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What have we learnt about monitoring What have we learnt about monitoring from largefrom large--scale COscale CO22 storage projects?storage projects?

Neil Wildgust, Tim Dixon

AAPG/SEG/SPE Hedberg ConferenceAugust 2009, Vancouver

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Contracting Parties and SponsorsContracting Parties and Sponsors

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What have we learnt to date What have we learnt to date -- projects?projects?• Review current operational large-scale CCS projects

• Assess learning from projects• Identify gaps in the global CCS project portfolio

• Focus on projects relevant to full-commercial scale operation• Includes:

• Large-scale pilot• Demonstration• Commercial

• Excludes• Small and medium pilot• Lab scale

• Define criteria – Identify projects – Collect information - Analyse

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Criteria for largeCriteria for large--scale storage projectsscale storage projects• Indicative criteria defined for ‘large-scale operational projects’

• Not required to be integrated CCS

• Storage project criteria• Was, or had been, operational by the end of 2008• Injected over 10,000 tCO2 per year with the purpose of geological

storage• Commercial CO2-EOR was excluded unless there was a monitoring

programme to provide learning

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Projects identifiedProjects identifiedBellingham Cogeneration Facility

IFFCO CO2 Recovery Plant –Aonla

CASTOR Project Prosint Methanol PlantGreat Plains Synfuel Plant Rangely CO2 ProjectIMC Global Soda Plant Schwarze PumpeIn Salah SECARB - Cranfield IIK12-B Shady Point Power PlantKetzin Project SleipnerMRCSP - Michigan Basin Snohvit LNG ProjectNagaoka SRCSP - Aneth EOR-Paradox BasinOtway Basin Project SRCSP - San Juan BasinPembina Cardium Project Sumitomo Chemicals PlantPetronas Fertilizer Plant Warrior Run Power PlantIFFCO CO2 Recovery Plant –Phulpur WeyburnChemical Co. “A” CO2Recovery Plant Zama EOR Project

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Bellingham Cogeneration Facility

IFFCO CO2 Recovery Plant –Aonla

CASTOR Project Prosint Methanol PlantGreat Plains Synfuel Plant Rangely CO2 ProjectIMC Global Soda Plant Schwarze PumpeIn Salah SECARB - Cranfield IIK12-B Shady Point Power PlantKetzin Project SleipnerMRCSP - Michigan Basin Snohvit LNG ProjectNagaoka SRCSP - Aneth EOR-Paradox BasinOtway Basin Project SRCSP - San Juan BasinPembina Cardium Project Sumitomo Chemicals PlantPetronas Fertilizer Plant Warrior Run Power PlantIFFCO CO2 Recovery Plant -Phulpur WeyburnChemical Co. “A” CO2 Recovery Plant Zama EOR Project

Bellingham Cogeneration Facility

IFFCO CO2 Recovery Plant –Aonla

CASTOR Project Prosint Methanol PlantGreat Plains Synfuel Plant Rangely CO2 ProjectIMC Global Soda Plant Schwarze PumpeIn Salah SECARB - Cranfield IIK12-B Shady Point Power PlantKetzin Project SleipnerMRCSP - Michigan Basin Snohvit LNG ProjectNagaoka SRCSP - Aneth EOR-Paradox BasinOtway Basin Project SRCSP - San Juan BasinPembina Cardium Project Sumitomo Chemicals PlantPetronas Fertilizer Plant Warrior Run Power PlantIFFCO CO2 Recovery Plant -Phulpur WeyburnChemical Co. “A” CO2 Recovery Plant Zama EOR Project

Projects identifiedProjects identified

Capture over 100ktCO2

Injection over 10ktCO2 for storage

Monitored EOR over 10ktCO2

Capture over 10ktCO2 from flue gas

Coal bed storage over 10ktCO2

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Project LocationsProject Locations

Capture over 100ktCO2

Injection over 10ktCO2 for storage

Monitored EOR over 10ktCO2

Capture over 10ktCO2 from flue gas

Coal bed storage over 10ktCO2

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Extent of coverage vs ZEP project matrix Extent of coverage vs ZEP project matrix

Demonstrated in operational large projects

Not demonstrated in operational large projects

Project matrix courtesy of EU Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants - ZEP (2008)

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Extent of CoverageExtent of Coverage• If integrated CCS from electricity

production is a 4 link chain:• Electricity production• Capture• Transport• Storage

• 2 and 3 link chains have been demonstrated over 1Mt CO2 per year

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Net CONet CO22 Storage per YearStorage per Year

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PermeabilityPermeability

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Extent of coverage Extent of coverage –– MonitoringMonitoring• 2D seismic• 3D seismic• 4D seismic• Vertical seismic profiling• Cross-well seismic• Electrical conductivity• Microseismic• Passive seismic• Soil gas sampling• Detector arrays• Eddy covariance

• Observation wells• Time lapse microgravity• Well temperature and

pressure• Well logs• Tracers• Ground water geochemistry• Interferometry• Satellite imaging• Tilt meters

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Monitoring Selection ToolMonitoring Selection Tool

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Common Monitoring TechniquesCommon Monitoring TechniquesTechnique No of Sites Positive

commentsNegative

comments

DH temp/pressure 11

Surface seismic 10 2 3

Soil gas 9

Geochemical 8 1

VSP 8 1

Microseismic 7 1

Gravity 4 1

Crosswell seismic 3 1 1

Electrical Conductivity 3 1

Satellite 3 1

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Questionnaire Comments on Questionnaire Comments on Surface Seismic (Surface Seismic (SiteSite--Specific!Specific!))

• “Seismic is unlikely to be cost-effective in the long run”• “Glacial till cover made seismic difficult to use”• “A recent attempt at 3D seismic did not reveal useful information

– so we do not consider effective for monitoring CO2 floods”• “The seismic survey clearly demonstrated an ability to detect

anomalies in the reservoir caused by CO2 invasion”• “Detecting pressure propagation using seismic signals is

sometimes easier than detecting the CO2 itself”• “Pre-injection surface seismic MIGHT have made subsequent

seismic more useful”

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Comments on Other TechniquesComments on Other Techniques

• “Gravity, VSP and downhole flowmeters will not deliver credible results”

• “Microseismic seemed more effective as a safety measure to ensure the injection did not cause any fracturing or induced seismicity”

• “Crosswell seismic worked quite well”

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Emerging ThemesEmerging Themes• Injectivity – importance, problems, solutions• Material corrosion – less than anticipated• Seismic

• Effective for monitoring the CO2 plume - where it can be used

• Not quantitative beyond a certain resolution• Relatively expensive (?)

• Other monitoring – e.g. electrical conductivity viewed as promising; desire for better direct sampling at reservoir conditions; can we move from R&D to commercial suite of tools?

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IEA GHG Monitoring NetworkIEA GHG Monitoring Network

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Recent Monitoring Network MeetingRecent Monitoring Network Meeting

• Impressive imaging resolution from seismic survey at Sleipner

• Detailed description of the successful satellite imaging at In-Salah

• Continued monitoring of the Nagaoka test site is showing the dissolution of CO2 in brine

• Electrical conductivity survey from Ketzin project showing promising results

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IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme• General - www.ieagreen.org.uk• CCS - www.co2captureandstorage.info• GHGT – www.ghgt.info