amulet which is called Yahweh. Islamic people have been using magic

squares as amulets. Tibetans use magic squares as symbols in

seals.

Magic Squares in Many Nations Hebrew

Amulets showing a magical square in Hebrew. The central character is generally used to indicate the name of God.

Magic Squares in Many Nations Iran

A magical square amulet from Iran

Page 3: What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

Magic Squares in Many Nations Tibet

A 3x3 Magic square on the ancient seal of the Tibetan people.

Magic Squares in Many Nations Tibet

Mandala - The spiritual symbol in the Hinduism or Buddhism explaining about the universe.

Magic Squares in Many Nations India

Magic Square at the Jain ParsvanathaTemple, Khajuraho, India. The Chautisa Yantra: Since each row, column, diagonal, 2x2 sub‐square, and the corners of each 3x3 and 4x4 square, sums to 34 . Parshvanath temple contains an inscription, 954 AD, by builder Pahil, which refers to Chandella Dhanga as the reigning king.Souce : https://www.pinterest.com/agonzlezgmez /magia

Magic Squares in Many Nations Arabia

Page 4: What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

Magic Squares in Many Nations Spain

Lanna Magic Squares Example of 3x3 magic square

๒๕๕๐-๐๓-๐๙ -๒๕๕๐-๐๓-๐๙ -พบัยนัตส์าธจุง (พระบญุต่อ อปุลวณฺโณ)วดัศรสีวา่งววัลาย ต. หารแกว้ อ.หางดง จ.เชยีงใหม ่

Lanna Magic Squares (cont.) Example of 4x4 magic square

๒๕๕๑-๐๒-๑๙ -พบัยนัตธ์บุญู ชัน้คร ูว.ท่าทุ่ม ชม (พระไชยวทิย ์ธมฺมรโต)วดัทา่ทุม่ ม.๔ ต.สนัพระเนตร อ.สนัทราย จ.เชยีงใหม่

Lanna Magic Squares (cont.) Example of 5x5 magic square

๒๕๕๐-๐๕-๒๙ -พบัยนัตเ์ทียน วดัเม ืองลงัวดัเมอืงลงั ต.บา้นทอ่ อ.เมอืง จ.เชยีงใหม่

Page 5: What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

Lanna Magic Squares (cont.) Example of 6x6 magic square

๒๕๕๒-๑๒-๑๖-พิธีกรรม ครบูาอโนไชย ธมมฺจินตามนุี วดัปงสนุกเหนือ ต.เวยีงเหนือ อ.เมอืง จ.ลาํปาง

Lanna Magic Squares (cont.) Example of 9x9 magic square

๒๕๕๐-๑๒-๐๓-พบัยนัตว์ดัธาตคุาํพบัโหรา ยนัต ์วดัธาตุคาํ ต.หายยา อ.เมอืง จ.เชยีงใหม่

Tone Yantra (ยันต์โทน)

From a book about Lanna Yantra

(หนงัสอืยนัตแ์ละคาถาของดเีมอืงเหนือ ของอนิสม ไชยชมพ ูหน้า 130)

This Yantra is for safe travelling.ยนัตล์กูนิเทียวทางบม่ ีอนทรายแล (ยนัตล์กูนี้เดินทางปลอดภยัไม่ม ีอนัตราย)

Tone Yantra (cont.)16 14 18 8

19 7 17 13

10 10 12 14

11 15 9 21

Page 6: What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

Tone Yantra (cont.)16 14 18 8

19 7 17 13

10 20 12 14

11 15 9 21

Reasons that a numbers in this Lanna Yantra is not correct The inventor intended to write it in this way to 

make unwanted people confused. Wrong copying since 1 and 2 are very similar. 

16 14 18 8

19 7 17 1310 10 12 1411 15 9 21

Numbers in Lanna Language.

Hora Numbers (ตวัเลขโหรา) are popular numers used in astrology, spell and  general writing.

Dharma Numbers (ตวัเลขในธมัม)์ are numbers written in Buddhist scriptures about scriptures and literature.

Thai No. Hora No. Dharma No.

Why is the magic constant equal to 56 ?

Page 7: What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

Tone Yantra (cont.)Praise of the Buddha Chant or Buddhakhoon Chant

บทสรรเสริญ พระพทุธคณุ (ในบทสวดอติปิิโสฯ)

Tone Yantra (cont.)

อติปิิ โส ภะคะวา อะระหงั สมัมาสมัพทุโธ วชิชาจะระณะสมัปันโน สคุะโต โลกะวทิ ูอะนุตตะโร ปรุสิสะทมัมะสาระถ ิสตัถา เทวะมนุสสานงั พทุโธ ภะคะวาติ

Praise of the Buddha Chant or Buddhakhoon Chant

Since this chant contains 56 syllables, we then named this Yantra as “Buddhakoon 56” (ยันต์พุทธคุณ ๕๖).

ActivityPatterns in Buddhakoon 56 Yantra

16 14 18 8

19 7 17 13

10 20 12 14

11 15 9 21Find mathematical patterns in this Yantra as many as you can.

Tone Yantra (cont.)16 14 18 8

19 7 17 13

10 20 12 14

11 15 9 21

16+14+18+8 = 56

19+7+17+13 = 56

10+20+12+14 = 56

11+15+9+21 = 56

Page 8: What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

16 14 18 8

19 7 17 13

10 20 12 14

11 15 9 21

Tone Yantra (cont.)

16+19+10+11 = 56

14+7+20+15 = 56

18+17+12+9 = 56

8+13+14+21 = 56

Tone Yantra (cont.)16 14 18 8

19 7 17 13

10 20 12 14

11 15 9 2116+7+12+21 = 56 11+20+17+8 = 56

Tone Yantra (cont.)16 14 18 8

19 7 17 13

10 20 12 14

11 15 9 21

16 - 7 = 9

17 - 8 = 9

20-11 = 9

21-12 = 9

Interesting Questions From Lanna Yantra, do ancient people have a great mathematics ability? 

Can we find a way that ancient people used to construct the Buddhakhoon Yantra? 

Can we make a make a magic square that the magic constant is 60?

Can we make a make a magic square that the magic constant is 61?

Page 9: What is a Magic Square?Dr. Atichart Kettapun Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Magic Square (One of the solution) 816 357 492 Add numbers 1‐9 to

Interesting Questions (cont.) What are magic constants we can create from magic squares?

Can we find interesting mathematical patterns in other Lanna Yantra?

What are similarity and difference between Lanna Yantra and magic squares in other countries?

References www.albrechtdurerblog.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLPQMKoAN2I (บทสวด) http://the‐magic‐square.blogspot.com/2010/11/tibetan‐

mandala‐and‐3x3‐magic‐square.html (ทเิบต Mandala) หนงัสอื สนุกคดิคณิตศาสตร ์(The Joy of Mathematics) (ภาพตราประทบัของ

ทเิบต) http://www.bedouinsilver.com/jewelry‐and/bedouin‐

jewelry‐as‐protection/text‐and‐number‐amulets/magical‐squares/ (อหิรา่น)

http://www.dek‐d.com/board/view/2072298/ (เลขโหรา-เลขในธมัม)์